Abstract
The invention of the steam engine in the late eighteenth century made it possible to replace the muscle-power of men and animals by the motive power of machines. The invention of the stored-program digital computer during the second world war made it possible to replace the lower-level mental processes of man, such as arithmetic computation and information storage, by electronic data-processing in machines. We are now coming to the stage where it is reasonable to contemplate replacing some of the higher mental processes of man, such as the ability to recognize patterns and to learn, with similar capabilities in machines. However, we lack the “steam engine” or “digital computer” which will provide the necessary technology for learning and pattern recognition by machines.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
W. J. Poppelbaum and C. Afuso, Noise Computer, University of Illinois, Dept. Computer Science, Quarterly Technical Progress Reports (April 1965-January 1966).
W. J. Poppelbaum, C. Afuso, and J. W. Esch, Stochastic Computing Elements and Systems, in “Proc. American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Fall Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 31, pp. 635–644, Books, Inc., New York (1967).
S. T. Ribeiro, Random Pulse Machines, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-16 261–276 (June 1967).
B. R. Gaines, Stochastic Computing, in “Proc. American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Spring Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 30, pp. 149–156, Books, Inc., New York (1967).
B. R. Gaines, Techniques of Identification with the Stochastic Computer, in “Proc. International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Identification, Progue, June 1967.”
B. R. Gaines, Stochastic Computer Thrives on Noise, Electronics 40(14), 72–79 (July 10 1967).
B. R. Gaines, Stochastic Computing, in “Encyclopaedia of Information, Linguistics and Control,” pp. 766–781, Pergamon Press, New York and London (1968).
J. T. Tou, Engineering Principles of Pattern Recognition, in “Advances in Information Systems Science,” Vol. 1, J. T. Tou, ed., Plenum Press, New York (1969).
K. S. Fu, Learning Control Systems, in “Advances in Information Systems Science,” Vol. 1, J. T. Tou, ed., Plenum Press, New York (1969).
J. H. Andreae, Learning Machines—A Unified View, in “Encyclopaedia of Information, Linguistics and Control,” Pergamon Press, New York and London (1968).
E. Feigenbaum and J. Feldman, “Computers and Thought,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1964).
L. Uhr, “Pattern Recognition,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1966).
J. T. Tou and R. H. Wilcox, “Computer and Information Sciences,” Spartan Books, Washington, D.C. (1964).
W. J. Karplus and J. A. Howard, A Transfluxor Analog Memory Using Frequency Modulation, in “American Federation of Information Processing Societies,” Vol. 26, Part 1, pp. 673–683, Books, Inc., New York.
W. J. Karplus, A Hybrid Computer Technique for Treating Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-13 (5) 597–605 (1964).
B. R. Gaines and J. H. Andreae, A Learning Machine in the Context of the General Control Problem, in “Proc. 3rd International Congress International Federation of Automatic Control, London, 1966,” Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London (1967).
W. J. Poppelbaum, Hybrid Graphical Processors, in “Computer Technology,” IEEE Conf. Publ., Vol. 32 (July 1967).
T. J. Williams, Process Dynamics, in “Proc. 2nd International Congress International Federation of Automatic Control, Basle, 1963.”
G. A. Korn and T. M. Korn, “Electronic Analog and Hybrid Computers,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1964).
J. R. Smith and C. O. Harbourt, An Adaptive Threshold Logic Gate Using Capacitive Analog Weights, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-17 (1), 78–81 (1968).
H. Schmid, Sequential Analog-Digital Computer (SADC), in “American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 27, Part 1, pp. 915–928, Books, Inc., New York (1965).
D. L. Greer, Characterization of the Magnetic Second-Harmonic Memory, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-17 (6), 551–558 (1968).
B. Widrow, An Adaptive ADALINE Neuron Using Chemical Memistors, ERL Tech. Rep. No. 1553–2, Stanford University (1960).
G. Nagy, A Survey of Analog Memory Devices, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-12 388–393 (August 1963).
S. Larach, “Photoelectronic Materials and Devices,” D. van Nostrand, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey (1965).
D. R. Bosomworth and H. J. Gerritsen, Thick Holograms in Photocromic Materials, Appl. Optics 7(1), 95–98(1968).
G. U. Kaiman, Holographic Graphical Storage in Thick Alkali-Halide Crystals, IEEE Int. Conv. Digest, p. 35(1968).
J. K. Hawkins and C. J. Munsey, Parallel Computer Organizations and Mechanizations, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-12 (3), 251–262 (1963).
D. K. Pollock, C. J. Koester, and J. T. Tippett, “Optical Processing of Information,” Spartan Books, Washington, D.C. (1963).
S. J. Mathis, R. E. Wiley, and L. M. Spandorfer, “Microelectronics and Large Systems,” Spartan Books, Washington, D.C. (1965).
R. L. Petritz, Technological Foundations and Future Directions of Large-Scale Integrated Electronics, in “American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Fall Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 29, pp. 65–87, Books, Inc., New York (1966).
D. L. Slotnick, W. C. Borck, and R. C. McReynolds, The Solomon Computer— A Preliminary Report, in “Computer Organization,” pp. 66–92, Spartan Books, Washington, DC, (1963).
W. A. Clark, S. M. Orstein, M. J. Stuki, A. S. Blum, T. J. Chaney, R. E. Olsen, R. A. Dammhoehler, W. E. Ball, C. E. Moinar, A. Antharvedi, Macromodular Computer Systems, in “American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Spring Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 30, pp. 355–401, Books, Inc., New York (1967).
R. H. Fuller and R. M. Bird, An Associative Parallel Processor with Application to Picture Processing, in “American Federation of Information Processing Societies, Fall Joint Computer Conference,” Vol. 27, Part 1, pp. 105–116, Books, Inc., New York (1965).
J. C. Murtha, Highly Parallel Information Processing Systems, in “Advances in Computers,” Vol. 7, pp. 1–116 Academic Press, New York (1966).
E. L. Braun, “Digital Computer Design,” Chapter 8, Academic Press, New York (1963).
F. V. Mayorov and Y. Chu, “Digital Differential Analysers,” Iliffe Books (1964).
W. J. Karplus, Analog and Digital Techniques Combined, in “Computer Control Systems Technology,” pp. 148–155 McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1961).
Digital Operational Techniques, Computer Design 1963 (November), 12.
B. R. Gaines and P. L. Joyce, Phase Computers, in “Proc. 5th International Congress AICA, Lausanne, 1967.”
B. R. Gaines, A Modular Programmed DDA for Real-Time Computation, in “Proc. IFIP 68, Edinburgh, 1968.”
W. R. Schumann, Method and Apparatus for Averaging a Series of Transients, United States Patent 3, 182, 181 (May 5, 1965).
B. P. Th. Veltman and A. van den Bos, The Applicability of the Relay Correlator and Polarity Coincidence Correlator in Automatic Control, in “Proc. 2nd International Congress International Federation of Automatic Control,” Basle, 1963.
W. W. Peterson, “Error Correcting Codes,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1961).
W. H. Kautz, “Linear Sequential Switching Circuits,” Holden-Day, San Francisco (1965).
S. W. Golomb, “Shift Register Sequences,” Holden-Day, San Francisco (1967).
A. Gill, “Finite-State Machines,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1962).
A. Gill, “Linear Sequential Circuits,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1967).
G. A. Korn, “Random-Process Simulation and Measurements,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1966).
P. A. N. Briggs, P. H. Hammond, M. T. G. Hughes, and G. O. Plumb, Correlation Analysis of Process Dynamics Using Pseudo-Random Binary Test Perturbations, in “Advances in Automatic Control,” pp. 37–51, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London (1965).
R. P. Gilson, Some Results of Amplitude Distribution Experiments on Shift-Register Generated Pseudo-Random Noise, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-15 (6), 926–927 (1966).
R. C. White, Experiments with Digital Computer Simulations of Pseudo-Random Noise Generators, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-16 (3), 355–357 (1967).
R. E. Kaiman, Nonlinear Aspects of Sampled-Data Control Systems, in “Proc. Symp. Nonlinear Circuit Analysis,” pp. 273–313, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, New York (1957).
M. Arbib, Tolerance Automata, in “Kybernetika Cislo 3,” pp. 223–233 (1967).
W. De Backer and L. Verbeek, Study of Analog, Digital, and Hybrid Computers Using Automata Theory, ICC Bulletin 5, 215–244 (1966).
M. Arbib, “Algebraic Theory of Machines, Languages and Semigroups,” Academic Press, New York (1968).
K. H. Hofman and P. S. Mostert, “Elements of Compact Semigroups,” Merrill Books, Columbus, Ohio (1966).
J. T. Tou, ed., “Applied Automata Theory,” Academic Press, New York (1968).
M. O. Rabin, Probabilistic Automata, Information and Control 6, 230–245 (1963).
A. Paz, Some Aspects of Probabilistic Automata, Information and Control 9, 26–60 (1966).
W. Feller, “An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1957).
L. Takacs, “Stochastic Processes,” Methuen, London (1960).
R. McNaughton, The Theory of Automata—A Survey, in “Advances in Computers,” Vol. 2, pp. 379–421, Academic Press, New York (1961).
J. Fox, “Mathematical Theory of Automata,” Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Press, New York (1963).
T. L. Booth, “Sequential Machines and Automata Theory and Sons, New York” John Wiley (1967).
G. C. Bacon, Minimal-State Stochastic Finite State Systems, IEEE Trans. CT-11, 307–308 (1964).
G. H. Ott, Reconsider the Minimization Problem for Stochastic Finite State Systems, in “Proc. IEEE 7th Symp. Switching and Automata Theory,” pp. 251–261 (1966).
G. C. Bacon, The Decomposition of Stochastic Automata, Information and Control 7, 320–339 (1964).
C. V. Page, Equivalences between Probabilistic Machines, Tech. Rep. 03105–41-T, University of Michigan (1965).
J. W. Carlyle, State-Calculable Stochastic Sequential Machines, Equivalences and Events, in “Proc. IEEE Symp. Switching Circuit Theory and Logical Design,” pp. 258–263 (1965).
J. von Neumann, Probabilistic Logics and the Synthesis of Reliable Organisms from Unreliable Components, in “Automata Studies,” Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey (1956).
S. Winograd and J. D. Cowan, “Reliable Computation in the Presence of Noise,” MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1963).
J. D. Cowan, The Problem of Organismic Reliability, in “Cybernetics of the Nervous System,” Elsevier Amsterdam (1965).
F. Rosenblatt, A Model for Experiental Storage in Neural Networks, in “Computer and Information Sciences,” (J. T. Tou and R. H. Wilcox, eds.), pp. 16–66, Spartan Books Washington, D.C. (1964).
B. Widrow and F. W. Smith, Pattern-Recognizing Control Systems, in “Computer and Information Sciences,” (J. T. Tou and R. H. Wilcox, eds.), pp. 288–317, Spartan Books Washington, D.C. (1964).
K. Steinbuch and U. A. W. Piske, Learning Matrices and Their Applications, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-12 (5), 846–862 (1963).
N. J. Nilsson, “Learning Machines,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1965).
A. Novikoff, On Convergence Proofs for Perceptrons, in “Automata Theory,” pp. 615–622, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn Press, New York (1963).
G. L. Clapper, Machine Looks, Listens, Learns, Electronics 1967 (October 30), 91–102.
W. C. Ridgeway, An Adaptive Logic System with Generalizing Properties, Report SEL-62–040, Stanford Electronics Laboratories (April 1962).
I. Aleksander and R. C. Albrow, Adaptive Logic Circuits, Computer J. 11 (1), 65–71 (1968).
S. Muroga, Lower Bounds on the Number of Threshold Functions and a Maximum Weight, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-14 136–148 (1965).
Sze-Tsen Hu, “Threshold Logic,” University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif. (1965).
M. Cuenod and A. P. Sage, Comparison of Some Methods Used for Process Identification, in “Proc. International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Identification in Automatic Control Systems, Prague, June 1967.”
P. Eykhoff, Process Parameter and State Estimation, in “Proc. International Federation of Automatic Control Symposium on Identification in Automatic Control Systems, Prague, June 1967.”
M. J. Levin, Optimum Estimation of Impulse Response in the Presence of Noise, IRE Natl. Com. Record 4, 147–182 (1959).
W. W. Lichtenberger, A Technique of Linear System Identification Using Correlating Filters, IRE Trans. Automatic Control AC-6 (2), 183–199 (1961).
Y. Kaya and S. Yamamura, A Self-Adaptive System with a Variable Parameter PID Control, AIEE Trans. Appln. Ind. 58, 378–386 (1962).
M. Margolis and C. T. Leondes, A Model-Referenced Parameter Tracking Technique for Adaptive Control Systems, IEEE Trans. Appln. Ind. 68, 241–261 (1963).
B. G. Madden, Simultaneous Determination of System Parameters from Transient Response, IEEE Trans. Appln. Ind. 69, 327–331 (1963).
P. C. Young, The Determination of the Parameters of a Dynamic Process, Radio and Electronic Engineer 29 (6), 345–361 (1965).
D. D. Donalson and F. H. Kishi, Review of Adaptive Control System Theories and Techniques, in “Modern Control Systems Theory,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1965).
P. E. K. Donaldson, Error Decorrelation Studies on a Human Operator Performing a Balancing Task, Med. Electron. Biol. Eng. 2, 393–410 (1964).
T. F. Potts, G. N. Ornstein, and A. B. Clymer, The Automatic Determination of Human and Other System Parameters, in “Proc. Western Joint Computer Conference, Los Angeles, pp. 645–660 (1961).
C. L. Becker and J. V. Wait, Two-Level Correlation on an Analog Computer, IRE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-10 (4), 752–758 (1961).
Y. Lundh, A Digital Integrator for On-line Signal Processing, IEEE Trans. Electronic Computers EC-12 (1), 26–28 (1963).
P. Jespers, P. T. Chu, and A. Fettweis, A New Method to Compute Correlation Functions, in “International Symp. Information Theory, Brussels, 1962.”
B. Widrow, Statistical Analysis of Amplitude-Quantized Sampled Data Systems, IRE Trans. CT-3 (1956).
D. G. Watts, “A General Theory of Amplitude Quantization with Applications to Correlation Determination,” IEE Monograph No. 481 M (November 1961).
A. K. Nath and A. K. Mathalanabis, Method of Statistical Linearization, Proc. IEE 113 (12), 2081–2086 (1966).
A. A. Pervozanskii, “Random Processes in Nonlinear Control,” Academic Press, New York (1965).
O. I. Elgard, High-Frequency Signal Injection : A Means of Changing the Transfer Characteristics of Nonlinear Elements, WESCON (1962).
G. R. Cooper, R. L. Gassner, and C. D. McGillem, in “Proc. 21st National Electronics Conference,” pp. 656–661, National Electronics Conference, Chicago, Illinois (1965).
L. J. Savage, “The Foundations of Statistical Inference,” Methuen, London (1962).
S. Watanabe, Information-Theoretical Aspects of Inductive and Deductive Inference, IBM J. Res. Dev. 14 (2), 208–231 (1960).
D. Middleton, “Topics in Communication Theory,” McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1965).
M. E. Maron, Design Principles for an Intelligent Machine, IRE Trans. Information Theory IT-8 (5), 179–185 (1962).
M. Minsky and O. G. Selfridge, Learning in Random Nets, in “Information Theory,” pp. 335–347, Butterworths, London (1961).
K. S. Fu, A Learning Control System Using Statistical Decision Processes, in “Proc. International Federation of Automatic Control Symp. Self-Adaptive Control Systems, Teddington, England, 1965,” Plenum Press, New York (1965).
D. R. Hill, An ESOTerIC Approach to Automatic Speech Recognition, Int. J. Man-Machine Studies 1(1) (January 1969).
S. Kullback, “Information Theory and Statistics,” John Wiley and Sons, New York (1959).
B. G. Farley and W. A. Clark, Simulation of Self-Organizing Systems by Digital Computer, IRE Trans. Information Theory IT-4, 76–84 (September 1954).
R. L. Beurle, Properties of a Mass of Cells Capable of Regenerating Pulses, Trans. Roy. Soc. (London) B240, 55–94 (August 1956).
L. D. Harmon, W. A. Bergeijk, and J. Levinson, Studies with Artificial Neurons, Kybernetik 1, 89–117 (December 1961).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1969 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gaines, B.R. (1969). Stochastic Computing Systems. In: Tou, J.T. (eds) Advances in Information Systems Science. Advances in Information Systems Science. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5841-9_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-5841-9_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-5843-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-5841-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive