Skip to main content

Abstract

The lymphoid organs play a major rôle in the defence mechanisms of the body. Their lymphoid cells have a special function in immune responses, the small lymphocyte being a carrier of immunological information1. The production pathway of lymphocytes is from a large ‘blast’ cell, through successive mitotic divisions, to small lymphocytes which are mobile cells with little cytoplasm. At one time small lymphocytes were thought to be end cells but they are now known to be capable of further differentiation following contact with antigenic (immunogenic) material.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Burnet, F. M. (1969), Self and Not-self, Melbourne University Press: Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Miller, J. F. A. P. (1971), ‘The thymus and the immune system’, Vox Sanguins, 20, 481–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Williamson, A. R. (1972), ‘Clones of antibody-forming cells: natural and experimental selection’, Endeavour, 31, 118–122.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Burnet, F. M. (1959), The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity, Cambridge and Vanderbilt University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Nossal, G. J. V. and Ada, G. L. (1971), Antigens, Lymphoid Cells, and the Immune Response, Academic Press: London.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Gewurz, H. (1971), ‘The immunologic role of complement’. In Immunobiology. Eds. Good, R. A. and Fisher, D. W., pp. 95–103, Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Stamford, Connecticut.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Yoffey, J. M. (1967), ‘The fourth circulation’. In The Lymphocyte in Immunology and Haemopoiesis. Ed. Yoffey, J. M., pp. 1–10, Edward Arnold: London.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Beard, J. (1894), ‘The development and probable function of the thymus’, Anatomischer Anzeiger, 9, 476–486.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hamm AR, J. A. (1905), ‘Zur Histogenese und Involution der Thymusdrüse’, Anatomischer Anzeiger, 27, 23–30, 41–89.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Good, R. A. and Papermaster, B. W. (1964), ‘Ontogeny and phylogeny of adaptive immunity’, Advances in Immunology, 4, 1–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Abramoff, P. and La Via, M. F. (1970), Biology of the Immune Response, McGraw-Hill: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Papermaster, B. W. and Good, R. A. (1962), ‘Relatvie contributions of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius to the maturation of the lymphoreticular system and immunological potential in the chicken’, Nature, London, 196, 838–840.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Horton, J. D. (1971), ‘Histogenesis of the lymphomyeloid complex in the larval leopard frog, Rana pipiens’, Journal of Morphology, 134, 1–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Manning, M. J. and Horton, J. D. (1969), ‘Histogenesis of lymphoid organs in larvae of the South African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis (Daudin)’, Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology, 22, 265–277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Metcalf, D. and Moore, M. A. S. (1971), Haemopoietic Cells, North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ackerman, G. A. (1967), ‘Developmental relationship between the appearance of lymphocytes and lymphopoietic activity in the fetal cat’, Anatomical Record, 158, 387–399.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Warner, N. L. (1967), ‘The immunological role of the avian thymus and bursa of Fabricius’, Folia Biologica, 13, 1–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Walford, R. L. (1969), The Immunologic Theory of Aging, Munksgaard: Copenhagen.

    Google Scholar 

  19. MacKay (1972), ‘Ageing and immunological function in man’, Gerontologia, 18, 285–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Salkind, J. (1915), ‘Contributions histologiques à la biologie comparée du thymus’, Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale, 55, 81–322.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Good, R. A., Finstad, J., Pollara, B. and Gabrielsen, A. E. (1966), ‘Morphological studies on the evolution of lymphoid tissues among the lower vertebrates’. In Phylogeny of Immunity. Eds. Smith, R. T., Miescher, P. A. and Good, R. A., pp. 149–168, University of Florida Press: Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Klapper, C. E. (1946), ‘The development of the pharynx of the guinea pig with special emphasis on the morphogenesis of the thymus’, American Journal of Anatomy, 78, 139–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Massart, C. (1940), ‘Morfologia e sviluppo del timo con richerche originali nei Chirotteri (Vesperugo pipistrellus)’, Archivio Italiano di Anatomia e di Embriologia, 44, 489–550.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hammond, W. S. (1954), ‘Origin of thymus in the chick embryo’, Journal of Morphology, 95, 501–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Ruth, R. F., Allen, C. P. and Wolfe, H. R. (1964), ‘The effect of thymus on lymphoid tissue’. In The Thymus in Immunobiology. Eds. Good, R. A. and Gabrielsen, A. E., pp. 183–206, Hoeber-Harper: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Jolly, J. (1923), Traité technique d’hématologie. A. Maloine, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Weiss, L. (1972), The Cells and Tissues of the Immune System. Prentice-Hall Inc.: Englewood Cliffs (N.J.).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Metcalf, D. (1967).. ‘Relation of the thymus to the formation of immunologically reactive cells’. Cold Spring Harbour Symposia in Quantitative Biology, 32, 583–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Miller, J. F. A. P. and Osoba, D. (1967), ‘Current concepts of the immunological function of the thymus’, Physiological Reviews, 47, 437–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Metcalf, D. (1967), Lymphocyte kinetics in the thymus. In The Lymphocyte in Immunology and Haemopoiesis. Ed. Yoffey, J. M., pp. 333–341, Edward Arnold: London.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Sainte-Marie, G. and Peng, F. S. (1971), ‘Emigrations of thymocytes from the thymus: a review and study of the problem’, Revue Canadienne de Biologie, 30, 51–78.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Weissman, I. L. (1967), ‘Thymus cell migration’, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 126, 291–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Fichtelius, K. E., Finstad, J. and Good, R. A. (1968), ‘Bursa equivalents of bursaless vertebrates’, Laboratory Investigation, 19, 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Ackerman, G. A. (1966), ‘The origin of lymphocytes in the appendix and tonsil iliaca of the embryonic and neonatal rabbit’, Anatomical Record, 154, 21–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Thorbecke, G. J. (1959), ‘Some histological and functional aspects of lymphoid tissue in germfree animals. I. Morphological studies’, Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 78, 237–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Diener, E. (1970), ‘The primary immune response and immunological tolerance’, Handbuch der Allgemeinen Pathologie, VII, part 3, 250–325. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Turk, J. L. (1967), Delayed Hypersensitivity, North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Baculi, B. S. and Cooper, E. L. (1967), ‘Lymphomyeloid organs of Amphibia. II. Vasculature in larval and adult Rana catesbeiana’, Journal of Morphology, 123, 463–480.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Cowden, R. R., Gebhardt, B. M. and Volpe, E. P. (1968), ‘The histo-physiology of antibody-forming sites in the marine toad’, Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie, 85, 196–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sainte-Marie, G. and Leblond, C. P. (1964), ‘Thymus-cell population dynamics’. In The Thymus in Immunobiology. Eds. Good, R. A. and Gabrielsen, A. E., pp. 207–235, Hoeber-Harper: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Auerbach, R. (1961), ‘Experimental analysis of the origin of cell types in the development of the mouse thymus’, Developmental Biology, 3, 336–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Micklem, H. S., Ford, C. E., Evans, E. P. and Gray, J. (1966), ‘Interrelationships of myeloid and lymphoid cells: studies with chromosome-marked cells transfused into lethally irradiated mice’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 165, 78–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Raff, M. C. (1973), ‘T and B lymphocytes and immune responses’, Nature, London, 242, 19–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Dumonde, D. C., Wolstencroft, R. A., Panayi, G. S., Mathew, M., Marley, J. and Howson, W. T. (1969), ‘Lymphokines: non-antibody mediators of cellular immunity generated by lymphocyte activation’, Nature, London, 224, 38–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Ford, W. L. and Gowans, J. L. (1969), ‘The traffic of lymphocytes’, Seminars in Hematology, 6, 67–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Gowans, J. L. (1971), ‘Immunobiology of the small lymphocyte’. In Immunobiology. Eds. Good, R. A. and Fisher, D. W., pp. 18–27, Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Stamford, Connecticut

    Google Scholar 

  47. Parrott, D. M. V. and de Sousa, M. (1971), ‘Thymus-dependent and thymus-independent populations: origin, migratory patterns and lifespan’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 8, 663–684.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. De Sous A. M. (1973), ‘Ecology of thymus dependency’. In Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology (Vol. 2): Thymus Dependency. Eds. Davies, A. J. S. and Carter, R. L., pp. 119–136, Plenum Press: New York and London.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Brambell, F. W. R. (1970), The Transmission of Passive Immunity from Mother to Young. North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Owen, R. D. (1945), ‘Immunogenetic consequences of vascular anastomosis between bovine twins’, Science, N.Y., 102, 400–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Burnet, F. M. and Fenner, F. (1949), The Production of Antibodies. McMillan: Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Billingham, R. E., Brent, L. and Medawar, P. B. (1953). ‘“Actively acquired tolerance” of foreign cells’, Nature, London, 172, 603–606.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Billingham, R. E., Brent, L. and Medawar, P. B. (1956), ‘Quantitative studies on tissue transplantation immunity. III. Actively acquired tolerance’, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 239, 357–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Smith, R. T. and Bridges, R. A. (1958), ‘Immunological unresponsiveness in rabbits produced by neonatal injection of denned antigens’, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 108, 227–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Mitchison, N. A. (1963), ‘Immunological paralysis in the adult’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 56, 937–940.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Mitchison, N. A. (1967), ‘Immunological paralysis as a problem of cellular differentiation’. In Ontogeny of Immunity. Eds. Smith, R. T., Good, R. A. and Miescher, P. A., pp. 135–138, University of Florida Press: Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Voisin, G. A. (1971), ‘Immunity and tolerance: a unified concept’, Cellular Immunology, 2, 670–689.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Miller, J. F. A. P. (1962), ‘Effect of neonatal thymectomy on the immunological responsiveness of the mouse’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 156, 415–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Hess, M. W. (1968), Experimental Thymectomy: Possibilities and Limitations, Springer-Verlag: Berlin.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  60. Lischner, H. W., Punnett, H. H. and DiGeorge, A. M. (1967), ‘Lymphocytes in congenital absence of the thymus’, Nature, London, 214, 580–582.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Wortis, H. H. (1971), ‘Immunological responses of “nude” mice’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 8, 305–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Glick, B. (1970), ‘The bursa of Fabricius: a central issue’, Bioscience, 20, 602–604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Solomon, J. B. (1971), Foetal and Neonatal Immunology. North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Silverstein, A. M., Parshall, C. J. and Prendergast, R. A. (1967), ‘Studies on the nature of immunological immaturity’. In Ontogeny of Immunity. Eds. Smith, R. T., Good, R. A. and Miescher, P. A., pp. 143–147, University of Florida Press: Gainesville.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Silverstein, A. M. and Prendergast, R. A. (1971), ‘The maturation of lymphoid tissue structure and function in ontogeny’. In Morphological and Functional Aspects of Immunity. Eds. Lindahl-Kiessling, K., Alm, G. and Hanna, M. G., pp. 37–42.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  66. Laplante, E. S., Burrell, R., Watne, A. L., Taylor, D. L. and Zimmermann, B. (1969), ‘Skin allograft studies in the pouch young of the opossum’, Transplantation, 7, 67–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Rowlands, D. T. and Dudley, M. A. (1969), ‘The development of serum proteins and humoral immunity in opossum “embryos”,’ Immunology, 17, 969–975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Hildemann, W. H. and Haas, R. (1962), ‘Developmental changes in leucocytes in relation to immunological maturity’. In Mechanisms of Immunological Tolerance. Ed. Hašek, M., Langerová, A. and Vojtišková, M., pp. 35–49, Czechoslovakia Academy of Sciences: Prague.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Horton, J. D. (1969), ‘Ontogeny of the immune response to skin allografts in relation to lymphoid organ development in the amphibian Xenopus laevis Daudin’, Journal of Experimental Zoology, 170, 449–466.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Horton, J. D. (1971), ‘Ontogeny of the immune system in amphibians’, American Zoologist, 11, 219–228.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Volpe, E. P. (1972), ‘Embryonic tissue transplantation incompatibility in an amphibian’, American Scientist, 60, 220–228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Goldshein, S. J. and Cohen, N. (1972), ‘Phylogeny of immunocompetent cells. I. In vitro blastogenesis and mitosis of toad (Bufo marinus) splenic lymphocytes in response to phytohemagglutinin and in mixed lymphocyte cultures’, Journal of Immunology, 108, 1025–1033.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Du Pasquier, L. (1970), ‘Ontogeny of the immune response in animals having less than one million lymphocytes: the larvae of the toad Alytes obstetricans’, Immunology, 19, 353–362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Taylor, R. B., Duffus, W. P. H., Raff, M. C. and de Pétris, S. (1971), ‘Redistribution and pinocytosis of lymphocyte surface immunoglobulin molecules induced by anti-immunoglobulin antibody’, Nature, New Biology, London, 233, 225–229.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Medawar, P. B. (1960), ‘Theories of immunological tolerance’. In Cellular Aspects of Immunity, pp. 134–149. J. & A. Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Horton, J. D. and Manning, M. J. (1972), ‘Response to skin allografts in Xenopus laevis following thymectomy at early stages of lymphoid organ maturation’, Transplantation, 14, 141–154.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Pick, E. and Turk, J. L. (1972), ‘The biological activities of soluble lymphocyte products’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 10, 1–23.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Davies, A. J. S. (1969), ‘The thymus and the cellular basis of immunity’, Transplantation Reviews, 1, 43–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Playfair, J. H. L. (1971), ‘Cell cooperation in the immune response’, Clinical and Experimental Immunology, 8, 839–856.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Mitchison, N. A. (1969), In Mediators of Cellular Immunity, ed. Lawrence, H. S. and Landy, M., pp. 73–80, Academic Press; New York.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Nossal, G. J. V. (1964), ‘How cells make antibodies’, Scientific American, 211, 106–115.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Ling, N. R. (1968), Lymphocyte Stimulation. North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Porter, R. R. (1967), ‘The structure of antibodies’, Scientific American, 217, 81–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kabat, E. A. (1968), Structural Concepts in Immunology and Immuno-chemistry. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Talmage, D. W. (1969), ‘The nature of the immunological response’. In Immunology and Development, ed. Adinolfi, M., pp. 1–26, Spastics International Medical Publications: London.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Jerne, N. K. (1973), ‘The immune system’, Scientific American, 229, 52–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Nieuwkoop, P. D. and Faber, J. (1967), Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). North Holland Publishing Company: Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1974 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manning, M.J., Horton, J.D. (1974). Functional Histogenesis of the Lymphoid Organs. In: Goldspink, G. (eds) Differentiation and Growth of Cells in Vertebrate Tissues. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3304-1_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3304-1_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-412-11390-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-3304-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics