Abstract
Early attempts to perform endoscopy of the cardiovascular system were limited to the heart. Rigid endoscopes were used to visualize intracardiac pathology. While successful, these systems were too large to be used in peripheral vessels. In addition, displacement of the blood for clear visualization was difficult and was based on a transparent balloon. Using rigid choledochoscopes, Greenstone was able to visualize the lumens of large vessels in dogs and human cadavers in a blood-free field1. In 1974 Vollmar and Storz reported clinical success using a flexible choledochoscope2. Crispin (1973)3 and, later, Towne (1977)4 concurred that angioscopy was a safe technique which minimally prolonged the operative procedure, and was a potential alternative to completion arteriography. Modern technology has produced high-resolution, small-diameter angioscopes which provide high-quality images of even small-calibre vessels. Coupled with efficient irrigating systems, the lumens of many arteries and veins can now be inspected.
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© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Pearce, W.H., Nolan, K.D., Yao, J.S.T. (1994). Angioscopy in vascular reconstructions. In: Jamieson, C.W., Yao, J.S.T. (eds) Vascular Surgery. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6854-8_6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6854-8_6
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