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Control of Retinoid Nuclear Receptor Function and Expression

  • Chapter
Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Part of the book series: Subcellular Biochemistry ((SCBI,volume 30))

Abstract

Vitamin A and its physiological metabolites (collectively known as retinoids) are important regulators of embryogenesis, cell growth and differentiation, vision, and reproduction (Hofmann and Eichele, 1994; Eskild and Hansson, 1994; DeLuca, 1991; Wald, 1968; Thompson et al., 1964). Deficiency of vitamin A leads to well-described defects in vision, fertility, and, in animals, increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis (Chambon, 1994; Sporn et al., 1976; Wilson et al., 1953). Retinol (vitamin A) is metabolized by cells to form a number of biologically active compounds (Napoli et al., 1993). These include all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid, and didehydroretinoic acid. Retinol is first converted to retinal, which is then metabolized by a retinal dehydrogenase leading to production of all-trans retinoic acid (Posch et al., 1992, 1991). The metabolic pathway which generates 9-cis retinoic acid has yet to be elucidated. Didehydroretinoic acid is produced from 3,4-didehydroretinol by a pathway that is similar to that which converts retinol to all-trans retinoic acid (Thaller and Eichele, 1990). Dietary sources of vitamin A are β-carotene from plant sources and retinyl ester from animal sources. Vitamin A from these sources is either stored in the liver as retinyl esters, or packaged with retinol-binding protein together with transthyretin for export to the circulatory system (Blaner, 1989).

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  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia, 25755, USA

    Richard M. Niles

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  1. King’s College London, University of London, London, UK

    Peter J. Quinn

  2. Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Valerian E. Kagan

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Niles, R.M. (1998). Control of Retinoid Nuclear Receptor Function and Expression. In: Quinn, P.J., Kagan, V.E. (eds) Fat-Soluble Vitamins. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1789-8_1

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