Abstract
Toe-to-hand microsurgical transplantation has 97–98 % success rate. It is the only reconstructive surgical procedure that reconstructs “like with like” with minimal donor site morbidity. In traumatic settings, toe-to-hand transfer is as safe and reliable as secondary toe-to-hand transplantation. Success of primary toe-to-hand surgery after hand trauma, however, depends on critical patient selection, adequate planning, and meticulous execution of the surgical procedure. The trauma surgeon should always have this procedure as a backup plan when dealing with digits injury. After all, flawless perioperative work-up is the only way to satisfactory results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Waljee JF, Chung KC. Toe-to-hand transfer: evolving indications and relevant outcomes. J Hand Surg Am. 2013;38(7):1431–4.
Matsuzaki H, Narisawa H, Miwa H, Toishi S. Predicting functional recovery and return to work after mutilating hand injuries: usefulness of Campbell’s Hand Injury Severity Score. J Hand Surg Am. 2009;34(5):880–5.
Dzwierzynski WW. Replantation and revascularization. In: Neligan PC, Chang J, editors. Plastic surgery. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders Publishing; 2013.
Wei FC, Carver N, Lee YS, et al. Sensory recovery and Meissner corpuscle number after toe-to-hand transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2000;105:2405–11.
Wei FC, El-Gammal TA, Lin CH, et al. Metacarpal hand: classification and guidelines for microsurgical reconstruction with toe transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;99:122–8.
Kotkansalo T, Vilkki S, Elo P. Long-term results of finger reconstruction with microvascular toe transfers after trauma. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2011;64(10):1291–9.
Kotkansalo T, Vilkki SK, Elo P. The functional results of post-traumatic metacarpal hand reconstruction with microvascular toe transfers. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009;34(6):730–42.
Gülgönen A, Gudemez E. Toe-to-hand transfers: more than 20 years follow-up of five post-traumatic cases. J Hand Surg Br. 2006;31(1):2–8.
Chung KC, Kotsis SV. Outcomes of multiple microvascular toe transfers for reconstruction in 2 patients with digitless hands: 2- and 4-year follow-up case reports. J Hand Surg Am. 2002;27(4):652–8.
Chen HC, Tang YB, Wei FC, Noordhoff SM. Finger reconstruction with triple toe transfer from the same foot for a patient with a special job and previous foot trauma. Ann Plast Surg. 1991;27:272–7.
El-Gammal TA, Wei FC. Microvascular reconstruction of the distal digits by partial toe transfer. Clin Plast Surg. 1997;24:49–55.
Koshima I, Soeda S, Dakase T, Yamasaki M. Free vascularized nail grafts. J Hand Surg Am. 1998;13:29–32.
Logan A, Elliot D, Foucher G. Free toe pulp transfer to restore traumatic digital pulp loss. Br J Plast Surg. 1985;38:497–500.
O’Brien BM, Brennen MB, MacLeod AM. Simultaneous double toe transfer for severely disabled hands. Hand. 1978;10:232–40.
Rose EH, Buncke HJ. Simultaneous transfer of the right and left second toes for reconstruction of amputated index and middle fingers in the same hand: case report. J Hand Surg Am. 1980;5:590–3.
Tan BK, Wei FC, Lutz BS, Lin CH. Strategies in multiple toe transplantation for bilateral type II metacarpal hand reconstruction. Hand Clin. 1999;15:607–12.
Tan BK, Wei FC, Chang KJ, Lutz BS. Combined third and fourth toe transplantation. Hand Clin. 1999;15:589–96.
Tsai TM. Second and third toe transplantation to a transmetacarpal amputated hand. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1979;8:413–8.
Wei FC, Coskunfirat K, Lin CH, Lin YT. Isolated third toe transfer: indications, technique, and reliability. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115:1314–21.
Wei FC, Jain V, Chen SHT. Toe-to-hand transplantation. Hand Clin. 2003;19:165–75.
Wei FC, Lutz BS, Cheng SL, Chuang DCC. Reconstruction of bilateral metacarpal hands with multiple toe transplantations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1999;104:1698–704.
Wei FC, Mardini S. Reevaluation of the technique of toe-to-hand transfer for traumatic digital amputations in children and adolescents. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2003;112:1870–4.
Wei FC, Strauch RJ, Chen HC, Chuang CC. Reconstruction of four damaged or destroyed ipsilateral fingers with free toe-to-hand transplantations. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:608–14.
Wei FC, Yim KK. Single third-toe transfer in hand reconstruction. J Hand Surg Am. 1995;20:388–94.
Woo SH, Lee GJ, Kim KC, et al. Immediate partial great toe transfer for the reconstruction of composite defects of the distal thumb. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;117:1906–15.
American Replantation Mission to China. Replantation surgery in China. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1973;52:476–89.
Cobbett JR. Free digital transfer: report of a case of transfer of a great toe to replace an amputated thumb. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1969;51:677–9.
del Piñal F. The indications for toe transfer after “minor” finger injuries. J Hand Surg Br. 2004;29:120–9.
El-Gammal TA, Wei FC. Microvascular toe transfer in children. Part B: the traumatic deficit. In: Scheker KS, editor. Growing hand. London: Harcourt; 1999. p. 1000–8.
Foucher G, Medina J, Navarro R, Nagel D. Toe transfer in congenital hand malformations. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2001;17:1–7.
Jones NF, Hansen SL, Bates SJ. Toe-to-hand transfers for congenital anomalies of the hand. Hand Clin. 2007;23:129–36.
May JW. Microvascular great toe to hand transfer for reconstruction of the amputated thumb. In: McCarthy JG, editor. Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990. p. 5154–8.
O’Brien BM, Black MJ, Morrison WA, et al. Microvascular great toe transfer for congenital absence of the thumb. Hand. 1978;10:113–24.
O’Brien BM, MacLeod AM, Sykes PJ, Donahoe S. Hallux-to-hand transfer. Hand. 1975;7:128–33.
Ohmori K, Harii K. Transplantation of a toe to an amputated finger. Hand. 1975;7:134–8.
Tamai S, Hori Y, Tatsumi Y, Okuda H. Hallux-to-thumb transfer with microsurgical technique: a case report in a 45-year-old woman. J Hand Surg Am. 1977;2:152–5.
Wei FC. Thumb reconstruction. In: Weiss APC, Berger RA, editors. Hand surgery. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Noordhoff SM. Simultaneous multiple toe transfers in hand reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;81:366–77.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang DCC, Noordhoff MS. Reconstruction of the thumb with a trimmed great toe transfer technique. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1988;52:506–13.
Wei FC, El-Gammal TA. Toe-to-hand transfer: current concepts, techniques and research. Clin Plast Surg. 1996;23:103–16.
Wei FC, Jain V. Discussion on the chapter of “revascularisation and replantation and toe to hand transfer” by Harry J. Buncke, Gregory M. Buncke, Gabriel M. Kind, and Rudolf F. Buntic. In: Goldywn RM, Cohen MN, editors. The unfavorable result in plastic surgery: avoidance & treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 800–4.
Wei FC, Jain V. Discussion on the chapter of “thumb reconstruction” by Rosa L. Dell’Oca and Vincent R. Hentz. In: Goldywn RM, Cohen MN, editors. The unfavorable result in plastic surgery: avoidance & treatment. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2001. p. 825–9.
Yang D, Yudog G. Thumb reconstruction utilizing second toe transplantation by microvascular anastomosis—report of 78 cases. Chin Med J. 1979;92:295–301.
Yim KK, Wei FC, Lin CH. A comparison between primary and secondary toe-to-hand transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;114:107–12.
Henry SL, Wei FC. Thumb reconstruction with toe transfer. J Hand Microsurg. 2010;2(2):72–8.
Wei FC, Henry SL. Toe-to-hand transplantation. In: Wolfe SW, editor. Green’s operative hand surgery. 6th ed. New York: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone publishing; 2011.
White WL. Why I, hate the index finger. Orthop Rev. 1980;6:23.
Dellon AL. Sensory recovery in replanted digits and transplanted toes: a review. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1986;2:123–9.
Kaplan JD, Jones NF. Outcome measures of microsurgical toe transfers for reconstruction of congenital and traumatic hand anomalies. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014;34(3):362–8.
Wei FC, Coessens B, Ganos D. Multiple microsurgical toe-to-hand transfer in the reconstruction of the severely mutilated hand: a series of fifty-nine cases. Ann Chir Main Memb Super. 1992;16:177–87.
Wei FC, Colony LH. Microsurgical restoration of distal digital function. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16:443–55.
Wei FC, Colony LH. Microsurgical reconstruction of opposable digits in mutilating hand injuries. Clin Plast Surg. 1989;16:491–504.
Rosson GD, Buncke GM, Buncke HJ. Great toe transplant versus thumb replant for isolated thumb amputation: critical analysis of functional outcome. Microsurgery. 2008;28:598–605.
Chung K, Wei FC. An outcome study of thumb reconstruction using microvascular toe transfer. J Hand Surg Am. 2000;25:651–8.
McKee NH. Amputation stump management and function preservation. In: McCarthy JG, editor. Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990. p. 4329–43.
Wei FC. Tissue preservation in hand injury—the first step to toe-to-hand transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2497–501.
Yildirim S, Calikapan GT, Akoz T. Reconstructive microsurgery in pediatric population-a series of 25 patients. Microsurgery. 2008;28(2):99–107.
Woo SH, Kim JS, Seul JH. Immediate toe-to-hand transfer in acute hand injuries: overall results, compared with results for elective cases. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2004;113:882–92.
Ray EC, Sherman R, Stevanovic M. Immediate reconstruction of a nonreplantable thumb amputation by great toe transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2009;123(1):259–67.
Chu NS, Wei FC. Recovery of sensation and somatosensory evoked potentials following toe-to-digit transplantation in man. Muscle Nerve. 1995;18:859–66.
Chang J, Jones NF. Simultaneous toe-to-hand transfer and lower extremity amputations for severe upper and lower limb defects: the use of spare parts. J Hand Surg Br. 2002;27(3):219–23.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang DC, et al. Aesthetic refinements in toe-to-hand transfer surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1996;98:485–90.
Woo SH, Lee GJ, Kim KC, et al. Cosmetic reconstruction of distal finger absence with partial second toe transfer. J Plast Reconstr Aesth Surg. 2006;59:317–24.
Wallace CG, Wei FC. Further aesthetic refinement for great toe transfers. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010;63(1):e109–10.
Yim KK, Wei FC. Secondary procedures to improve function after toe-to-hand transfers. Br J Plast Surg. 1995;48:487–91.
Chen CT, Wei FC, Chen HC, et al. Distal phalanx replantation. Microsurgery. 1994;15:77–82.
Foucher G, Norris RW. Distal and very distal digital replantation. Br J Plast Surg. 1992;45:199–203.
Tamai S. Twenty years’ experience of limb replantation: review of 293 upper extremity replants. J Hand Surg Am. 1982;7:549–56.
Urbaniak JR. Replantation. In: Green DP, editor. Operative hand surgery. 3rd ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 1085–102.
Wilson CS, Buncke HJ, Alpert BS, Gordon L. Composite metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction in great toe-to-hand free tissue transfers. J Hand Surg Am. 1984;9:645–8.
Strauch RJ, Wei FC, Chen SHT. Composite finger metacarpophalangeal joint reconstruction in combined second and third free toe-to-hand transfers. J Hand Surg Am. 1993;18:972–7.
Yim KK, Wei FC. Intraosseous wiring in toe-to-hand transplantation. Ann Plast Surg. 1995;35:66–9.
Kato H, Ogino T, Minami A, Usui M. Restoration of sensibility in fingers repaired with free sensory flaps from the toe. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:49–54.
Chu NS, Wei FC. Peripheral recovery and central response following toe-to-finger transplantation. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. 2006;59:317–20.
Foucher G. Discussion in: resurfacing of thumb-pulp loss with a heterodigital neurovascular island flap using a nerve disconnection/reconnection technique. J Reconstr Microsurg. 1997;13:122–3.
Kessler I. Cross transposition of short amputation stumps for reconstruction of the thumb. J Hand Surg Br. 1985;10:76–8.
Orticochea M. Reconstruction of the thumb using two flaps from the same hand. Br J Plast Surg. 1971;14:345–50.
del Piñal F, García-Bernal FJ, Delgado J, et al. Overcoming soft-tissue deficiency in toe-to-hand transfer using a dorsalis pedis fasciosubcutaneous toe free flap: surgical technique. J Hand Surg Am. 2005;30:111–9.
Gilbert A. Vascular anatomy of the first web space of the foot. In: Landi A, editor. Reconstruction of the thumb. London: Chapman & Hall; 1989. p. 205.
Gordon L. Toe-to-thumb transplantation. In: Green DP, editor. Operative hand surgery. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1993. p. 1253–82.
Leung PC, Wong WL. The vessels of the first metatarsal web space: an operative and radiographic study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1983;65:235–8.
Gu XD, Zhang GM, Chen DS, Cheng XM, Xu JG, Wang H. Vascular anatomic variations in second toe transfers. J Hand Surg. 2000;25A:277–81.
Santamaria E, Chen HTS, Wei FC. Second toe/free joint transfer. In: Russell RC, Zamboni W, editors. Manual of free flaps. St Louis: CV Mosby; 2001.
Wei FC, Silverman TS, Hsu WM. Retrograde dissection of the vascular pedicle in toe harvest. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1995;96:1211–4.
Wei FC, Demirkan F, Chen HC, Chuang DC, Chen SH, Lin CH, Cheng SL, Cheng MH, Lin YT. The outcome of failed free flaps in head and neck and extremity reconstruction: what is next in the reconstructive ladder? Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;108(5):1154–60; discussion 1161–2.
Foucher G, Moss AL. Microvascular second toe to finger transfer: a statistical analysis of 55 transfers. Br J Plast Surg. 1991;44:87–90.
Leung PC. Use of an intramedullary bone peg in digital replantation, revascularization and toe-transfers. J Hand Surg Am. 1981;6:281–4.
Urbaniak JR. Wrap-around procedure for thumb reconstruction. Hand Clin. 1985;1:259–69.
Valauri FA, Buncke HJ. Thumb and finger reconstruction by toe-to hand transfer. Hand Clin. 1992;8:551–74.
Morrison WA. Thumb reconstruction: a review and philosophy of management. J Hand Surg Br. 1992;17:383.
Goldner RD. One hundred eleven thumb amputations: replantation vs revision. Microsurgery. 1990;11:243–50.
Matev IB. The bone-lengthening method in hand reconstruction: twenty years’ experience. J Hand Surg Am. 1989;14:376.
Morrison WA, O’Brien BM, MacLeod AM. Thumb reconstruction with a free neurovascular wrap-around flap from the big toe. J Hand Surg Am. 1980;5:575–83.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang DCC, et al. Second toe wrap-around flap. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1991;88:837–43.
Buncke HJ. Thumb and finger reconstruction by microvascular second toe and joint autotransplantation. In: McCarthy JG, editor. Plastic surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990. p. 4409–29.
Buncke HJ. Digital reconstruction by second-toe transplantation. In: Buncke HJ, editor. Microsurgery: transplantation, replantation: an atlas text. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1991. p. 61–101.
Gilbert A. Discussion in: the second toe flap. In: Serafin D, editor. Atlas of microsurgical composite tissue transplantation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1996. p. 616–8.
Koshima I, Eoh H, Moriguchi T, Soeda S. Sixty cases of partial or total toe transfer for repair of finger losses. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1993;92:1331–8.
Leung PC. Thumb reconstruction using second-toe transfer. Hand Clin. 1985;1:285–95.
Wei FC, Chen HC, Chuang CC, Chen SH. Microsurgical thumb reconstruction with toe transfer: selection of various techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93:345–51.
Wei FC, Epstein MD, Chen HC, et al. Microsurgical reconstruction of distal digits following mutilating hand injuries: results in 121 patients. Br J Plast Surg. 1993;46:181–6.
Wei FC, Colony LH, Chen HC, et al. Combined second and third toe transfer. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1989;84:651–61.
Cheng MH, Wei FC, Santamaria E, et al. Single versus double arterial anastomoses in combined second- and third-toe transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;102:2408–12.
Kurt E, Ozturk S, Isik S, et al. Continuous brachial plexus blockade for digital replantations and toe-to-hand transfers. Ann Plast Surg. 2005;54:24–7.
Bakri K, Moran SL. Monitoring for upper extremity free flaps and replantations. J Hand Surg. 2008;33A:1905–8.
Hovius SER, van Adrichem LNA, Mulder HD, et al. Comparison of laser Doppler flowmetry and thermometry in the postoperative monitoring of replantations. J Hand Surg. 1995;20A:88–93.
Wei FC, Ma HS. Delayed sensory reeducation after toe-to-hand transfer. Microsurgery. 1995;16:583–5.
Dellon AL. Sensory re-education after fingertip injury and reconstruction. In: Foucher G, editor. Fingertip and nailbed injuries. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1991. p. 27–39.
Huang D, Wang HG, Wu WZ, Zhang HR, Lin H. Functional and aesthetic results of immediate reconstruction of traumatic thumb defects by toe-to-thumb transplantation. Int Orthop. 2011;35(4):543–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
ALDeek, N.F., Wei, FC. (2015). Toe-to-Hand Transplantation After Failed Replantation. In: Salyapongse, A., Poore, S., Afifi, A., Bentz, M. (eds) Extremity Replantation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7516-4_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7516-4_9
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-7515-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-7516-4
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)