Abstract
An important variable relating to both the course and outcome of psychotherapy involves the patient and the characteristics he or she brings into the therapeutic situation. Past research in this area has attempted to relate patient variables such as motivation, expectancies, demographic characteristics, diagnosis, severity of maladjustment, and personality traits to continuation in therapy, therapy outcome, and in-therapy patient behavior.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abramowitz, C. V., Abramowitz, S. I., Roback, H. B., & Jackson, C. Differential effectiveness of directive and nondirective group therapies as a function of client internal-external control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 849–853.
Acosta, F. Z., & Sheehan, J. G. Preferences toward Mexican-American and Anglo-American psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 272–279.
Adams, S. Interaction between individual interview therapy and treatment amenability in older youth authority wards (Monograph No. 2). Sacramento, Calif.: Board of Corrections, State of California, 1961, pp. 27–44.
Affleck, D. C., & Garfield, S. L. Predictive judgments of therapists and duration of stay in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1961, 17, 134–137.
Bailey, M. A., Warshaw, L., & Eichler, R. M. A study of factors related to length of stay in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1959, 15, 442–444.
Baker, J., & Wagner, N. Social class and treatment in a child psychiatry clinic. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1966, 14, 129–133.
Bandura, A., Jeffrey, R. W., & Wright, C. L. Efficacy of participant modeling as a function of response induction aids. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1974, 83, 56–64.
Barron, F. Some test correlates of response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychotherapy, 1953, 17, 235–241. (a)
Barron, F. An ego-strength scale which predicts response to psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1953, 17, 327–333. (b)
Beck, J. C., Kantor, D., & Gelineau, V. A. Follow-up study of chronic psychiatric patients “treated” by college case-aide volunteers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, 269–271.
Berzins, J. I. Therapist-patient matching. In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research. Elmsford, N.Y.: Pergamon, 1977.
Best, J. A. Tailoring smoking withdrawal procedures to personality and motivational differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1975, 43, 1–8.
Best, J. A., & Steffy, R. A. Smoking modification procedures tailored to subject characteristics. Behavior Therapy, 1971, 2, 177–191.
Beutler, L. E. Convergence in counseling and psychotherapy: A current look. Clinical Psychology Review, 1982, 1, 79–101.
Bloom, B. L. Prognostic significance of the underproductive Rorschach. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1956, 20, 366–371.
Borkovec, T. D., Grayson, J. B., & Cooper, K. M. Treatment of general tension: Subjective and psychological effects of progressive relaxation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 518–528.
Brady, J. P., Reznikoff, M., & Zeller, W. W. The relationship of expectation of improvement to actual improvement of hospitalized psychiatric patients. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 1960, 130, 41–44.
Brill, N. Q., & Storrow, H. A. Social class and psychiatric treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1960, 3, 340–344.
Cappon, D. Results of psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1964, 110, 35–45.
Carson, R. C., & Heine, R. W. Similarity and success in therapeutic dyads. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1962, 26, 38–43.
Carson, R. C., & Llewellyn, C. E., Jr. Similarity in therapeutic dyads: A re-evaluation. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1966, 30, 458.
Cartwright, D. S. Success in psychotherapy as a function of certain actuarial variables. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1955, 19, 357–363.
Cartwright, D. S., & Roth, I. Success and satisfaction in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1957, 13, 20–26.
Cartwright, R. D. Predicting response to client-centered therapy with the Rorschach PR scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1958, 5, 11–17.
Cartwright, R. D., & Lerner, B. Empathy, need to change, and improvement with psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1963, 27, 138–144.
Casner, D. Certain factors associated with success and failure in personal-adjustment counseling. American Psychologist, 1950, 5, 348. (Abstract)
Cimbolic, P. Counselor race and experience effects on black clients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 328–332.
Clemes, S., & D’Andrea, V. J. Parents’ anxiety as a function of expectation and degree of initial interview ambiguity. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1965, 29, 397–404.
Cole, N. J., Branch, C. H., & Allison, R. B. Some relationships between social class and the practice of dynamic psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1962, 118, 1004–1012.
Costello, R. M., Baillargeon, J. G., Biever, P., & Bennett, K. Second-year alcoholism treatment outcome evaluation with a focus on Mexican-American patients. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 1979, 6, 97–108.
Craig, T., & Huffine, C. Correlates of patient attendance in an inner-city mental health clinic. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 133, 61–64.
Crowley, R. M. A low-cost psychoanalytic service: First year. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1950, 24, 462–482.
Derr, J., & Silver, A. W. Predicting participation and behavior in group therapy from test protocols. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1962, 18, 322–325.
Duckro, P., Beal, D., & George, C. Research on the effects of disconfirmed client role expectations in psychotherapy: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86, 260–275.
Ellis, A. The effectiveness of psychotherapy with individuals who have severe homosexual problems. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1956, 20, 191–195.
Endicott, N. A., & Endicott, J. Prediction of improvement in treated and untreated patients using the Rorschach prognostic rating scale. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1964, 28, 342–348.
Ends, E. J., & Page, C. W. Functional relationships among measures of anxiety, ego strength and adjustment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1957, 13, 148–150.
Ewing, T. N. Changes during counseling appropriate to the client’s initial problem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1964, 11, 146–150.
Ewing, T. N. Racial similarity of client and counselor and client satisfaction with counseling. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1974, 21, 446–469.
Feldman, M. P., & MacCulloch, M. The application of anticipatory avoidance learning to the treatment of homosexuality. Behavior Research and Therapy, 1965, 2, 165–172.
Filmer-Bennett, G. The Rorschach as a means of predicting treatment outcome. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1955, 19, 331–334.
Fiske, D. W., Cartwright, D. S., & Kirtner, W. L. Are psychotherapeutic changes predictable? Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1964, 69, 418–426.
Frank, G. H. A review of research with measures of ego strength derived from the MMPI and the Rorschach. Journal of General Psychology, 1967, 77, 183–206.
Frank, J. D. The dynamics of the psychotherapeutic relationship. Psychiatry, 1959, 22, 17–39.
Frank, J. D. Relief of distress and attitudinal change. Science and Psychoanalysis, 1961, 4, 107–124.
Frank, J. D. Therapeutic components of psychotherapy. A 25-year progress report of research. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1974, 159, 325–342.
Frank, J. D. Reply to Telch. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1981, 49, 476–477.
Frank, J. D., Gliedman, L. H., Imber, S. D., Nash, E. H., Jr., & Stone, A. R. Why patients leave psychotherapy. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1957, 77, 283–299.
Frank, J. D., Gliedman, L. H., Imber, S. D., Stone, A. R., & Nash, E. H. Jr. Patients’ expectancies and relearning as factors determining improvement in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1959, 115, 961–968.
Friedman, H. J. Patient expectancy and symptom reduction. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1963, 8, 61–67.
Friedman, M. L., & Dies, R. R. Reactions of internal and external test anxious students to counseling and behavior therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 921.
Gallagher, E. B., Levinson, D. J., & Erlich, I. Some sociolopsychological characteristics of patients and their relevance for psychiatric treatment. In M. Greenblott, D. J. Levinson, & R. Williams (Eds.), The patient and the mental hospital. New York: Free Press, 1957.
Gallagher, E. B., Sharaf, M. R., & Levinson, D. J. The influence of patient and therapist in determining the use of psychotherapy in a hospital setting. Psychiatry, 1965, 28, 297–310.
Gallagher, J. J. Test indicators for therapy prognosis. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1954, 18, 409–413.
Garfield, S. L. A note on patients’ reasons for terminating therapy. Psychological Reports, 1963, 13, 38.
Garfield, S. L. Research on client variables in psychotherapy. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.
Garfield, S. L., & Affleck, D. C. An appraisal of duration of stay in outpatient psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1959, 129, 492–498.
Garfield, S. L., & Affleck, D. C. Therapists’ judgments concerning patients considered for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25, 505–509.
Garrison, J. E. Written vs. verbal preparation of patients for group psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1978, 15, 130–134.
Gaylin, N. Psychotherapy and psychological health: A Rorschach function and structure analysis. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1966, 30, 494–500.
Gendlin, E. T. Initiating psychotherapy with “unmotivated” patients. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1961, 35, 134–139.
Getter, H., & Sundland, D. M. The Barron ego strength scale and psychotherapeutic outcome. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1962, 26, 195.
Goldstein, A. P. Therapist and client expectation of personality change in psychotherapy. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1960, 3, 180–184. (a)
Goldstein, A. P. Patient’s expectancies and non-specific therapy as a basis for (un)-spontaneous remission. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1960, 16, 399–403. (b)
Goldstein, A. P. Therapist-patient expectancies in psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon, 1962.
Goldstein, A. P. Structured learning therapy: Toward a psychotherapy for the poor. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Goldstein, A. P., & Shipman, W. G. Patient expectancies, symptom reduction and aspects of initial psychotherapeutic interviews. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1961, 17, 129–133.
Gomes-Schwartz, B. Effective ingredients in psychotherapy: Prediction of outcome from process variables. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 1023–1035.
Gottschalk, L. A., Mayerson, P., & Gottlieb, A. A. Prediction and evaluation of outcome in an emergency brief psychotherapy clinic. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1967, 144, 77–96.
Gottschalk, L. A., Fox, R. A., & Bates, D. E. A study of prediction and outcome of a mental health crisis clinic. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 130, 1107–1. 111.
Greenfield, N. S. Personality patterns of patients before and after application for psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 280.
Greer, F. L. Prognostic expectations and outcome of brief therapy. Psychological Reports, 1980, 46, 973–974.
Grotjahn, M. Learning from dropout patients: A clinical view of patients who discontinued group psychotherapy. International journal of Group Psychotherapy, 1972, 22, 306–319.
Gurman, A. S. The patient’s perception of the therapeutic relationship. In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy. New York: Pergamon, 1977.
Hall, S. M., Bass, A., & Monroe, J. Continued contact and monitoring as follow-up strategies: A long-term study of obesity treatment. Addictive Behavior, 1978, 3, 139–147.
Halperin, K. M., & Snyder, C. R. Effects of enhanced psychological test feedback on treatment outcome: Therapeutic implications of the Barnum effect. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 140–146.
Hamburg, D. A., Bibring, G. L., Fisher, C, Stanton, A. H., Wallerstein, R. S., Weinstock, H. I., & Haggard, E. Report of ad hoc committee on central fact gathering data of the American Psychoanalytic Association. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 1967, 15, 841–861.
Heilbrun, A. B., Jr. Prediction of continuing client contact in a brief treatment campus mental health agency. Psychological Report, 1978, 42, 481–482.
Heine, R. W. (Ed.). The student physician as psychotherapist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
Heine, R. W., & Trosman, H. Initial expectations of the doctor-patient interaction as a factor in the continuance in psychotherapy. Psychiatry, 1960, 23, 275–278.
Heitler, J. B. Preparation of lower class patients for expressive group psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973, 41, 251–260.
Heitler, J. B. Preparatory techniques in initiating expressive psychotherapy with lower-class, unsophisticated patients. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 339–352.
Heller, K., Myers, R. A., & Kline, L. V. Interviewer behavior as a function of standardized client roles. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1963, 27, 117–122.
Hoehn-Saric, R., Frank, J. D., Imber, S. D., Nash, E. H., Stone, A. R., & Battle, C. C. Systematic preparation of patients for psychotherapy. Effects on therapy behavior and outcome. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 1964, 2, 267–281.
Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. Social class and mental illness: A community study. New York: Wiley, 1958.
Imber, S. D., Frank, J. D., Gliedman, L. H., Nash, E. H., Jr., & Stone, A. R. Suggestibility, social class, and the acceptance of psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1956, 12, 341–344.
Imber, S. D., Nash, E. H., & Stone, A. R. Social class and duration of psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1955, 11, 281–284.
Imber, S. D., Pande, S. K., Frank, J. D., Hoehn-Saric, R., Stone, A. R., & Wargo, D. G. Time-focused role induction. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1970, 150, 27–30.
Jackson, D. N. Personality research form manual. Goshen, N.Y.: Research Psychologists Press, 1967.
Jeffrey, R. W., Vender, M., & Wing, R. R. Weight loss and behavior change one year after behavioral treatment for obesity, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 368–369.
Jones, E. E. Effects of race on psychotherapy process and outcome: An exploratory investigation. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1978, 15, 226–236.
Jones, E. E., & Zoppel, C. L. Impact of client and therapist gender on psychotherapy process and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1982, 50, 259–272.
Kadushin, C. Why people go to psychiatrists. New York: Atherton, 1969.
Kamin, C., & Caughlan, J. Subjective experiences of outpatient psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1963, 17, 660–668.
Kaplan, A. G. Toward an analysis of sex-role related issues in the therapeutic relationship. Psychiatry, 1979, 42, 112–119.
Karasu, T. B., Stein, S. P., & Charles, E. S. Age factors in patient-therapist relationships. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1979, 167, 100–104.
Katahn, M., Strenger, S., & Cherry, N. Group counseling and behavior therapy with test-anxious college students. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1966, 30, 544–549.
Katz, J., & Solomon, R. Z. The patient and his experiences in an out-patient clinic. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1958, 80, 86–92.
Katz, M. M., Lorr, M., & Rubenstein, E. A. Remainder patients attributes and their relation to subsequent improvement in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 411–413.
Kazdin, A. E., & Wilcoxon, L. A. Systematic desensitization and nonspecific treatment effects: A methodological evaluation. Psychological Bulletin, 1976, 83, 719–758.
Kernberg, O. F., Burstein, E. D., Coyne, L., Appelbaum, A., Horwitz, L., & Voth, H. Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis: Final report of the Menninger Foundation’s Psychotherapy Research Project. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 1972, 36 (1–2).
Kirkner, F. J., Wisham, W. W., & Giedt, F. H. A report on the validity of the Rorschach prognostic rating scale. Journal of Protective Techniques, 1953, 17, 465–470.
Kirshner, L. A. Effects of gender on psychotherapy. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1978, 19, 79–82.
Kirtner, W. L., & Cartwright, D. S. Success and failure in client-centered therapy as a function of initial in-therapy behavior. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 329–333.
Klein, H. R. A study of changes occurring in patients during and after psychoanalytic treatment. In P. H. Hoch & J. Zibin (Eds.), Current approaches to psychoanalysis. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1960.
Klopfer, B. Introduction: The development of a prognostic rating scale. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1951, 15, 421.
Knapp, P. H., Levin, S., McCarter, R. H., Wermer, H., & Zetzel, E. Suitability for psychoanalysis: A review of 100 supervised analytic cases. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1960, 29, 459–477.
Koran, L. M., & Costell, R. M. Early termination from group psychotherapy. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 1973, 23, 346–359.
Krebs, R. L. Some effects of a white institution on black psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1971, 41, 589–597.
Lambert, M. J. The effects of psychotherapy (Vol. 1). Montreal: Eden, 1979.
Lambert, M. J., & Bergin, A. E. Therapist characteristics and their contribution to psychotherapy outcome. In C. E. Walker (Ed.), Handbook of clinical psychology: Theory, research and practice. Homewood, Ill.: Dorsey, 1983.
Lambert, M. J., Bergin, A. E., & Collins, J. L. Therapist induced deterioration in psychotherapy. In A. S. Gurman & A. S. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: The therapist’s contribution. New York: Pergamon, 1977.
Lambert, M. J., DeJulio, S. S., & Stein, D. M. Therapist interpersonal skills: Process, outcome, methodological considerations, and recommendations for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 1978, 85, 467–489.
Lambert, M. J., & Utic, J. The relationships of client characteristics and outcome. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.). The effects of psychotherapy (Vol. 2). New York: Human Sciences Press, 1982.
Lambert, R. G., & Lambert, M. J. The use of a general role induction interview to increase therapy participation in Polynesian immigrants. Journal of Community Psychology, in press.
Lanfield, A. W. Personal construct systems in psychotherapy. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1971.
Lazarus, A. A. The results of behavior therapy in one hundred and twenty-six cases of severe neurosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1963, 1, 69–79.
Leary, T. Interpersonal diagnosis of personality. New York: Ronald, 1957.
Lichtenstein, E. Personality similarity and therapeutic success: A failure to replicate. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1966, 30, 282.
Lick, J., & Bootzin, R. Expectancy factors in the treatment of fear: Methodological and theoretical issues. Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 917–931.
Liljestrand, P., Gerling, E., & Saliba, P. A. The Effects of social sex-role stereotypes and sexual orientation on psychotherapeutical outcomes. Journal of Homosexuality, 1978, 3, 361–372.
Lipkin, S. Client’s feelings and attitudes in relation to the outcome of client-centered therapy. Psychological Monographs, 1954, 68 (Whole No. 372.).
Lorion, R. D. Socio-economic status and traditional treatment approaches reconsidered. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 79, 263–270.
Lothstein, L. M. The group psychotherapy dropout phenomenon revisited. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1978, 135, 1492–1495.
Lubin, B., Hornstra, R. K., Lewis, R. V., & Bechtel, B. S. Correlates of initial treatment assignment in a community mental health center. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 29, 497–504.
Luborsky, L., Chandler, M., Auerbach, A. H., Cohen, J., & Bachrach, H. M. Factors influencing the outcome of psychotherapy: A review of quantitative research. Psychological Bulletin, 1971, 75, 145–185.
Luborsky, L., Bachrach, H., Graff, H., Pulver, S., & Christoph, P. Preconditions and consequences of transference interpretations: A clinical-quantitative investigation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disorders, 1979, 167, 391–401.
Luborsky, L., Mintz, J., & Christoph, P. Are psychotherapeutic changes predictable? Comparison of a Chicago counseling center project with a Penn psychotherapy project. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 469–473.
Luborsky, L., Mintz, J., Auerbach, A., Christoph, P., Bachrach, H., Todd, T., Johnson, M., Cohen, M., & O’Brien, C. P. Predicting the outcome of psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 471–481.
Malan, D. H. The frontier of brief psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1976. (a)
Malan, D. H. Toward the validation of dynamic psychotherapy: A replication. New York: Plenum Press, 1976. (b)
Martin, P. J., Sterne, A. L., & Hunter, M. L. Share and share alike: Mutuality of expectations and satisfaction with therapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1976, 32, 677–683.
Marziali, E., Marmar, C., & Krupnick, J. Therapeutic alliance scales: Development and relationship to psychotherapy outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1981, 138, 361–364.
Mathews, A. M., Johnston, D. W., Shaw, P. M., & Gelder, M. G. Process variables and the prediction of outcome in behavior therapy. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 125, 256–264.
McLachlan, J. F. C. Benefit from group therapy as function of patient-therapist match on conceptual level. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 1972, 9, 317–323.
McNair, D. M., Lorr, M., Young, H. H., Roth, I., & Boyd, R. W. A three-year follow-up of psychotherapy patients. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1964, 20, 258–264.
Meltzoff, J., & Kornreich, M. Research in psychotherapy. New York: Atherton, 1970.
Miles, H. H. W., Barrabee, E. L., & Finesinger, J. E. Evaluation of psychotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1951, 13, 83–105.
Milton, F., & Hafner, J. The outcome of behavior therapy for agoraphobia in relation to marital adjustment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1979, 36, 806–811.
Mindess, H. Predicting patients’ responses to psychotherapy: A preliminary study designed to investigate the validity of the Rorschach prognostic rating scale. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1953, 17, 327–334.
Mintz, J. What is “success” in psychotherapy? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1972, 80, 11–19.
Mintz, J., Luborsky, L., & Auerbach, A. H. Dimensions of psychotherapy: A factor analytic study of ratings of psychotherapy sessions. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1971, 36, 106–120.
Mitchell, K. M., Bozarth, J. D., & Krauft, C. C. A reappraisal of the therapeutic effectiveness of accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth, and genuineness. In A. S. Gurman & A. M. Razin (Eds.), Effective psychotherapy: A handbook of research. New York: Pergamon, 1977.
Morgan, W. G. Nonnecessary conditions or useful procedures in desensitization: A reply to Wil-kins. Psychological Bulletin, 1973, 79, 373–375.
Morgenstern, F. S., Pearce, J. F., & Rees, W. L. Predicting the outcome of behavior therapy by psychological tests. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1965, 2, 191–200.
Myers, J. K., & Schaffer, C. Social stratification and psychiatric practice: A study of an outpatient clinic. American Sociological Review, 1954, 19, 307–310.
Newmark, C. S. Finkelstein, M., & Frerking, R. A. Comparison of the predictive validity of two measures of psychotherapy prognosis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1974, 38, 144–148.
Nichols, R. C., & Beck, K. W. Factors in psychotherapy change. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1960, 24, 388–399.
Overall, B., & Aronson, H. Expectations of psychotherapy in lower socioeconomic class patients. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1962, 32, 271–272.
Parloff, M. B., Waskow, I. E., & Wolfe, B. E. Research on therapist variables in relation to process and outcome. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley, 1978.
Pepinsky, H. B., & Kurst, T. O. Convergence: A phenomenon in counseling and psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 1964, 19, 333–338.
Perotti, L. P., & Hopewall, C. A. Expectancy effects in psychotherapy and systematic desensitization: A review. Paper presented at the seventh annual meeting of the Society for Psychotherapy Research, San Diego, Calif., June 18, 1976.
Perry, C., Gelfand, R., & Marcovitch, P. The relevance of hypnotic susceptibility in the clinical context. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1979, 88, 592–603.
Pettit, L., Pettit, T., & Welkowitz, J. Relationship between values, social class and duration of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 482–490.
Piper, W. E., & Wogan, M. Placebo effects in psychotherapy: An extension of earlier findings. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1970, 34, 447.
Pomerleau, O., Adkins, D., & Pertschuk, M. Predictors of outcome and recidivism in smoking cessation treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 1978, 3, 65–70.
Prager, R. A., & Garfield, S. L. Client initial disturbance and outcome in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 38, 112–117.
Rachman, S. Current status of behavior therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 13, 418–423.
Rice, L. N., & Wagstaff, A. K. Client voice quality and expressive style as indices of productive psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1967, 31, 557–563.
Rogers, C. R. A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships as developed in the client-centered framework in psychology: A study of science. In S. Koch (Ed.), Formulations of the person and the social context. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1959.
Rogers, C. R., Gendlin, E. T., Kiesler, D. J., & Truax, C. B. (Eds.). The therapeutic relationship and its impact. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
Rohsenow, D. J., & O’Leary, M. R. Locus of control research on alcoholic populations: A review in development, scales, and treatment. International Journal of Addiction, 1978, 13, 55–78.
Rosenbaum, J., Friedlander, J., & Kaplan, S. Evaluation of results of psychotherapy. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1956, 18, 113–132.
Rosenbaum, M., & Argon, S. Locus of control and success in self-initiated attempts to stop smoking. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1979, 35, 870–872.
Rosenthal, D., & Frank, J. D. The fate of psychiatric clinic outpatients assigned to psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 1958, 127, 330–343.
Ross, A. O., & Lacey, H. M. Characteristics of terminators and remainers in child guidance treatment. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1961, 25, 420–424.
Ross, M., & Mendelsohn, F. Homosexuality in college. Archives of Neurological Psychiatry, 1958, 80, 253–263.
Rotter, J. B. Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 1966, 80 (1, Whole No. 609).
Ryan, W. (Ed.) Distress in the city. Cleveland: The Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969.
Saltzman, C., Luetgert, M. J., Roth, C. H., Creaser, J., & Howard, L. Formation of a therapeutic relationship: Experiences during the initial phase of psychotherapy as predictors of treatment duration and outcome. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 546–555.
Salzman, C., Shader, R. I., Scott, D. A., & Binstock, W. Interviewer anger and patient dropout in walk-in clinic. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1970, 11, 267–273.
Schaffer, L., & Myers, J. K. Psychotherapy and social stratification: An empirical study of practice in a psychiatric outpatient clinic. Psychiatry, 1954, 17, 83–93.
Schmidt, E., Castell, D., & Brown, P. A retrospective study of 42 cases of behavior therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1965, 3, 9–19.
Schroeder, P. Client acceptance of responsibility and difficulty of therapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1960, 24, 467–471.
Schulman, R. E. Use of the Rorschach prognostic rating scale in predicting movement in counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1963, 10, 198–199.
Schwartz, R. D., & Higgins, R. L. Differential outcome from automated assertion training as a function of locus of control. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 686–694.
Seeman, J. Counselor judgments of therapeutic process and outcome. In C. R. Roger & R. F. Dymond (Eds.), Psychotherapy and personality change. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954.
Seidel, C. The relationship between Klopfer’s Rorschach prognostic rating scale and premature termination from psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1960, 24, 46–49.
Sheehan, J. G., Frederick, C. J., Rosevear, W. H., & Spiegelman, M. A validity study of the Rorschach prognostic scale. Journal of Projective Techniques, 1954, 18, 233–239.
Siegel, N., & Fink, M. Motivation for psychotherapy. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 1962, 3, 170–173.
Sifneos, P. E. Short-term psychotherapy and emotional crisis. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1972.
Sifneos, P. E. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York: Plenum Press, 1979.
Sloane, R. B., Staples, F. R., Cristol, A. H., Yorkston, N. J., & Whipple, K. Psychotherapy versus behavior therapy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1975.
Smith, G. J. W., Sjoholm, L., & Nielzen, S. Individual factors affecting the improvement of anxiety during a therapeutic period of 11/2 to 2 years. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 1975, 52, 7–22.
Snowden, L. R. Personality tailored covert sensitization of heroin abuse. Addictive Behavior, 1978, 3, 43–49.
Stone, A. R., Frank, J. D., Nash, E. H., & Imber, S. D. An intensive five-year follow-up study of treated psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1961, 133, 410–422.
Strickland, B. R., & Crowne, D. P. Need for approval and the premature termination of psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1963, 27, 95–101.
Strupp, H. H. Toward a reformulation of the psychotherapeutic influence. International Journal of Psychiatry, 1973, 11, 263–327.
Strupp, H. H. Success and failure in time-limited psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 595–603.(a)
Strupp, H. H. Success and failure in time-limited psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 708–716.(b)
Strupp, H. H. Success and failure in time-limited psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 831–841.(c)
Strupp, H. H. Success and failure in time-limited psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1980, 37, 947–954.(d)
Strupp, H. H., & Bloxom, A. L. Preparing lower-class patients for group psychotherapy: Development and evaluation of a role induction film. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973, 41, 373–384.
Strupp, H. H., Wallach, M. S., Wogan, M., & Jenkins, J. W. Psychotherapists’ assessment of former patients. Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders, 1963, 137, 222–230.
Sue, S., McKinney, H., Allen, D., & Hall, J. Delivery of community mental health services to black and white clients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 794–801.
Sullivan, P. L., Miller, C., & Smelzer, W. Factors in length of stay and progress in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 1958, 22, 1–9.
Swensen, C. H. Psychotherapy as a special case of dyadic interaction: Some suggestions for theory and research. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1967, 4, 7–13.
Szapocznik, T., Scoppetta, M. A., & King, O. E. Theory and practice in matching treatment to the special characteristics and problems of Cuban immigrants. Journal of Community Psychology, 1978, 6, 112–122.
Telch, M. J. The present status of outcome studies: A reply to Frank. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1981, 49, 472–475.
Tollinton, H. J. Initial expectations and outcome. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1973, 46, 251–257.
Tolman, R. S., & Meyer, M. M. Who returns to the clinic for more therapy? Mental Hygiene, 1957, 41, 497–506.
Truax, C. B., & Carkhuff, R. R. Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy: Training and practice. Chicago: Aldine, 1967.
Truax, C. B., Tunnell, B. T., Jr., Fine, H. L., & Wargo, D. G. The prediction of client outcome during group psychotherapy from measures of initial status. Unpublished manuscript, Arkansas Rehabilitation Research and Training Center, University of Arkansas, 1966.
Truax, C. B., Wargo, D. G., Frank, J. D., Imber, S. D., Battle, C. C., Hoehn-Saric, R., Nash, E. H., & Stone, A. R. Therapist’s contribution to accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth and genuineness in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1966, 22, 331–334.
Uhlenhuth, E., & Duncan, D. Subjective change in psychoneurotic outpatients with medical student therapists. Some determinants of change. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 18, 532–540.
Volsky, T., Magoon, T. M., Norman, W. T., & Hoyt, D. P. The outcome of counseling and psychotherapy: Theory and research. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1965.
Vriend, J., & Dyer, W. W. Counseling the reluctant client. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1973, 20, 240–246.
Wallston, B. S., Wallston, K. H., Kaplan, G. D., & Maides, S. A. Development and validation of the health locus of control scale (HLC). Journal of Consulting Clinical Psychology, 1976, 44, 580–585.
Warren, N. C., & Rice, L. Structure and stability of psychotherapy for low-prognosis clients. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972, 39, 173–181.
Warren, W. A study of adolescent psychiatric in-patients and the outcome six or more years later: II. The follow-up study. Journal of Child Psychological Psychiatry, 1965, 6, 141–160.
Whitehead, A. The prediction of outcome in elderly psychiatric patients. Psychological Medicine, 1976, 6, 469–479.
Wilkins, W. Expectancy of therapeutic gain: An empirical and conceptual critique. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1973, 40, 69–77.
Willer, B., & Miller, G. H. On the relationship of client satisfaction to client characteristics and outcome of treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1978, 34, 157–160.
Wolberg, L. R. The technique of psychotherapy (3rd ed.). New York: Grune & Stratton, 1977.
Yalom, I. D. A study of group therapy dropouts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1966, 14, 393–414.
Yamamoto, J., & Goin, M. K. Social class factors relevant for psychiatric treatment. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1966, 142, 332–339.
Yamamoto, J., James, Q. C., & Palley, N. Cultural problems in psychiatric therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1968, 19, 45–49.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lambert, M.J., Asay, T.P. (1984). Patient Characteristics and Their Relationship to Psychotherapy Outcome. In: Hersen, M., Michelson, L., Bellack, A.S. (eds) Issues in Psychotherapy Research. Applied Clinical Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2283-0_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2283-0_10
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2285-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2283-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive