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Role of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Adaptation of the Brain to Injury

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Endogenous Stem Cell-Based Brain Remodeling in Mammals

Part of the book series: Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine ((STEMCELL))

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Abstract

Although the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis has been intensively described and studied for the past few decades, its relevance to acquired brain injury remains largely unknown. In addition, glial-specific progenitors appear to be quite widespread throughout the brain, and their roles in injury-induced remodeling are also just beginning to emerge. Ongoing adult neurogenesis occurs in two regions of the mammalian brain—the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus within the hippocampus. Because of their well-described role in adult neurogenesis, there has been considerable speculation about how they might function in the setting of injury. Since there is clearly potential for neurogenesis after brain injury, studies have elucidated a differential response to injury in these two regions with stroke-mediated neurogenesis arising primarily from the SVZ and traumatic brain injury-mediated neurogenesis originating from the SGZ. For each, neurogenesis may mediate functional recovery after injury, and the potential mechanisms underlying these effects are being investigated. One goal of these studies is to potentially exploit neurogenesis as a therapeutic modality following acquired brain injuries due to stroke or trauma for which there is currently little to offer outside of supportive care and physical rehabilitation.

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Abbreviations

AED:

Antiepileptic drug

Ara-C:

Cytosine-B-d-arabinofuranoside

BrdU:

Bromodeoxyuridine

CBF:

Cerebral blood flow

CCI:

Controlled cortical impact

DCX:

Doublecortin

Epo:

Erythropoietin

EpoR:

Erythropoietin receptor

FGF:

Fibroblast growth factor

FPI:

Fluid percussion injury

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

HIE:

Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

HSV-TK:

Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase

MCAO:

Middle cerebral artery occlusion

MCM2:

Minichromosome maintenance protein

MWM:

Morris water maze

NSPC:

Neural stem/progenitor cell

NSE:

Neuron-specific enolase

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PSA-NCAM:

Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule

SGZ:

Subgranular zone

SVZ:

Subventricular zone

TBI:

Traumatic brain injury

TGF-β:

Transforming growth factor beta

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 630 W. 168th Street, P&S Building, Rm 11-432, New York, NY, 10032, USA

    Sue Hong, Tzong-Shiue Yu & Steven G. Kernie M.D.

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  1. Sue Hong
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  2. Tzong-Shiue Yu
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  3. Steven G. Kernie M.D.
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Correspondence to Steven G. Kernie M.D. .

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  1. French Institute of Health and Medical Research U1130, French National Center for Scientific Research, Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University, Paris, France

    Marie-Pierre Junier

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA

    Steven G. Kernie

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Hong, S., Yu, TS., Kernie, S.G. (2014). Role of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells in the Adaptation of the Brain to Injury. In: Junier, MP., Kernie, S. (eds) Endogenous Stem Cell-Based Brain Remodeling in Mammals. Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7399-3_4

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