Mechanisms of Physical and Emotional Stress pp 425-440 | Cite as
Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Events Underlying Stress-Induced Depression in an Animal Model
Chapter
- 18 Citations
- 1 Mentions
- 292 Downloads
Abstract
Exposing rats to uncontrollable shock produces behavioral and vegetative changes which bear considerable similarity to what is seen in human depression. This particular procedure represents the most widely-studied animal model of psychopathology. As a result of these studies, similarity of this model to human depression has been shown with respect to etiology, symptomatology, and responsiveness to treatment. These similarities will now be reviewed briefly.
Keywords
Locus Coeruleus Inescapable Shock Locus Coeruleus Neuron Neurochemical Basis Excitatory Stimulus
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
- 1.A. Tsuda, M, Tanaka, H. Hirai, and W.P. Pare, Effects of coping behavior on gastric lesions in rats as a function of predictability of shock, Japanese Psychological Research. 25:9–15 (1983).Google Scholar
- 2.J. Weiss, Effects of coping responses on stress, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 65:251–260 (1968).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 3.J. Weiss, Effects of coping behavior in different warning-signal conditions on stress pathology in rats, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 77:1–13 (1971).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 4.H. Anisman and R.M. Zacharko, Depression: The predisposing influence of Stress, Behavioral Brain Science. 5:89–137 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 5.E. Frank and B.D. Stewart, Treatment of depressed rape victims: An approach to stress-induced symptomatology, in: “Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches,” P.J. Clayton and J.E. Barrett, eds., Raven Press, New York, (1983).Google Scholar
- 6.M. Leff, J. Roatch, and W. Bunney, Environmental factors preceding the onset of severe depression, Psychiatry. 33:293–311 (1970).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 7.C. Lloyd, Life events and depressive disorder reviewed, Archives of General Psychiatry. 37:541–648 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 8.C. Corum and J. Thurmond, Effects of acute exposure to stress on subsequent aggression and locomotion performance, Psychosomatic Medicine. 39:436–443 (1977).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 9.D. Redmond, Jr., J.W. Maas, H. Dekirmanjian, and R.E. Schlemmer, Changes in social behavior of monkeys after inescapable shock, Psychosomatic Medicine. 35:448–449 (1973).Google Scholar
- 10.M. Seligman and S.F. Maier, Failure to escape traumatic shock, Journal of Experimental Psychology. 74:1–9 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 11.J. Weiss, P. Goodman, B. Losito, S. Corrigan, J. Charry, and W.H. Bailey, Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable Stressor: relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain. Brain Research Reviews. 3:167–205 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 12.M. Seligman, Depression and learned helplessness, in: “The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research,” R.J. Friedman and M.M. Katz, eds., V.H. Winston, Washington, D.C., (1974).Google Scholar
- 13.M. Seligman, “Helplessness: On depression, development, and death”, W.H. Freeman, San Francisco (1975).Google Scholar
- 14.R. D. France, K. Krishnan, The dexamethasone suppression test as a biologic marker of depression in chronic pain, Pain. 21:49–55 (1985).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 15.R. France, K. Krishnan, and M. Trainor, Chronic pain and depression. III. Family history study of depression and alcoholism in chronic low back pain patients, Pain. 24:185–190 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 16.K. Krishnan, R.D. France, S. Pelton, U. McCann, J. Davidson, and B. Urban, Chronic pain and depression. I. Classification of depression in chronic low back pain patients, Pain 22:279–287 (1985).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 17.K. Krishnan, R. France, S. Pelton, U. McCann, J. Davidson, and B.J. Urban, Chronic pain and depression. II. Symptoms of anxiety in chronic low back patients and their relationship to subtypes of depression, Pain. 22:289–294 (1985).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 18.J. Weiss, W.H. Bailey, P.A. Goodman, L.J. Hoffman, M.J. Ambrose, S. Salman and J.M. Charry, A model for neurochemical study of depression, in: “Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action”, M.Y. Spiegelstein and A. Levy, eds., Elsevier Scientific, Amsterdam. (1982).Google Scholar
