Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Middle Paleolithic Spear Point Technology

  • Chapter
Projectile Technology

Part of the book series: Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology ((IDCA))

Abstract

It is generally acknowledged that the early Upper Paleolithic in western Eurasia (ca. 25,000–35,000 B.P) witnesses the appearance of a wide range of projectile weapons. Many of the stone, bone, and antler armatures of these weapons exhibit functional and stylistic variation similar to that seen among the hunting weapons of recent human groups (Knecht 1993; Peterkin 1993). Because of this, some prehistorians describe this “explosion” of early Upper Paleolithic projectile technology as part of a broader saltatory event marking the appearance of “modern” human behavior patterns (Mellars 1989; Trinkaus 1989). Yet, human fossils with essentially modern postcranial skeletal morphology occur in African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and southwest Asian Middle Paleolithic sites dating to more than 80,000–100,000 B.P (Stringer and Gamble 1993). The Middle Paleolithic cultural associations of these early modern humans raise important questions about the antiquity of “modern” behavior patterns, including the use of multi-component subsistence aids, such as stone-tipped spears. The absence of such weapons in the Middle Paleolithic could suggest important behavioral differences between the earliest modern humans and their Upper Paleolithic counterparts. Finding such weapons in Middle Paleolithic contexts, on the other hand, could suggest a precedent of considerable geological antiquity for the “explosion” of Upper Paleolithic projectile technology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahler, S.A., 1978, Projectile Point Form and Function at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri. Research Series Monograph No. 8. Missouri Archaeological Society, Columbia, Missouri.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Gerfaud, P., 1990, Aspects of Behaviour in the Middle Palaeolithic: Functional Analysis of Stone Tools from Southwest France. In The Emergence of Modern Humans, edited by P. Mellars, pp. 389–418. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Gerfaud, P., and Helmer, D., 1987, LEmmanchement au Moustérien. In Le Main et l’Outil: Manches et Emmanchements Préhistoriques, edited by D. Stordeur, pp. 37-54. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient No. 15, Éditions du CNRS, Lyon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1981, The Pre-Pottery Neolithic Period in the Southern Levant. In Préhistoire du Levant, edited by J. Cauvin and P. Sanlaville, pp. 551–570. Éditions du CNRS, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Yosef, O. 1989, Geochronology of the Levantine Middle Paleolithic. In The Human Revolution, edited by P. Mellars and C. Stringer, pp. 589–610. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergman, C., and Newcomer, M., 1983, Flint Arrowhead Breakage: Examples from Ksar Akil, Lebanon. Journal of Field Archaeology 10:238–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyries, S, 1987, Quelques Exemples des Stigmates d’Emmanchements Observés sur des Outils du Paléolithique Moyen. In Le Main et l’Outil: Manches et Emmanchements Préhistoriques, edited by D. Stordeur, pp. 55-62. Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient 15, Éditions du CNRS, Lyon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyries, S., 1988, Functional Variability of Lithic Sets in the Middle Paleolithic. In The Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia, Volume 1, edited by H. L. Dibble and A. Montet-White, pp. 213–223. University of Pennsylvania Museum Monograph No. 54, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R., 1977, Forty-seven Trips: A Case Study in the Character of Archaeological Formation Processes. In Stone Tools as Cultural Markers, edited by R. V. S. Wright, pp. 24–36. Humanities Press, Garden City, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R., 1989, Isolating the Transition to Cultural Adaptations: An Organizational Approach. In The Emergence of Modern Humans: Biocultural Adaptations in the Pleistocene, edited by E. Trinkaus, pp. 18–41. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Binford, L. R., and Binford, S. R., 1966, A Preliminary Analysis of Functional Variability in the Near Eastern Mousterian of Levallois Facies. American Anthropologist 68:238–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binford, S. R., 1966, Me’arat Shovakh (Mugharet es-Shubbabiq). Israel Exploration Journal 16:18–32,96-113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bleed, P. R., 1986, The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability or Reliability? American Antiquity 51:737–747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boëda, E., Connan, J., Dessort, D., Muhesen, S., Mercier, N., Valladas, H., and Tisnérat, N., 1996, Bitumen as a Hafting Material on Middle Paleolithic Artefacts. Nature 380:336–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohmers, A., 1951, Die Hölen von Mauern. Paleohistoria 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bordes, E, 1961, Typologie du Paléolithique Ancien et Moyen. Delmas, Bordeaux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutié, P., 1989, Étude Technologique de l’Industrie Moustérienne de la Grotte de Qafzeh (près de Nazareth, Israël). In Investigations in South Levantine Prehistory/Préhistoire du Sud-Levant, edited by O. Bar-Yosef and B. Vandermeersch, pp. 213-230. BAR International Series 497. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, A.S., Helgren, D. M., Cramer, J. S., Franklin, A., Hornyak, W., Keating, J. M., Klein, R. G., Rink, W. J., Schwarcz, H., Smith, J. L., Stewart, K., Todd, N. E., Verniers, J., and Yellen, J. E., 1995, Dating and Context of Three Middle Stone Age Sites with Bone Points in the Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268:549–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burkitt, M., 1973, The Old Stone Age. Atheneum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Callow, P., 1986, The Flint Tools. In La Cotte de St. Brelade, edited by P. Callow and J. Cornford, pp. 251-314. Geo Books, Norwich, United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrère, P., and Lepetz, S., 1988, Étude de la Dynamique des Pointes de Projectiles: Elaboration d’une Méthode. Mémoires de Matrise de l’Université de Paris I-Panthéon Sorbonne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, R G., 1989, How Different was Middle Paleolithic Subsistence? A Zooarchaeological Perspective on the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic Transition. In The Human Revolution, edited by P Mellars and C. Stringer, pp. 321–337. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, S. R., 1993, Weapon Technology, Prey Size Selection, and Hunting Methods in Modern Hunter-Gatherers: Implications for Hunting in the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G.L. Peterkin, H. Bricker, and P. Mellars, pp. 11-24. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Churchill, S. R., and Trinkaus, E., 1990, Neandertal Scapular Glenoid Morphology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 83:147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. D., 1959, The Prehistory of Southern Africa. Penguin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. D., 1984, The Cultures of the Middle Palaeolithic/Middle Stone Age. In The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 1, edited by J.D. Clark, pp. 248–341. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. D., 1988, The Middle Stone Age of East Africa and the Beginnings of Regional Identity. Journal of World Prehistory 2:235–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, L., 1983, The Levalloiso-Mousterian of Bezez Cave, Level B. In Adlun in Stone Age, Volume 2, edited by D. Roe, pp. 261-324. BAR International Series 159(1). British Ar-cheological Reports, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crew, H. L., 1976, The Mousterian Site of Rosh Ein Mor. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Volume 2, edited by A. E. Marks, pp. 75–112. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Debénath, A., and Dibble, H. L., 1994. Handbook of Paleolithic Typology, Volume 1: Lower and Middle Paleolithic of Europe. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dibble, H. L., 1991, Mousterian Assemblage Variability on an Interregional Scale. Journal of Anthropological Research 47:239–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrand, W. R., 1994, Confrontation of Geological Stratigraphy and Radiometric Dates from Upper Pleistocene Sites in the Levant. In Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by O. Bar-Yosef and R. Kra, pp. 33–54. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleisch, H., 1970, Les Habitats du Paléolithique Moyen à Naamé (Liban). Bulletin de la Musée de Beyrouth 23:25–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frison, G. C., 1989, Experimental Use of Clovis Weaponry and Tools on African Elephants. American Antiquity 54:766–784.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C., 1986, The Palaeolithic Settlement of Europe. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamble, C., 1993, Timewalkers. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E., 1942, Excavations at the Cave of Shukbah, Palestine. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 8:1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garrod, D. A. E., and Bate, D. M. A., editors, 1937, The Stone Age of Mount Carmel, Vol. 1: Excavations in the Wady el-Mughara. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geist, V, 1978, Life Strategies, Human Evolution, and Environmental Design. Springer Press, New York.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Geist, V, 1981, Neanderthal the Hunter. Natural History 90:26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilead, I., 1980, A Middle Paleolithic Open-Air Site near Tell Far’ah, Western Negev: Preliminary Report. Israel Exploration Journal 30:52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goren-Inbar, N., 1990, Quneitra: A Mousterian Site on the Golan Heights. Qedem 31. Hebrew University Institute of Archaeology, Jerusalem.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gramley, R. M., 1982, The Vail Site: A Paleoindian Encampment in Maine. Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences 30. Buffalo, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanihara, K., and Akazawa, T., 1979, Numerical Analysis of the Affinities of the Douara Middle Paleolithic Materials. In Paleolithic Site of Douara Cave and Paleogeography of the Palmyra Basin in Syria, Part II: Prehistoric Occurrences and Chronology in Palmyra Basin, edited by K. Hanihara and T. Akazawa, pp. 31-56. University of Tokyo Museum Bulletin 16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B, 1979, Palaeolithic Reflections: Lithic Technology and Ethnographic Excavations among Australian Aborigines. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, B., 1993, The Cultural Capacities of Neandertals: A Review and Re-evaluation. Journal of Human Evolution 24:113–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, D., 1995, Late Levantine Mousterian Patterns of Adaptation and Cognition. In Prehistoric Ecology and Evolution: Insights from Southern Jordan, edited by D. O. Henry, pp. 49–84. Plenum, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Holdaway, S., 1989, Were there Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian? Journal of Field Archaeology 16: 79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz, A., 1988, Quaternary Environments and Paleogeography in Israel. In The Zoogeography of Israel, edited by Y Yom-Tov and E. Tchernov, pp. 35-58. Junk, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, EC., 1965, Early Man. Time-Life, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob-Friesen, K., 1956, Eiszeitliche Elefantenjäger in der Lunenberger Heide. Journal der Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum, Mainz 3:1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jelinek, A. J., 1982, The Middle Paleolithic in the Southern Levant from the Perspective of the Tabun Cave. In The Transition from Lower to Middle Paleolithic and the Origins of Modern Man, edited by A. Ronen, pp. 57-104. BAR International Series 151, British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazaryan, H., 1993, Butchery Knives in the Mousterian Sites of Armenia. In Traces et Fonction: Les Gestes Retrouvés, edited by P. Anderson, S. Beyries, M. Otte, and H. Plisson, pp. 79-86. Etudes et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liége, Liége.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, L. H., 1980, Experimental Determination of Stone Tool Uses: A Microwear Analysis. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, J., 1993, Self-Made Man: Human Evolution from Eden to Extinction. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, R. G., 1989, The Human Career. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knecht, H., 1993, Early Upper Paleolithic Approaches to Bone and Antler Projectile Technology. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peterkin, H. Bricker, and P. Mellars, pp. 33-48. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, S. L., 1993, Mousterian Technology as Adaptive Response: A Case Study In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peter-kin, H. Bricker, and P. Mellars, pp. 25-32. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, S. L., 1994, A Formal Approach to the Design and Assembly of Mobile Toolkits. American Antiquity 59:426–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leakey, L. S. B., 1954, Adam’s Ancestors. Methuen, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leroi-Gourhan, A., 1957, Prehistoric Man. Philosophical Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévêque, E, Backer, A. M., and Guilbaud, M., editors, 1993, Context of a Late Neandertal. Monograph in World Archaeology No. 16, Prehistory Press, Madison, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, D. E., and Shea, J. J., 1994, Behavioral Differences between Neandertals and Early Modern Humans in the Levantine Mousterian. American Anthropologist 96:300–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lindly, J. M., and Clark, G. A., 1987, A Preliminary Lithic Analysis of the Mousterian Site of ‘Ain Difla (WHS Site 634) in the Wadi Ali, West-Central Jordan. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 53:279–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacAlister, R. A. S., 1921, A Text-Book of European Archaeology, Volume 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mania, G., and Toepfer, V, 1973, Koenigsaue: Gleiderung, Oekologie und mittelpalaolithische Eunde der Letzten Eiszeit. BEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marks, A. E., and Volkman, P, 1986, The Mousterian of Ksar Akil: Levels XVIA through XXVI-IIB. Paléorient 12:5–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, R., 1962, The Prehistory of the Transvaal. University of Witwatersrand Press, Johannesburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meignen, L., and Bar-Yosef, O., 1991, Les Outillages Lithiques Mousteriens de Kebara (Fouilles 1982–1985): Premiers Résultats. In Le Squelette Mousterienne de Kebara 2, Mt. Carmel, Israel, edited by O. Bar-Yosef and B. Vandermeersch, pp. 49–76. Éditions CNRS, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mellars, P. A., 1989, Technological Changes at the Middle-Upper Palaeolithic Transition: Economic, Social, and Cognitive Perspectives. In The Human Revolution, edited by P. Mellars and C. Stringer, pp. 338–365. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, S. R., 1949, Stone Age Craftsmen. Tait, Melbourne.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Mortillet, G., 1883, La Préhistorique: Antiquité de l’Homme. C. Reinwald, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulvaney D. J., 1975, The Prehistory of Australia. Second edition. Penguin, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Munday, E, 1977, Nahal Aqev (D35): A Stratified, Open-Air Mousterian Occupation in the Avdat/Aqev Area. In Prehistory and Paleoenvironments in the Central Negev, Israel, Volume 2, edited by A. E. Marks, pp. 35–60. Southern Methodist University Press, Dallas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishiaki, Y., and Copeland, L., 1991, Keoue Cave, Northern Lebanon, and Its Place in the Context of the Levantine Mousterian. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, edited by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura, pp. 107–128. Hokusen-sha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, M. C., 1988, The Study of Technological Organization. In Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 3, edited by M. Schiffer, pp. 57–100. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oakley, K., Andrews, P., Keeley, L. H., and Clark, J. D., 1977, A Re-appraisal of the Clacton Spearpoint. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 43:13–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odell, G. H., 1980, Butchering with Stone Tools: Some Experimental Results. Lithic Technology 9:39–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odell, G. H., 1981, The Mechanics of Use-Breakage of Stone Tools: Some Testable Hypotheses. Journal of Field Archaeology 37:197–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odell, G. H., and Cowan, E, 1986, Experiments with Spears and Arrows on Animal Targets. Journal of Field Archaeology 13:194–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohnuma, K., and Akazawa, T., 1988, Reexamination of the Lithic Artifacts from Layer B (Square 8-19) of the Amud Cave, Israel. Paléorient 14:137–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oswalt, W. H., 1976, An Anthropological Analysis of Food-Getting Technology. John Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry, W. R., and Kelley, R. L., 1987, Expedient Core Technology and Sedentism. In The Organization of Core Technology, edited by J. K. Johnson and C. A. Morrow, pp. 285–304. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perpère, M., 1986, Apport de la Typometrie à la Définition des Eclats Levallois. Bulletin de la Société Préhistorique Française 83:115–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterkin, G. L., 1993, Lithic and Organic Hunting Technology in the French Upper Paleolithic. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peterkin and H. Bricker and P. Mellars, pp. 49-68. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, D. L., 1985, African Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Plisson, H., 1988, Technologie et Tracéologie des Outils Lithiques Moustériens en Union Soviétique: Les Travaux de V. E. Shchelinskii. In L’Homme de Neandertal, Volume 4: La Technique, edited by M. Otte, pp. 121-168. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l’Université de Liége, Liége.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolland, N., and Dibble, H. L., 1990, A New Synthesis of Middle Paleolithic Variability. American Antiquity 55:480–499.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A., 1974, Tirat Carmel: A Mousterian Open-Air Site in Israel. Tel Aviv University Institute of Archaeology Publication No. 3. Tel Aviv.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronen, A., 1984, Characteristics of the Occupation and Site Function. In Sefunim Prehistoric Sites, Mount Carmel, Israel, edited by A. Ronen, pp. 495-526. BAR International Series 230(ii). British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schroeder, B., 1969, The Lithic Industries from Jerf ‘Ajla and their Bearing on the Problem of a Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarcz, H., 1994, Chronology of Modern Humans in the Levant. In Late Quaternary Chronology and Paleoclimates of the Eastern Mediterranean, edited by O. Bar-Yosef and R. Kra, pp. 33-54. Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J., 1988, Spear Points from the Middle Paleolithic of the Levant. Journal of Field Archaeology 15:441–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J., 1990, A Further Note on Mousterian Spear Points. Journal of Field Archaeology 17:111–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J., 1991, The Behavioral Significance of Levantine Mousterian Industrial Variability. Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J.J., 1993a, Lithic Use-Wear Evidence for Hunting by Neandertals and Early Modern Humans from the Levantine Mousterian. In Hunting and Animal Exploitation in the Later Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Eurasia, edited by G. L. Peterkin, H. Bricker and P. Mellars, pp. 189-198. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 4, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shea, J. J., 1993b, Lithic Microwear Analysis in Archaeology Evolutionary Anthropology 1:143–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, R., and Wymer, J., 1982, The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, J., 1965, The Flake Industries of Southwest Asia: A Typological Study. Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solecki, R., 1992, More on Hafted Projectile Points in the Mousterian. Journal of Field Archaeology 19:207–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solecki, R., and Solecki, R., 1995, The Mousterian Industries of Yabrud Shelter 1: A Reconsideration. In The Definition and Interpretation of Levallois Technology, edited by H. L. Dibble and O. Bar-Yosef, pp. 381-398. Prehistory Press Monographs in World Archaeology No. 23. Madison, Wisconsin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, B., and Gillen, E J., 1912, Across Australia. Macmillan, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stiner, M. C., 1993, Modern Human Origins-Faunal Perspectives. Annual Review of Anthropology 22:55–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stringer, C., and Gamble, C., 1993, In Search of the Neanderthals. Thames and Hudson, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchernov, E., 1988, The Biogeographical History of the Southern Levant. In The Zoogeography of Israel, edited by Y. Yom-Tov and E. Tchernov, pp. 401–409. Junk, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thackeray, A., 1992, The Middle Stone Age South of the Limpopo River. Journal of World Prehistory 6:385–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Theime, H., 1997, Lower Paleolithic Hunting Spears from Germany. Nature 385:807–810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torrence, R., 1983, Time-budgeting and Hunter-Gatherer Technology. In Hunter-Gatherer Economy in Prehistory: A European Perspective, edited by G. Bailey, pp. 11–22. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus, E., 1987, Bodies, Brawn, Brains, and Noses: Human Ancestors and Human Predation. In The Evolution of Human Hunting, edited by M. Nitecki and D. Nitecki, pp. 107–145. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus, E., 1989, The Upper Pleistocene Transition. In The Emergence of Modern Humans, edited by E. Trinkaus, pp. 42–66. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trinkaus, E., 1992, Morphological Contrasts between the Near Eastern Qafzeh-Skhul and Late Archaic Human Samples: Grounds for a Behavioral Difference. In The Evolution and Dispersal of Modern Humans in Asia, edited by T. Akazawa, K. Aoki, and T. Kimura, pp. 277–294. Hokusen-Sha, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Volman, T., 1984, Early Prehistory of Southern Africa. In South African Prehistory and Paleoenvi-ronments, edited by R. G. Klein, pp. 169–220. A. A. Balkema, Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, S., 1994, The Manufacture of Primitive Thrusting Spears. Bulletin of Primitive Technology 1(7):19–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, C., 1977, Stalking the Wild Legume: Pre-Agricultural Plant Exploitation Strategies in Palestine. Master’s thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wreschner, E., 1967, The Geula Caves, Mount Carmel: Excavations, Finds, and Summary. Quaternaria 9:69–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yellen, J. E., Brooks, A. S., Cornielssen, E., Mehlman, M. J., and Stewart, K., 1995, A Middle Stone Age Worked Bone Industry from Katanda, Upper Semliki Valley, Zaire. Science 268:553–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zohary, M., 1962, The Plant Life of Palestine: Israel and Jordan. Ronold, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, 11794.4364, USA

    John J. Shea

Authors
  1. John J. Shea
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. New York University, New York, New York, USA

    Heidi Knecht

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shea, J.J. (1997). Middle Paleolithic Spear Point Technology. In: Knecht, H. (eds) Projectile Technology. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1851-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1851-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1853-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1851-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation