Abstract
We have seen that biological psychiatry’s vaunted cost-effectiveness is a circular concept. Its very handling of mental health as a material commodity stems from quantitative definitions of efficiency that are influenced by economics.1–3 These definitions imply a mode of “normal”4 living that fuels the modern market. They exclude as a “disease” deviation from commercially exploitable behavior.
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Notes
S. Cooper, p. 272.
“Don’t Replace Psychotherapy With a Pill, Experts Remind Public-Sector Psychiatrists,” p. 13.
Glen Gabbard, “Psychodynamic Psychiatry in the ‘Decade of the Brain,’“ American Journal of Psychiatry 149:8 (August 1992), p. 996.
Capra, p. 368.
S. Cooper, p. 272.
Sigmund Freud, An Autobiographical Study, trans. James Strachey (New York: Norton, 1963), pp. 11–126.
Hearnshaw, pp. 156–165.
George Pollack, “Freud, Sigmund,” in Kuper and Kuper, eds., The Social Science Encyclopedia, pp. 317–320.
Schellenberg, pp. 11–37.
O. L. Zangwill, “Freud, Sigmund,” in Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion, pp. 268–270.
Eysenck, pp. 201, 206.
Hearnshaw, p. 231.
Peter Medawar, Pluto’s Republic (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982), pp. 62–72.
David Sachs, “In Fairness to Freud: A Critical Notice of The Foundations of Psychoanalysis, by Adolf Grunbaum,” in The Cambridge Companion to Freud, ed. Jerome Neu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), pp. 310, 312–313, 315–316, 332.
Winson, pp. 144, 146, 151–153.
Sachs, pp. 312, 313, 317, 319, 325, 327–328.
Winson, p. 135–136, 150.
Flanagan, p. 16.
Ibid.
Arnold Cooper, “Will Neurobiology Influence Psychoanalysis?” American journal of Psychiatry 142: 12 (December 1985), pp. 1397–1398.
Gabbard, p. 994.
A. Cooper, p. 1396.
Winson, p. 66.
Sachs, p. 317.
Freud, An Autobiographical Study, pp. 25–26.
Frattaroli, p. 73.
Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, quoted in Eysenck, p. 196.
Flanagan, pp. 63, 65, 81.
Gabbard, pp. 991, 993.
A. Cooper, p. 1395.
Ibid.
Flanagan, pp. 63, 65, 81.
Gabbard, p. 991.
Bronowski, A Sense of the Future, pp. 67–68.
Winson, pp. 85, 110–111.
Gabbard, p. 993.
Frattaroli, p. 77.
George Goethals, “Sullivan, Harry Stack,” in Kuper and Kuper, eds., The Social Science Encyclopedia, pp. 841–842.
Greenberg and Mitchell, p. 85.
Jean Shinoda Bolen, “Jung, Carl Gustav,” in Kuper and Kuper, eds., The Social Science Encyclopedia, pp. 420–421.
Capra, pp. 362–363.
D. A. G. Cook, “Jung, Carl Gustav,” in Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion, pp. 403–405.
Hearnshaw, p. 166.
A. Cooper, p. 1397.
Gabbard, p. 996.
A. Cooper, p. 1397.
Capra, p. 185.
Johnson-Laird, pp. 20–21.
Kaplan and Sadock, pp. 147–149.
Schellenberg, p. 63.
Jacques Barzun, A Stroll with William James (New York: Harper & Row, 1983), pp. 6–33.
Collinson, pp. 116–119.
Flew, p. 184.
Hearnshaw, pp. 143–148.
Ian Hunter, “James, William,” in Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion, pp. 395–397.
Russell, pp. 811–818.
H. S. Thayer, “James, William,” in Kuper and Kuper, eds., The Social Science Encyclopedia, pp. 417–418.
Hearnshaw, pp. 291–292.
Capra, p. 233.
Morowitz, Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life, p. 164.
Capra, pp. 117–118.
Schrödinger, My View of the World, pp. 8–9.
John Stuart Mill, Principles of Political Economy, book 3, chapter 7, section 5, quoted in Berlin, The Crooked Timber of Humanity (New York: Random House, 1992), p. 90.
Bronowski, A Sense of the Future, p. 69.
Bronowski, The Identity of Man, pp. 81–82, 114.
Havel, “The End of the Modern Era,” p. E15.
Francois Jacob, The Logic of Life (New York: Pantheon, 1973), pp. 320–321.
Morowitz, Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life, pp. 110–111.
Jacob Bronowski, The Ascent of Man (London: Futura, 1973), p. 266.
Barrett, Irrational Man, pp. 225–227.
Frattaroli, p. 74.
Eysenck, p. 198, 201.
Winson, p. 155.
Eysenck, p. 205.
Winson, p. 149.
Collinson, pp. 107–110.
Flew, pp. 193–194.
“Kierkegaard, Soren Aaby” (no author given), in Gregory, ed., The Oxford Companion, pp. 268–270.
Barrett, Irrational Man, pp. 151, 165, 170–171.
Hearnshaw, pp. 233–234, 237.
Palmer, Looking at Philosophy, p. 361.
Scruton, Kant, pp. 59, 66, 76–77.
Christoph Mundt, “Images in Psychiatry: Karl Jaspers,” American journal of Psychiatry 150:8 (August 1993), pp. 1244–1245.
A. Cooper, p. 1396.
Ibid., p. 1397.
Ibid.
Gabbard, pp. 995–996.
Becker, pp. 69–70, 92.
Gabbard, pp. 995–996.
Frattaroli, p. 74.
Hearnshaw, p. 137.
Palmer, Does the Center Hold? p. 36.
Becker, pp. 86–88, 92.
Jose Ortegay Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses, authorized anonymous translation from the Spanish (New York: Norton, 1932), p. 170.
Freud, “Psychoanalysis and Telepathy,” quoted in Capra, p. 180.
Becker, pp. 69–70, 92.
Winson, pp. 134–135.
Frattaroli, p. 73.
Winson, pp. 134–135.
Philip Rieff, Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 13.
Winson, pp. 134–135.
Becker, p. 68.
Ibid., p. 87.
Havel, p. E15.
Palmer, Does the Center Hold? pp. 247–249.
Greenberg and Mitchell, p. 110.
i.e., “genital.”
i.e., “anal.”
i.e., “oral.”
Barrett, The Death of The Soul, p. 120.
Barrett, Irrational Man, p. 229.
Brown, pp. 11–12, 15, 92–93, 101–109, 236, 240, 245, 257–264, 271–275, 277–278, 282–283, 297.
Flanagan, pp. 166–168.
Greenberg and Mitchell, pp. 108–110.
Koestler, pp. 300–302, 312.
Palmer, Looking at Philosophy, pp. 225–226.
Hearnshaw, pp. 232–234, 243.
Koestler, pp. 86–94.
Flanagan, pp. 69–70.
Frattaroli, p. 74.
Volkow and Tancredi, “Biological Correlates,” pp. 441–442.
Brown, pp. 28, 60.
Koestler, pp. 121, 140–142, 163–169, 179–180.
Palmer, Does the Center Hold? pp. 247–249, 466–467.
Koestler, pp. 205–219.
Flanagan, pp. 157–159, 168, 171.
Barrett, Irrational Man, pp. 168–169.
Palmer, Does the Center Hold? pp. 397–398.
Barrett, Irrational Man, p. 172.
A. Cooper, p. 1401.
Ibid., pp. 1395, 1396.
Kandel, pp. 1028–1029.
A. Cooper, pp. 1396, 1402.
Ibid., p. 1397.
Ibid., p. 1396.
Gabbard, p. 992.
Winson, pp. 173, 220.
Gabbard, p. 996.
Gerald Klerman, “Depression and Related Disorders of Mood (Affective Disorders),” in Nicholi, ed., The New Harvard Guide, pp. 329–332, 334.
Meissner, p. 467.
Tomb, p. 178.
Kaplan and Sadock, p. 269.
Meissner, p. 463.
Tomb, pp. 28, 46, 154, 178.
Tsuang et al., pp. 276–277.
Gabbard, p. 991, 993.
Ibid., pp. 994–995.
Kaplan and Sadock, pp. 303, 329.
Meissner, p. 467.
John C. Nemiah, “Psychoneurotic Disorders,” in Nicholi, ed., The New Harvard Guide, pp. 238, 244–245, 303.
Tomb, p. 154.
Gabbard, pp. 991, 993–995.
Anna M. Spielvogel, M.D., director of residency training at San Francisco General Hospital, quoted in “Don’t Replace Psychotherapy With a Pill,” p. 13.
Gabbard, pp. 992, 996.
Ibid., p. 991.
Gabbard et al., p. 21.
Gabbard, pp. 993, 995.
Flanagan, p. 178.
Marcuse, Negations, pp. 58–60.
Priest, pp. 198–199, 207.
Winson, p. 117.
Ibid.
Frattaroli, p. 77.
The string theories of modern particle physics may provide a useful analogy here. Two-vectored play in the economic symmetry between collective and fragmented self-distortions may repress individual selfhood by twisting and squeezing the split-off curvature of somatic self-identity into a separate, one-dimensional straightjacket. This structure could be analogous to a subatomic “string.” Stringlike confinement of noneconomic self-relations within the individual domain would condense and fuse subsumed gauge field inten-tionalities, paradoxically mixing together intentional meanings even if they were mutually contradictory from an economic point of view. This might feed our culture’s perception of noneconomic behavior as an irrational mental state with morbidly regressive dynamics [Brown, pp. 25–27, 88, 111–112, 116–117, 257–258, 288; Flanagan, p. 354; Freedman and van Nieuwenhuizen, pp. 128, 132, 134; Susan James, “Louis Althusser,” in Skinner, ed., The Return of Grand Theory, p. 148; Koestler, pp. 192–194, 218, 228–229, 246–247; Yoichiro Nambu, “The Confinement of Quarks,” Scientific American 235 (November 1976), pp. 57–60; Palmer, Does the Center Hold? pp. 212–213, 402].
Capra, pp. 368–369.
A structure resembling the “fiber bundles” of modern physics could impose local symmetry properties on torsional nonlocality and restore expression of the hidden symmetry among all three vectors of self-scale. The relevant route would involve analogies to so-called “cohomological” transformations originating in symmetry breakage defects. Testing of the validity of this approach might involve a backward mapping from the final “fiber bundle” into the original, globally symmetric model of functionalism to obtain an “objective” readout in real numbers (Georgi, pp. 61, 63; Peat, pp. 176–180, 183–185, 217–223, 267–268; Spergel and Turok, pp. 55, 57–58).
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© 1994 Donald Mender
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Mender, D. (1994). Neuropsychiatry and Psychoanalysis. In: The Myth of Neuropsychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-6010-8_11
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