- 19.J. Weiss, P.G. Simson, M. Ambrose, A. Webster, L. Hoffman. Neurochemical basis of behavioral depression, in: “Advances in Behavioral Medicine” vol. 1, E. Katkin and S. Manuck, eds., JAI Press, Greenwich, Conn. (1985).Google Scholar
- 20.A. Altenor, E. Kay, and M. Richter, The generality of learned helplessness in the rat, Learing and Motivation. 8:54–61 (1977)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 21.H. Anisman, D. deCatanzaro, and G. Remington, Escape performance following exposure to inescapable shock: Deficits in motor response maintenance, Journal of Experimental Pshychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 4:197–218 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 22.H. Anisman, L. Sklar, Catecholamine depletion upon reexposure to stress: Mediation of the escape deficits produced by inescapable shock, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 93:610–625 (1979).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 23.H. Anisman, L. Sklar, Social housing conditions influence escape deficits produced by uncontrollable stress: Assessment of the contribution of norepinephrine, Bphavioral and Neural Biology, 32:406–427 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 24.J. Brady, D. Thornton, D. Fisher, Deleterious effects of anxiety elicited by conditioned pre-aversive stimuli in the rat, Psychosomatic Medicine. 24:590–595 (1962).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 25.J. Freda and S. Klein, Generality of the failure-to-escape (helplessness) phenomenon in rats, Animal Learning & Behavior. 4:401–406 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 26.H. Glazer and J. Weiss, Long-term interference effect: An alternative to “learned helplessness”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 2:202–213 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 27.H. Glazer and J. Weiss, Long-term and transitory interference effects, Journal of Experimpntal Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 2:191–201 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 28.J. Irwin, A. Suissa, and H. Anisman, Differential effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and discrimination learning in a water escape task, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 6:21–40 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 29.R. Jackson, J. Alexander, and S. Maier, Learned helplessness, inactivity, and associative deficits: The effects of inescapable shock on response choice escape learning, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 6:1–20 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 30.R. Jackson, S. Maier, and P. Rapaport, Exposure to inescapable shock produces both activity and associative deficits in the rat, Learning and Motivation. 9:69–98 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 31.J. Kelsey and M. Baker, Ventromedial septal lesions in rats reduce the effects of inescapable shock on escape performance and analgesia, Bphavioral Neuroscience. 97:945–961 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 32.J. Lawry, V. Lupo, J. Overmier, J. Kochevar, K. Hollis, and D. Anderson, Interference with avoidance behavior as a function of qualitative properties of inescapable shocks, Animal Learning & Behavior. 6:147–154 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 33.T. Looney, and P. Cohen, Retardation of jump-up escape responding in rats pre-treated with different frequencies of noncontingent electric shock, Journal Comparative abd Physiological Psychology. 78:317 (1972).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 34.S. Maier, C. Anderson, and D. Lieberman, Influence of control of shock on subsequent shock-elicited aggression, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 81:94–100 (1972).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 35.J. Overmier, Interference with avoidance behavior: Failure to avoid traumatic shock, Journal of Experimental Psychology. 78:340–343 (1968).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 36.J. Overmier, and M. Seligman, Effects of inescapable shock on subsequent escape and avoidance learning, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychologym. 63:23–33 (1967).Google Scholar
- 37.W. Pare, The effect of chronic environmental stress on stomach ulceration, adrenal function, and consummatory behavior in the rat, Journal of Psychology. 57:143–151 (1964).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 38.W. Pare, Stress and consummatory behavior in the albino rat, Psychological Reports. 16:399–405 (1965).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 39.J. Peters, and S. Finch, Short-and long-range effects on the rat of a fear-producing Stimulus, Psychosomatic Medicine. 23:138–152 (1961).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 40.S. Ritter, N. Pelzer, and R. Ritter, Absence of glucoprivic feeding after stress suggests impairment of noradrenergic neuron function, Brain Research. 149:399–411 (1978).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 41.R. Rosellini, Inescapable shock interferes with the acquisition of an appetitive Operant, Animal Learning & Behavior. 6:155–159 (1978).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 42.M. Seligman, and G. Beagley, Learned helplessness in the rat, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 88:534–541 (1975).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 43.M. Seligman, and S. Maier, Failure to escape traumatic shock, Journal of experimental Psychology. 74:1–9 (1967).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 44.M. Seligman, R. Rosellini, and M. Kozak, Learned helplessness in the rat: Time course, immunization, and reversibility, Journal of Comparative and Psysiological Psychology. 88:542–547 (1975).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 45.A. Sherman, and F. Petty, Neurochemical basis of the action of antidepressants on learned helplessness, Behavioral and Neural Biology. 30:119–134 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 46.E. Stone, Possible grooming deficit in stressed rats, Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior. 3:109–115 (1978).Google Scholar
- 47.B. Sutton, G. Coover, and C. Lints, Motor debilitation, short-and long-term shuttlebox deficits, and brain monoamine changes following footshock pretreatment in rats, Physiological Psychology. 9:127–134 (1981).Google Scholar
- 48.J. Weiss, and H. Glazer, Effects of acute exposure to Stressors on subsequent avoidance-escape behavior, Psychosomatic Medicine. 37:499–521 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 49.J. Weiss, W. Bailey, L. Pohorecky, D. Korzeniowski, and G. Grillone, Stress-induced depression of motor activity correlates with regional changes in brain norepinephrine but not in dopamine, Neurochemical Research. 5:9–22 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 50.J. Weiss, H. Glazer, L. Pohorecky, J. Brick, and N. Miller, Effects of chronic exposure to Stressors on avoidance-escape behavior and on brain norepinephrine, Psychosomatic Medicine. 37:522–523 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 51.J. Weiss, P. Goodman, B. Losito, S. Corrigan, J. Charry, and W. Bailey, Behavioral depression produced by an uncontrollable Stressor: Relationship to norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin levels in various regions of rat brain, Brain Research Reviews. 3:167–205 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 52.R. Zacharko, W. Bowers, L. Kokkinidis, and H. Anisman, Region-specific reductions of intracranial self-stimulation after uncontrollable stress: Possible effects on reward processes, Behavioral Brain Research, 9:129–141 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 53.H. Glazer, J. Weiss, L. Pohorecky, and N. Miller, Monoamines as mediators of avoidance escape behavior, Psychosomatic Medicine. 37:535–543 (1975).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 54.B. Leonard, Pharmacology of new antidepressants, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Behavioral Psychiatry. 8:97–108 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 55.F. Petty and A. Sherman, Reversal of learned helplessness by imipramine, Communications in Psychopharmacology, 3:371–373 (1979).PubMedGoogle Scholar
- 56.A. Sherman, J. Sacquitne, and F. Petty, Specificity of the learned helplessness model of depression, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 16:449–454 (1982).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 57.J. Telner and R. Singhal, Effects of nortriptyline treatment on learned helplessness in the rat, Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 14:823–826 (1981).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 58.H. Glazer and J. Weiss, Long-term and transitory interference effects, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. 2:191–201 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 59.J. Weiss and P.G. Simson, Neurochemical basis of stress-induced depression, Phychopharmacology Bulletin. 21:447–457 (1985).Google Scholar
- 60.D. Redmond, Jr., Alterations in the function of the nucleus locus coeruleus: A possible model for studies of anxiety, in: “Animal models in psychiatry and neurology,” I. Hanin and E. Usdin, eds., Pergamon Press, New York (1977).Google Scholar
- 61.H. Anisman, Time-dependent variations in aversively motivated behaviors: Non-associative effects of cholinergic and catecholaminergic activity, Phycological Review. 82:359–385 (1975).Google Scholar
- 62.H. Anisman, J. Irwin, and L.S. Sklar, Coping with stress, norepinephrine depletion and escape performance, Brain Research, 191:583–588 (1980).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 63.J. Weiss, H.I. Glazer, and L.A. Pohorecky, Coping behavior and neurochemical changes: An alternative explanation for the original “learned helplessness” experiments, in: “Animal models in human psychobiology,” G. Serban and A. King, eds., Plenum Press, New York and London (1976).Google Scholar
- 64.J. Weiss, E. Stone, and N. Harrell, Coping behavior and brain norepinephrine level in rats, Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 72:153–160 (1970).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 65.H. Lehnert, D.K. Reinstein, B.W. Stowbridge, and R. Wurtman, Neurochemical and Behavioral Consequences of Acute, Uncontrollable Stress: Effects of Dietary Tyrosine, Brain Research. 303:215–223 (1984).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 66.C. Hughes, T. Kent, J. Campbell, A. Oke, H. Croskell, and S. Preskorn, Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular permeability in an escapable shock (learned helplessness) animal model of depression, Pharmacology Biochemistry &Bahavior. 21:891–894 (1984).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 67.P. Simson, J. Weiss, M. Ambrose, and A. Webster, Infusion of a monoamine oxidase inhibitor into the locus coeruleus can prevent stress-induced behavioral depression, Biological Psychiatry. 21:724–734 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 68.P. Simson, J. Weiss, L. Hoffman, and M. Ambrose, Reversal of Behavioral depression by infusion of an alpha-2 agonist into the locus coeruleus, Neuropharmacology. 25:385–389 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 69.J. Weiss, P. Simson, L. Hoffman, M. Ambrose, S. Cooper, and A. Webster, Infusion of adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists into the locus coeruleus and ventricular system of the brain: Effects on swim-motivated and spontaneous motor activity, Neuropharmacology. 25:367–389 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 70.E. Stone, Subsensitivity to norepinephrine as a link between adaptation to stress and antidepressant therapy: An hypothesis, Research Communications in Psychology, Psychiatry and Behavior. 4:241–255 (1979).Google Scholar
- 71.F. Sulser, New perspectives on the mode of action of antidepressant drugs, Trends in Pharmacology Science, 1:92–94 (1979).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 72.F. Sulser, Antidepressant drug research: Its impact on neurobiology and psychobiology, in “Typical and atypical antidepressants: Molecular mechanisms,” E. Costa and C. Racagni, eds., Raven Press, New York (1982).Google Scholar
- 73.J. Vetulani, R. Stawarz, J. Dingell, and F. Sulser, A possible mechanism of action of antidepressant treatments. Reduction in the sensitivity of the noradrenergic cyclic AMP generating system in the rat limbic forebrain, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacolongy, 293:109–114 (1976).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 74.G. Aghajanian, J. Cedarbaum, and R. Wang, Evidence for norepinephrine-mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus neurons, Brain Research. 136:570–577 (1977).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 75.J. Cedarbaum and G. Aghajanian, Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: Inhibition by epinephrine and activation by the alpha-antagonist piperoxane, Brain Research. 112:413–419 (1976).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 76.G. Aghajanian, C. Vandermaelen, and R. Andrade, Intracellular studies on the role of calcium in regulating activity and reactivity of locus coeruleus neurons in vivo, Brain Research, 273:237–243 (1983).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 77.J. Cedarbaum and G. Aghajanian, Catecholamine receptors on locus coeruleus neurons: pharmacological characterization, European Journal of Pharmacology, 44:375–385 (1977).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 78.J. Cedarbaum and G. Aghajanian, Activation of locus coeruleus neurons by peripheral stimuli: Modulation by collateral inhibitory mechanism, Life Sciences, 23:1383–1392 (1978).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 79.R. Andrade and G. Aghajanian, Locus coeruleus activity in vitro: Intrinsic regulation by a calcium-dependent potassium conductance but not alpha-2 adrenoceptors, Journal Neuroscience, 4:161–170 (1984).Google Scholar
- 80.M. Ennis and G. Aston-Jones, Evidence for self-and neighbor-mediated inhibition of locus coeruleus neurons, Brain Research, 374:299–305 (1986).PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
- 81.P. Simson and J. Weiss, Alpha-2 receptor blockade increases responsiveness of locus coeruleus neurons to excitatory stimulation, Journal of Neuroscience, 7(6):1732–1740 (1987).PubMedGoogle Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media New York 1988