Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Retroviruses and Their Role in Cancer

  • Chapter
The Retroviridae

Part of the book series: The Viruses ((VIRS))

Abstract

Historically, retroviruses were first isolated and studied because they efficiently cause tumors in experimental and domestic animals (Rous, 1911; Ellerman and Bang, 1908). Work was particularly intense during the 1970s, under the “War on Cancer” and the Special Virus Cancer Program. Important discoveries from re-trovirology such as oncogenes and proto-oncogenes (Bishop, 1987) have had profound implications for understanding tumorigenesis, including for spontaneous human tumors. Retroviruses remain some of the best model systems for studying carcinogenesis in the whole organism, since they induce tumors with extremely high efficiency. The focus of this chapter will be retroviral carcinogenesis in small animal models. Major attention will be paid to nonacute retroviruses, since they induce disease through multiple steps, with analogies to non-virus-induced cancer as well.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acha-Orbea, H., Shakhov, A. N., Scarpellino, L., et al., 1991, Clonal deletion of V beta 14-bearing T cells in mice transgenic for mammary tumour virus, Nature 350:207–211.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Acha-Orbea, H., Held, W., Scarpellino, L., and Shakhov, A. N., 1992, Mls: A link between immunology and retrovirology, Int. Rev. Immunol. 8:327–336.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D. M., Lyman, S. D., Baird, A.,et al., 1990, Molecular cloning of mast cell growth factor, a hematopoietin that is active in both membrane bound and soluble forms [published erratum appears in Cell 1990 63(5):following 1112], Cell 63:235–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, S. M., and Scolnick, E. M., 1983, Construction and isolation of a transforming murine retrovirus containing the src gene of Rous sarcoma virus, J. Virol. 46:594–605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Asjo, B., Skoog, L., Palminger, I., et al., 1985, Influence of genotype and the organ of origin on the subtype of T-cell in Moloney lymphomas induced by transfer of preleukemic cells from athymic and thymus-bearing mice, Cancer Res. 45:1040–1045.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azuma, H., Phillips, J. D., and Green, W. R., 1987, Clonal heterogeneity of anti-AKR/Gross leukemia virus cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Evidence for two distinct antigen systems, J. Immunol. 139:2464–2473.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ball, J. K., Diggelmann, H., Dekaban, G. A., et al, 1988, Alterations in the U3 region of the long terminal repeat of an infectious thymotropic type B retrovirus, J. Virol. 62:2985–2993.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, C., Morishita, K., Askew, D., et al, 1989, Retroviral insertions in the CB-l/Fim-3 common site of integration activate expression of the Evi-1 gene, Oncogene 4:529–534.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumbach, W. R., Keath, E. J., and Cole, M. D., 1986, A mouse c-myc retrovirus transforms established fibroblast lines in vitro and induces monocyte-macrophage tumors in vivo, J. Virol. 59:276–283.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baumbach, W. R., Stanley, E. R., and Cole, M. D., 1987, Induction of clonal monocyte-macrophage tumors in vivo by a mouse c-myc retrovirus: Rearrangement of the CSF-1 gene as a secondary transforming event, Mol. Cell Biol. 7:664–671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bear, S. E., Bellacosa, A., Lazo, P. A., et al, 1989, Provirus insertion in Tpl-1, an Ets-1-related oncogene, is associated with tumor progression in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymic lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:7495–7499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, Y., Prideaux, V. R., Chow, V., Benchimol, S., and Bernstein, A., 1988, Inactivation of the p53 oncogene by internal deletion or retroviral integration in erythroleukemic cell lines induced by Friend leukemia virus, Oncogene 3:179–185.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, Y., Giddens, E. B., and Bernstein, A., 1990, Identification and mapping of a common proviral integration site Fli-1 in erythroleukemia cells induced by Friend murine leukemia virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1332–1336.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, Y., Giddens, E. B., Letwin, K., and Bernstein, A., 1991, Erythroleukemia induction by Friend murine leukemia virus: Insertional activation of a new member of the ets gene family, Fli-1, closely linked to c-ets-1, Genes Dev. 5:908–918.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ben-David, Y., Bani, M. R., Chabot, B., De Koven, A., and Bernstein, A., 1992, Retroviral insertions downstream of the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein Al gene in erythroleukemia cells: Evidence that Al is not essential for cell growth, Mol. Cell Biol. 12:4449–4455.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, M., Steeves, R. A., Cudkowicz, G., Mirand, E. A., and Russell, L. B., 1968, Mutant S1 alleles of mice affect susceptibility to Friend spleen focus-forming virus, Science 162:564–565.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Berebbi, M., Dandolo, L., Hassoun, J., Bernard, A. M., and Blangy, D., 1988, Specific tissue targeting of polyoma virus oncogenicity in athymic nude mice, Oncogene 2:149–156.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bergold, P. J., Wang, J. Y., Hardy, W. D., Jr., Littau, V., Johnson, E., and Besmer, P., 1987, Structure and origins of the HZ2-feline sarcoma virus, Virology 158:320–329.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besmer, P., Murphy, J. E., George, P. C., et al, 1986, A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family, Nature 320:415–421.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beutner, U., Frankel, W. N., Cote, M. S., Coffin, J. M., and Huber, B. T., 1992, Mls-1 is encoded by the long terminal repeat open reading frame of the mouse mammary tumor provirus Mtv-7, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:5432–5436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biasi, G., Mazzocchi, M., Facchinetti, A., et al., 1990, Induction of Moloney murine sarcoma virus tolerance in adult mice by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody treatment, Cancer Res. 50: 5703S-5706S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Biasi, G., Facchinetti, A., Panozzo, M., Zanovello, P., Chieco-Bianchi, L., and Collavo, D., 1991, Moloney murine leukemia virus tolerance in anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody-treated adult mice, J. Immunol. 147:2284–2289.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biedenkapp, H., Borgmeyer, U., Sippel, A. E., and Klempnauer, K. H., 1988, Viral myb oncogene encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding activity, Nature 335:835–837.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. M., 1987, The molecular genetics of cancer, Science 235:305–311.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bishop, J. M., and Varmus, H., 1984, Functions and origins of retroviral transforming genes, in: RNA Tumor Viruses: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses, 2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 999–1108, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bittner, J. J., 1942, Milk-influence of breast tumors in mice, Science 95:462–463.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman, P. J., and Parham, P., 1990, Structure, function, and diversity of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 59:253–288.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwell, T. K., Kretzner, L., Blackwood, E. M., Eisenman, R. N., and Weintraub, H., 1990, Sequence-specific DNA binding by the c-Myc protein, Science 250:1149–1151.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackwood, E. M., and Eisenman, R. N., 1991, Max: A helix-loop-helix zipper protein that forms a sequence-specific DNA-binding complex with Myc, Science 251:1211–1217.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bondurant, M. C., Koury, M. J., and Krantz, S. B., 1985, The Fv-2 gene controls induction of erythroid burst formation by Friend virus infection in vitro: Studies of growth regulators and viral replication, J. Gen. Virol. 66:83–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boone, L. R., Myer, F. E., Yang, D. M., et al., 1983, Reversal of Fv-1 host range by in vitro restriction endonuclease fragment exchange between molecular clones of N-tropic and B-tropic murine leukemia virus genomes, J. Virol. 48:110–119.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boral, A. L., Okenquist, S. A., and Lenz, J., 1989, Identification of the SL3–3 virus enhancer core as a T-lymphoma cell-specific element, J. Virol. 63:76–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bordereaux, D., Fichelson, S., Sola, B., Tambourin, P. E., and Gisselbrecht, S., 1987, Frequent involvement of the hm-3 region in Friend murine leukemia virus-induced mouse myeloblastic leuke-mias, J. Virol. 61:4043–4045.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosselman, R. A., Van Straaten, F., Van Beveren, C., Verma, I. M., and Vogt, M., 1982, Analysis of the env gene of a molecularly cloned and biologically active Moloney mink cell focus-forming proviral DNA, J. Virol. 44:19–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, M. L., Cuypers, H. T., and Berns, A., 1989, Evidence for the involvement of pim-2, a new common proviral insertion site, in progression of lymphomas, EMBO J. 8:743–748.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1986, Generation and characterization of a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus containing the v-myc oncogene of avian MC29 virus: In vitro transformation and in vivo pathogenesis, J. Virol. 60:68–81.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Chandy, K. G., Spencer, R. H., Gupta, S., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1988a, Characterization of lymphoid tumors induced by a recombinant murine retrovirus carrying the avian v-myc oncogene. Identification of novel (B-lymphoid) tumors in the thymus, J. Immunol. 141:2844–2854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Chandy, K. G., Spencer, R. H., Gupta, S., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1988b, Characterization of lymphoid tumors induced by a recombinant murine retrovirus carrying the avian v-myc oncogene. Identification of novel (B-lymphoid) tumors in the thymus, J. Immunol. 141:2844–2854.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Davis, B. R., and Fan, H., 1990, Preleukemic hematopoietic hyperplasia induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus is an indirect consequence of viral infection, J. Virol. 64:4582–4584.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Li, Q. X., Trepp, D. J., and Fan, H., 1991a, Differential disease restriction of Moloney and Friend murine leukemia viruses by the mouse Rmcf gene is governed by the viral long terminal repeat, J. Exp. Med. 174:389–396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brightman, B. K., Rein, A., Trepp, D. J., and Fan, H., 1991b, An enhancer variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus defective in leukemogenesis does not generate detectable mink cell focus-inducing virus in vivo [published erratum appears in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991 88:5066], Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:2264–2268.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brodeur, G. M., Seeger, R. C., Schwab, M., Varmus, H. E., and Bishop, J. M., 1984, Amplification of N-myc in untreated human neuroblastomas correlates with advanced disease stage, Science 224:1121–1124.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A. M., Wildin, R. S., Prendergast, T. J., and Varmus, H. E., 1986, A retrovirus vector expressing the putative mammary oncogene int-1 causes partial transformation of a mammary epithelial cell line, Cell 46:1001–1009.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P. O., 1990, Integration of retroviral DNA, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 157:19–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buchberg, A. M., Bedigian, H. G., Jenkins, N. A., and Copeland, N. G., 1990, Evi-2, a common integration site involved in murine myeloid leukemogenesis, Mol. Cell Biol. 10:4658–4666.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckheit, R. W., Jr., Bolognesi, D. P., and Weinhold, K. J., 1987, The effects of leukemosuppressive immunotherapy on bone marrow infectious cell centers in AKR mice, Virology 157:387–396.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buckheit, R. W., Jr., Bolognesi, D. P., and Weinhold, K. J., 1988, The role of bone marrow and thymic elements in the initiation and spread of virus production in the AKR thymus, Virology 166:533–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buller, R. S., Sitbon, M., and Portis, J. L., 1988, The endogenous mink cell focus-forming (MCF) gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene restricts MCF virus replication in vivo and provides partial resistance to erythroleukemia induced by Friend murine leukemia virus, J. Exp. Med. 167:1535–1546.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buller, R. S., Van Zant, G., Eldridge, P. W., and Portis, J. L., 1989, A population of murine hematopoietic progenitors expresses an endogenous retroviral gp70 linked to the Rmcf gene and associated with resistance to erythroleukemia, J. Exp. Med. 169:865–880.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celander, D., and Haseltine, W. A., 1987, Glucocorticoid regulation of murine leukemia virus transcription elements is specified by determinants within the viral enhancer region, J. Virol. 61:269–275.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chabot, B., Stephenson, D. A., Chapman, V. M., Besmer, P., and Bernstein, A., 1988, The protooncogene c-kit encoding a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor maps to the mouse W locus, Nature 335:88–89.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, V. L., Maler, B. A., and Yamamoto, K. R., 1983, DNA sequences bound specifically by glucocorticoid receptor in vitro render a heterologous promoter hormone responsive in vivo, Cell 33:489–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, E. H., Gonda, M. A., Ellis, R. W., Scolnick, E. M., and Lowy, D. R., 1982, Human genome contains four genes homologous to transforming genes of Harvey and Kirsten murine sarcoma viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:4848–4852.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatis, P. A., Holland, C. A., Hartley, J. W., Rowe, W. P., and Hopkins, N., 1983, Role for the 3′ end of the genome in determining disease specificity of Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4408–4411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatis, P. A., Holland, C. A., Silver, J. E., Frederickson, T. N., Hopkins, N., and Hartley, J. W., 1984, A 3′ end fragment encompassing the transcriptional enhancers of nondefective Friend virus confers erythroleukemogenicity on Moloney leukemia virus, J. Virol. 52:248–254.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, C., Biegalke, B. J., Eisenman, R. N., and Linial, M. L., 1989, FH3, a v-myc avian retrovirus with limited transforming ability, J. Virol. 63:5092–5100.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesebro, B., and Wehrly, K., 1978, Rfv-1 and Rfv-2, two H-2-associated genes that influence recovery from Friend leukemia virus-induced splenomegaly, J. Immunol. 120:1081–1085.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesebro, B., and Wehrly, K., 1979, Identification of a non-H-2 gene (Rfv-3) influencing recovery from viremia and leukemia induced by Friend virus complex, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:425–429.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chesebro, B., Miyazawa, M., and Britt, W. J., 1990, Host genetic control of spontaneous and induced immunity to Friend murine retrovirus infection, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8:477–499.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chieco-Bianchi, L., Sendo, F., Aoki, T., and Barrera, O. L., 1974, Immunologic tolerance to antigens associated with murine leukemia viruses: T-cell unresponsiveness, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 52:1345–1350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chieco-Bianchi, L., Collavo, D., and Biasi, G., 1988, Immunologic unresponsiveness to murine leukemia virus antigens: Mechanisms and role in tumor development, Adv. Cancer Res. 51:277–306.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cho, K. R., and Vogelstein, B., 1992, Genetic alterations in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, Cancer 70:1727–1731.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, J. M., 1992, Superantigens and endogenous retroviruses: A confluence of puzzles, Science 255:411–413.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. C., and Varmus, H. E., 1980, Proviruses of mouse mammary tumor virus in normal and neoplastic tissues from GR and C3Hf mouse strains, J. Virol. 35:298–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copeland, N. G., Gilbert, D. J., Cho, B. C., et al, 1990, Mast cell growth factor maps near the steel locus on mouse chromosome 10 and is deleted in a number of steel alleles, Cell 63:175–183.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuypers, H. T., Selten, G., Quint, W., et al, 1984a, Murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lympho-magenesis: integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region, Cell 37:141–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuypers, H. T., Selten, G., Quint, W., et al., 1984b, Murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lympho-magenesis: Integration of proviruses in a distinct chromosomal region, Cell 37:141–150.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuypers, H. T., Selten, G. C., Zijlstra, M., De Goede, R. E., Melief, C. J., and Berns, A. J., 1986, Tumor progression in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas: Monitoring clonal selections with viral and cellular probes, J. Virol. 60:230–241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalla-Favera, R., Bregni, M., Erikson, J., Patterson, D., Gallo, R. C., and Croce, C. M., 1982, Human c-myc one gene is located on the region of chromosome 8 that is translocated in Burkitt lymphoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:7824–7827.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B., Linney, E., and Fan, H., 1985, Suppression of leukaemia virus pathogenicity by polyoma virus enhancers, Nature 314:550–553.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. R., Chandy, K. G., Brightman, B. K., Gupta, S., and Fan, H., 1986, Effects of nonleukemogenic and wild-type Moloney murine leukemia virus on lymphoid cells in vivo: Identification of a preleukemic shift in thymocyte subpopulations, J. Virol. 60:423–430.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, B. R., Brightman, B. K., Chandy, K. G., and Fan, H., 1987, Characterization of a preleukemic state induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus: Evidence for two infection events during leukemogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:4875–4879.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeFranco, D., and Yamamoto, K. R., 1986, Two different factors act separately or together to specify functionally distinct activities at a single transcriptional enhancer, Mol. Cell Biol. 6:993–1001.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DesGroseillers, L., and Jolicoeur, P., 1983, Physical mapping of the Fv-1 tropism host range determinant of BALB/c murine leukemia viruses, J. Virol. 48:685–696.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DesGroseillers, L., and Jolicoeur, P., 1984, Mapping the viral sequences conferring leukemogenicity and disease specificity in Moloney and amphotropic murine leukemia viruses, J. Virol. 52:448–456.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DesGroseillers, L., Villemur, R., and Jolicoeur, P., 1983, The high leukemogenic potential of Gross passage A murine leukemia virus maps in the region of the genome corresponding to the long terminal repeat and to the 3′ end of env, J. Virol. 47:24–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, C., Smith, R., Brookes, S., and Peters, G., 1984, Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Proviral activation of a cellular gene in the common integration region int-2, Cell 37:529–536.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolberg, D. S., and Bissell, M. J., 1984, Inability of Rous sarcoma virus to cause sarcomas in the avian embryo, Nature 309:552–556.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dolberg, D. S., Hollingsworth, R., Hertle, M., and Bissell, M. J., 1985, Wounding and its role in RSV-mediated tumor formation, Science 230:676–678.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dresler, S., Ruta, M., Murray, M. J., and Kabat, D., 1979, Glycoprotein encoded by the Friend spleen focus-forming virus, J. Virol. 30:564–575.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dreyfus, F., Sola, B., Fichelson, S., et al, 1990, Rearrangements of the Pim-1, c-myc, and p53 genes in Friend helper virus-induced mouse erythroleukemias, Leukemia 4:590–594.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duesberg, P. H., and Vogt, P. K., 1970, Differences between the ribonucleic acids of transforming and nontransforming avian tumor viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 67:1673–1680.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellerman, V., and Bang, O., 1908, Experimentelle Leukamie bei Huhnern, Zentralbl. Bakteriol. 46:595–609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, L. H., and Malik, F. G., 1987, Class II polytropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs) of AKR/J mice: Possible role in the generation of class I oncogenic polytropic MuLVs, J. Virol. 61:1882–1892.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, L. H., and Morrey, J. D., 1987, Tissue-specific replication of Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses in infected mice, J. Virol. 61:1350–1357.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, H., 1990, Influences of the long terminal repeats on retrovirus pathogenicity, Semin. Virol. 1:165–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, H., Mittal, S., Chute, H., Chao, E., and Pattengale, P. K., 1986, Rearrangements and insertions in the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat alter biological properties in vivo and in vitro, J. Virol. 60:204–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, H., Chute, H., Chao, E., and Pattengale, P. K., 1988, Leukemogenicity of Moloney murine leukemia viruses carrying polyoma enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat is dependent on the nature of the inserted polyoma sequences, Virology 166:58–65.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fan, H., Brightman, B. K., Davis, B. R., and Li, Q. X., 1991, Leukemogenesis by Moloney murine leukemia virus, in: Viruses That Affect the Immune System (H. Y. Fan, I. S. Y. Chen, N. Rosenberg, and W. Sugden, eds.), pp. 155–174, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fauci, A. S., 1988, The human immunodeficiency virus: Infectivity and mechanisms of pathogenesis, Science 239:617–622.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuer, G., and Fan, H., 1990, Substitution of murine transthyretin (prealbumin) regulatory sequences into the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat yields infectious virus with altered biological properties, J. Virol. 64:6130–6140.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuer, G., Lee, W. T., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1993, Specificity of disease induced by M-MuLV chimeric retroviruses containing v-myc or v-src is not determined by the LTR, Virology 195:286–291.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerman, M. H., Davis, B. R., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1985, Generation of a recombinant Moloney murine leukemia virus carrying the v-src gene of avian sarcoma virus: Transformation in vitro and pathogenesis in vivo, J. Virol. 54:804–816.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerman, M. H., Lee, W. T., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1988, Comparison of three recombinant murine leukemia viruses carrying the v-src oncogene of avian sarcoma virus: Differences in in vitro transformation and in vivo pathogenicity, Mol. Carcinog. 1:57–66.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finlay, C. A., Hinds, P. W., and Levine, A. J., 1989, The p53 proto-oncogene can act as a suppressor of transformation, Cell 57:1083–1093.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, W. N., Stoye, J. P., Taylor, B. A., and Coffin, J. M., 1989, Genetic identification of endogenous polytropic proviruses by using recombinant inbred mice, J. Virol. 63:3810–3821.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, W. N., Stoye, J. P., Taylor, B. A., and Coffin, J. M., 1990, A linkage map of endogenous murine leukemia proviruses [published erratum appears in Genetics 1990 125:455], Genetics 124:221–236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frankel, W. N., Rudy, C., Coffin, J. M., and Huber, B. T., 1991, Linkage of Mls genes to endogenous mammary tumour viruses of inbred mice [see comments], Nature 349:526–528.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, R., Dawe, C. J., Carroll, J. P., and Benjamin, T. L., 1992, Changes in frequency, morphology, and behavior of tumors induced in mice by a polyoma virus mutant with a specifically altered oncogene, Am. J. Pathol. 141:1409–1425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fung, Y. K., Lewis, W. G., Crittenden, L. B., and Kung, H. J., 1983, Activation of the cellular oncogene c-erbB by LTR insertion: Molecular basis for induction of erythroblastosis by avian leukosis virus, Cell 33:357–368.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gallahan, D., and Callahan, R., 1987, Mammary tumorigenesis in feral mice: Identification of a new int locus in mouse mammary tumor virus (Czech II)-induced mammary tumors, J. Virol. 61:66–74.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gautsch, J. W., Elder, J. H., Schindler, J., Jensen, F. C., and Lerner, R. A., 1978, Structural markers on core protein p30 of murine leukemia virus: Functional correlation with Fv-1 tropism, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75:4170–4174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff, S. P., Gilboa, E., Witte, O. N., and Baltimore, D., 1980, Structure of the Abelson murine leukemia virus genome and the homologous cellular gene: Studies with cloned viral DNA, Cell 22:777–785.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goff, S. P., Witte, O. N., Gilboa, E., Rosenberg, N., and Baltimore, D., 1981, Genome structure of Abelson murine leukemia virus variants: Proviruses in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells, J. Virol. 38:460–468.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golemis, E., Li, Y., Fredrickson, T. N., Hartley, J. W., and Hopkins, N., 1989, Distinct segments within the enhancer region collaborate to specify the type of leukemia induced by nondefective Friend and Moloney viruses, J. Virol. 63:328–337.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golovkina, T. V., Chervonsky, A., Dudley, J. P., and Ross, S. R., 1992, Transgenic mouse mammary tumor virus superantigen expression prevents viral infection, Cell 69:637–645.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gonda, M. A., Young, H. A., Elser, J. E., et al., 1982, Molecular cloning, genomic analysis, and biological properties of rat leukemia virus and the onc sequences of Rasheed rat sarcoma virus, J. Virol. 44:520–529.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, M., Adams, J. M., and Cory, S., 1985, Murine T lymphomas with retroviral inserts in the chromosomal 15 locus for plasmacytoma variant translocations, Nature 314:740–743.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, P. L., Kaehler, D. A., McKearn, J., and Risser, R., 1988, Substitution of the LTR of Abelson murine leukemia virus does not alter the cell type of virally induced tumors, Oncogene 2:585–592.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, W. R., 1984, Genetic control of the induction of cytolytic T lymphocyte responses to AKR/Gross viral leukemias. II. Negative control by the Fv-1 locus in AKR mice of responder H-2b haplotype, J. Immunol. 132:2665–2671.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, W. R., 1987, Induction of anti-AKR/Gross virus cytolytic T lymphocytes in AKR.H-2b:Fv-lb congenic mice: Age-dependent conversion to a nonresponder phenotype, J. Immunol. 138:1602–1606.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groffen, J., Heisterkamp, N., Shibuya, M., Hanafusa, H., and Stephenson, J. R., 1983, Transforming genes of avian (v-fps) and mammalian (v-fes) retroviruses correspond to a common cellular locus, Virology 125:480–486.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, L., 1951, “Spontaneous” leukemia developing in C3H mice following inoculation, in infancy, with Ak-leukemia extracts, or Ak-embryos, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 76:27–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, L., 1983a, Mouse mammary carcinoma, in: Oncogenic Viruses (L. Gross, ed.), pp. 262–304, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, L., 1983b, Mouse leukemia, in: Oncogenic Viruses (L. Gross, ed.), pp. 305–458, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross, L., 1983c, The Friend virus, in: Oncogenic Viruses (L. Gross, ed.), pp. 522–560, Pergamon Press, Elmsford, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, B., Schmidt, J., Luz, A., Pedersen, F. S., and Grundstrom, T., 1991, SL3–3 enhancer factor 1 transcriptional activators are required for tumor formation by SL3–3 murine leukemia virus, J. Virol. 65:4177–4181.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanecak, R., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1988, Addition or substitution of simian virus 40 enhancer sequences into the Moloney murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV) long terminal repeat yields infectious M-MuLV with altered biological properties, J. Virol. 62:2427–2436.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanecak, R., Pattengale, P. K., and Fan, H., 1991, Deletion of a GC-rich region flanking the enhancer element within the long terminal repeat sequences alters the disease specificity of Moloney murine leukemia virus, J. Virol. 65:5357–5363.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hangoc, G., Lu, L., and Broxmeyer, H. E., 1987, The comparative enhancing effects of prostaglandin El on colony formation by erythroid progenitor (BFU-E) cells from bone marrow of mice differing in the Fv-2 locus, Leuk. Res. 11:501–507.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haran-Ghera, N., 1980, Potential leukemic cells among bone marrow cells of young AKR/J mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2923–2926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haran-Ghera, N., Rubio, N., Leef, F., and Goldstein, G., 1978, Characteristics of preleukemia cells induced in mice, Cell. Immunol. 37:308–314.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haran-Ghera, N., Peled, A., Brightman, B. K., and Fan, H., 1992, Termination of the B cell lymphoma dormant state in thymectomized AKR mice, J. Immunol. 148:2947–2952.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haran-Ghera, N., Peled, A., Brightman, B. K., and Fan, H., 1993, Leukemogenesis in AKR.Fv-lb congenic mice, Cancer Res. 53:3433–3488.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, W. D., Jr., 1993, Feline oncoretroviruses, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 109–180, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. W., Wolford, N. K., Old, L. J., and Rowe, W. P., 1977, A new class of murine leukemia virus associated with development of spontaneous lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:789–792.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hartley, J. W., Yetter, R. A., and Morse, H. C., 3D, 1983, A mouse gene on chromosome 5 that restricts infectivity of mink cell focus-forming recombinant murine leukemia viruses, J. Exp. Med. 158:16–24.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, E. F., Bristol, G. C., Lugo, J. P., and Wang, X. F., 1989a, Progression to development of lymphoma in the thymus of AKR mice treated neonatally with SL 3–3 virus, Exp. Hematol. 17:1116–1121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hays, E. F., Bristol, G. C., McDougall, S., Klotz, J. L., and Kronenberg, M., 1989b, Development of lymphoma in the thymus of AKR mice treated with the lymphomagenic virus SL 3–3, Cancer Res. 49:4225–4230.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, W. S., Neel, B. G., and Astrin, S. M., 1981, Activation of a cellular onc gene by promoter insertion in ALV-induced lymphoid leukosis, Nature 290:475–480.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heisterkamp, N., Stephenson, J. R., Groffen, J., et al., 1983, Localization of the c-abl oncogene adjacent to a translocation break point in chronic myelocytic leukaemia, Nature 306:239–242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Herr, W., and Gilbert, W., 1983, Somatically acquired recombinant murine leukemia proviruses in thymic leukemias of AKR/J mice, J. Virol. 46:70–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, M. S., Allison, A. C., and Harvey, J. J., 1969, Immune complexes in mice infected neonatally with Moloney leukaemogenic and murine sarcoma viruses, Nature 223:739–740.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, C. A., Thomas, C. Y., Chattopadhyay, S. K., Koehne, C., and O’Donnell, P. V., 1989, Influence of enhancer sequences on thymotropism and leukemogenicity of mink cell focus-forming viruses, J. Virol. 63:1284–1292.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, C. L., Fabritius, C., and Dudley, J., 1988, Mouse mammary tumor virus proviruses in T-cell lymphomas lack a negative regulatory element in the long terminal repeat, J. Virol. 62:4644–4652.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, E., Nocka, K., Beier, D. R., et al, 1990, The hematopoietic growth factor KL is encoded by the SI locus and is the ligand of the c-kit receptor, the gene product of the W locus, Cell 63:225–233.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huebner, R. J., Gilden, R. V., Toni, R., et al, 1976, Prevention of spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice by type-specific immunosuppression of endogenous ecotropic virogenes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:4633–4635.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ihle, J. N., and Lee, J. C., 1982, Possible immunological mechanisms in C-type viral leukemogenesis in mice, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 98:85–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda, H., Laigret, F., Martin, M. A., and Repaske, R., 1985, Characterization of a molecularly cloned retroviral sequence associated with Fv-4 resistance, J. Virol. 55:768–777.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Isaak, D. D., Bartizal, K. F., and Caulheld, M. J., 1988, Decreased pathogenicity of murine leukemia virus-Moloney in gnotobiotic mice, Leukemia 2:540–544.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenisch, R., 1980, Retroviruses and embryogenesis: Microinjection of Moloney leukemia virus into midgestation mouse embryos, Cell 19:181–188.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jaenisch, R., Fan, H., and Croker, B., 1975, Infection of preimplantation mouse embryos and of newborn mice with leukemia virus: Tissue distribution of viral DNA and RNA and leukemogen-esis in the adult animal, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 72:4008–4012.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, W. F. H., Crawford, E. M., Martin, W. B., and Davie, F., 1964a, Leukaemia in the cat. A virus-like particle associated with leukaemia (lymphosarcoma), Nature 202:567–568.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, W. H. F., Martin, W. B., Crighton, G. W., Dalton, R. G., and Stewart, M. F., 1964b, Leukaemia in the cat. Transmission experiments with leukaemia (lymphosarcoma), Nature 202:566–567.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jhappan, C., Gallahan, D., Stahle, C., et al, 1992, Expression of an activated Notch-related int-3 transgene interferes with cell differentiation and induces neoplastic transformation in mammary and salivary glands, Genes Dev. 6:345–355.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolicoeur, P., and Baltimore, D., 1976, Effect of Fv-1 gene product on proviral DNA formation and integration in cells infected with murine leukemia viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2236–2240.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolicoeur, P., and DesGroseillers, L., 1985, Neurotropic Cas-BR-E murine leukemia virus harbors several determinants of leukemogenicity mapping in different regions of the genome, J. Virol. 56:639–643.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolicoeur, P., Rassart, E., Masse, G., and Paquette, Y., 1991, The specificity of the disease induced by defective murine retroviruses containing abl, fos, or Ha-ras is usually not determined by their LTR, Virology 180:831–836.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, J. L., Reay, P. A., Ehrich, E. W., and Davis, M. M., 1992, Molecular components of T-cell recognition, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 10:835–873.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klarnet, J. P., Kern, D. E., Okuno, K., Holt, C., Lilly, F., and Greenberg, P. D., 1989, FBL-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper T lymphocytes recognize distinct Friend murine leukemia virus-encoded antigens, J. Exp. Med. 169:457–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Klempnauer, K. H., Gonda, T. J., and Bishop, J. M., 1982, Nucleotide sequence of the retroviral leukemia gene v-myb and its cellular progenitor c-myb: The architecture of a transduced oncogene, Cell 31:453–463.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knepper, J. E., Kittrell, F. S., Medina, D., and Butel, J. S., 1989, Spontaneous progression of hyperplastic outgrowths of the D1 lineage to mammary tumors: Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus and cellular proto-oncogenes, Mol. Carcinog. 1:229–238.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Koehne, C. F., Lazo, P. A., Alves, K., Lee, J. S., Tsichlis, P. N., and O’Donnell, P. V., 1989, The Mlvi-1 locus involved in the induction of rat T-cell lymphomas and the pvt-1 /Mis-1 locus are identical, J. Virol. 63:2366–2369.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Konopka, J. B., Watanabe, S. M., and Witte, O. N., 1984, An alteration of the human c-abl protein in K562 leukemia cells unmasks associated tyrosine kinase activity, Cell 37:1035–1042.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korostoff, J. M., Nakada, M. T., Faas, S. J., Blank, K. J., and Gaulton, G. N., 1990, Neonatal exposure to thymotropic Gross murine leukemia virus induces virus-specific immunologic nonrespon-siveness, J. Exp. Med. 172:1765–1775.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak, C. A., and Ruscetti, S., 1992, Retroviruses in rodents, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 1 (J. A. Levy, ed.), p. 405, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazo, P. A., Lee, J. S., and Tsichlis, P. N., 1990a, Long-distance activation of the Myc protooncogene by provirus insertion in Mlvi-1 or Mlvi-4 in rat T-cell lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:170–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lazo, P. A., Klein-Szanto, A. J., and Tsichlis, P. N., 1990b, T-cell lymphoma lines derived from rat thymomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus: Phenotypic diversity and its implications, J. Virol. 64:3948–3959.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leder, A., Pattengale, P. K., Kuo, A., Stewart, T. A., and Leder, P., 1986, Consequences of widespread deregulation of the c-myc gene in transgenic mice: Multiple neoplasms and normal development, Cell 45:485–495.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. C., and Ihle, J. N., 1981a, Increased responses to lymphokines are correlated with preleukemia in mice inoculated with Moloney leukemia virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:7712–7716.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. C., and Ihle, J. N., 1981b, Chronic immune stimulation is required for Moloney leukaemia virus-induced lymphomas, Nature 289:407–409.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. C., Horak, I., and Ihle, J. N., 1981, Mechanisms in T cell leukemogenesis. II. T cell responses of preleukemic BALB/c mice to Moloney leukemia virus antigens, J. Immunol. 126:715–722.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, W. T., Prakash, O., Klein, D., and Sarkar, N. H., 1987, Structural alterations in the long terminal repeat of an acquired mouse mammary tumor virus provirus in a T-cell leukemia of DBA/2 mice, Virology 159:39–48.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, J., and Haseltine, W. A., 1983, Localization of the leukemogenic determinants of SL3–3, an ecotropic, XC-positive murine leukemia virus of AKR mouse origin, J. Virol. 47:317–328.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz, J., Celander, D., Crowther, R. L., Patarca, R., Perkins, D. W., and Haseltine, W. A., 1984, Determination of the leukaemogenicity of a murine retrovirus by sequences within the long terminal repeat, Nature 308:467–470.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, L. S., Gardner, M. B., and Casey, J. W., 1984, Isolation of a feline leukaemia provirus containing the oncogene myc from a feline lymphosarcoma, Nature 308:853–856.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, L. S., Fish, R. E., and Baskin, G. B., 1988, Tumorigenic potential of a myc-containing strain of feline leukemia virus in vivo in domestic cats, J. Virol. 62:4770–4773.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. P., and Baltimore, D., 1991, Mechanism of leukemogenesis induced by mink cell focus-forming murine leukemia viruses, J. Virol. 65:2408–2414.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, J. P., D’Andrea, A. D., Lodish, H. F., and Baltimore, D., 1990, Activation of cell growth by binding of Friend spleen focus-forming virus gp55 glycoprotein to the erythropoietin receptor, Nature 343:762–764.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q. X., and Fan, H., 1990, Combined infection by Moloney murine leukemia virus and a mink cell focus-forming virus recombinant induces cytopathic effects in fibroblasts or in long-term bone marrow cultures from preleukemic mice, J. Virol. 64:3701–3711.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Q. X., and Fan, H., 1991, Bone marrow depletion by 89Sr complements a preleukemic defect in a long terminal repeat variant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, J. Virol. 65:4442–4448.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Golemis, E., Hartley, J. W., and Hopkins, N., 1987, Disease specificity of nondefective Friend and Moloney murine leukemia viruses is controlled by a small number of nucleotides, J. Virol. 61:693–700.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, F., 1967, Susceptibility to two strains of Friend leukemia virus in mice, Science 155:461–462.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, F., 1970, Fv-2: Identification and location of a second gene governing the spleen focus response to Friend leukemia virus in mice, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 45:163–169.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lilly, F., Duran-Reynals, M. L., and Rowe, W. P., 1975, Correlation of early murine leukemia virus titer and H-2 type with spontaneous leukemia in mice of the BALB/c times AKR cross: A genetic analysis, J. Exp. Med. 141:882–889.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lonai, P., and Haran-Ghera, N., 1977, Resistance genes to murine leukemia in the I immune response gene region of the H-2 complex, J. Exp. Med. 146:1164–1168.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu, X., Park, S. H., Thompson, T. C., and Lane, D. P., 1992, Ras-induced hyperplasia occurs with mutation of p53, but activated ras and myc together can induce carcinoma without p53 mutation, Cell 70:153–161.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luciw, P. A., and Leung, N. J., 1992, Mechanism of retrovirus replication, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 1 (J. A. Levy, ed.), p. 159, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lung, M. L., Hartley, J. W., Rowe, W. P., and Hopkins, N. H., 1983, Large RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotides encoding p15E and the U3 region of the long terminal repeat distinguish two biological classes of mink cell focus-forming type C viruses of inbred mice, J. Virol. 45:275–290.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, M. E., Reynolds, F. H., Jr., Van de Ven, W. J., Stephenson, J. R., Mak, T. W., and Bernstein, A., 1980, Anemia- and polycythemia-inducing isolates of Friend spleen focus-forming virus. Biological and molecular evidence for two distinct viral genomes, J. Exp. Med. 151:1477–1492.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McEndy, D. P., Boon, M. C., and Furth, J., 1944, On the role of thymus, spleen and gonads in the development of leukemia in a high-leukemia stock of mice, Cancer Res. 4:377–383.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. S., and Weissman, I. L., 1979, AKR leukemogenesis: Identification and biological significance of thymic lymphoma receptors for AKR retroviruses, Cell 17:65–75.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGrath, M. S., Pillemer, E., Kooistra, D. A., Jacobs, S., Jerabek, L., and Weissman, I. L., 1980, T-lymphoma retroviral receptors and control of T-lymphoma cell proliferation, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 44:1297–1304.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marchetti, A., Robbins, J., Campbell, G., et al., 1991, Host genetic background effect on the frequency of mouse mammary tumor virus-induced rearrangements of the int-1 and int-2 loci in mouse mammary tumors, J. Virol. 65:4550–4554.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcu, K. B., Harris, L. J., Stanton, L. W., Erikson, J., Watt, R., and Croce, C. M., 1983, Transcriptionally active c-myc oncogene is contained within NIARD, a DNA sequence associated with chromosome translocations in B-cell neoplasia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:519–523.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marrack, P., Kushnir, E., and Kappler, J., 1991, A maternally inherited superantigen encoded by a mammary tumour virus [see comments], Nature 349:524–526.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marth, J. D., Peet, R., Krebs, E. G., and Perlmutter, R. M., 1985, A lymphocyte-specific protein-tyrosine kinase gene is rearranged and overexpressed in the murine T cell lymphoma LSTRA, Cell 43:393–404.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, J., Georgoff, I., and Levine, A. J., 1991, Cellular localization and cell cycle regulation by a temperature-sensitive p53 protein, Genes Dev. 5:151–159.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meruelo, D., Leiberman, M., Ginzton, N., Deak, B., and McDevitt, H. O., 1977, Genetic control of radiation leukemia virus-induced tumorigenesis. I. Role of the major murine histocompatibility complex, H-2, J. Exp. Med. 146:1079–1087.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mester, J., Wagenaar, E., Sluyser, M., and Nusse, R., 1987, Activation of int-1 and int-2 mammary oncogenes in hormone-dependent and independent mammary tumors of GR mice, J. Virol. 61:1073–1078.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Michalides, R., and Wagenaar, E., 1986, Site-specific rearrangements in the long terminal repeat of extra mouse mammary tumor proviruses in murine T-cell leukemias, Virology 154:76–84.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazawa, M., Nishio, J., and Chesebro, B., 1988, Genetic control of T cell responsiveness to the Friend murine leukemia virus envelope antigen. Identification of class II loci of the H-2 as immune response genes, J. Exp. Med. 168:1587–1605.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miyazawa, M., Nishio, J., Wehrly, K., and Chesebro, B., 1992, Influence of MHC genes on spontaneous recovery from Friend retro virus-induced leukemia, J. Immunol. 148:644–647.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moreau-Gachelin, F., Tavitian, A., and Tambourin, P., 1988, Spi-1 is a putative oncogene in virally induced murine erythroleukaemias, Nature 331:277–280.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morishita, K., Parker, D. S., Mucenski, M. L., Jenkins, N. A., Copeland, N. G., and Ihle, J. N., 1988, Retroviral activation of a novel gene encoding a zinc finger protein in IL-3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell lines, Cell 54:831–840.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D. W., Barry, P. A., Bradshaw, H. D., Jr., and Cardiff, R. D., 1990, Insertion mutation of the int-1 and int-2 loci by mouse mammary tumor virus in premalignant and malignant neoplasms from the GR mouse strain, J. Virol. 64:1794–1802.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mowat, M., Cheng, A., Kimura, N., Bernstein, A., and Benchimol, S., 1985, Rearrangements of the cellular p53 gene in erythroleukaemic cells transformed by Friend virus, Nature 314:633–636.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mucenski, M. L., Taylor, B. A., Ihle, J. N., et al., 1988, Identification of a common ecotropic viral integration site, Evi-1, in the DNA of AKXD murine myeloid tumors, Mol. Cell Biol. 8:301–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyaya, R., and Wolff, L., 1992, New sites of proviral integration associated with murine promonocytic leukemias and evidence for alternate modes of c-myb activation, J. Virol 66:6035–6044.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, W. J., Lee, F. S., Dickson, C., Peters, G., Pattengale, P., and Leder, P., 1990, The int-2 gene product acts as an epithelial growth factor in transgenic mice, EMBO J. 9:907–913.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nason-Burchenal, K., and Wolff, L., 1993, Activation of c-myb is an early bone-marrow event in a murine model for acute promonocytic leukemia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1619–1623.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neil, J. C., Hughes, D., McFarlane, R., et al., 1984, Transduction and rearrangement of the myc gene by feline leukaemia virus in naturally occurring T-cell leukaemias, Nature 308:814–820.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nusse, R., and Varmus, H. E., 1982, Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome, Cell 31:99–109.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Odaka, T., Ikeda, H., Yoshikura, H., Moriwaki, K., and Suzuki, S., 1981, Fv-4: Gene controlling resistance to NB-tropic Friend murine leukemia virus. Distribution in wild mice, introduction into genetic background of BALB/c mice, and mapping of chromosomes, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 67:1123–1127.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, P. V., Woller, R., and Chu, A., 1984, Stages in development of mink cell focus-inducing (MCF) virus-accelerated leukemia in AKR mice, J. Exp. Med. 160:914–934.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Donnell, P. V., Fleissner, E., Lonial, H., Koehne, C. F., and Reicin, A., 1985, Early clonality and high-frequency proviral integration into the c-myc locus in AKR leukemias, J. Virol. 55:500–503.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oldstone, M. B., Aoki, T., and Dixon, F. J., 1972, The antibody response of mice to murine leukemia virus in spontaneous infection: Absence of classical immunologic tolerance (AKR mice-complement-fixing antibodies-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-immunofluorescence-glomerular deposits of antigen-antibody complexes), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 69:134–138.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oliner, J. D., Kinzler, K. W., Meltzer, P. S., George, D. L., and Vogelstein, B., 1992, Amplification of a gene encoding a p53-associated protein in human sarcomas [see comments], Nature 358:80–83.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Overhauser, J., and Fan, H., 1985, Generation of glucocorticoid-responsive Moloney murine leukemia virus by insertion of regulatory sequences from murine mammary tumor virus into the long terminal repeat, J. Virol. 54:133–144.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patriotis, C., Makris, A., Bear, S. E., and Tsichlis, P. N., 1993, Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl-2) encodes a protein kinase involved in the progression of rodent T-cell lymphomas and in T-cell activation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:2251–2255.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paul, R., Schuetze, S., Kozak, S. L., Kozak, C. A., and Kabat, D., 1991, The Sfpi-1 proviral integration site of Friend erythroleukemia encodes the ets-related transcription factor Pu.1, J. Virol. 65:464–467.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, G. S., Bishop, J. M., and Varmus, H. E., 1982, Multiple arrangements of viral DNA and an activated host oncogene in bursal lymphomas, Nature 295:209–214.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, S., and Basilico, C., 1987, Amplification and expression of foreign genes in cells producing polyoma virus large T-antigen, Oncogene Res. 1:23–41.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, G., Smith, R., Brookes, S., and Dickson, C., 1982, Conservation of protein coding potential in the long terminal repeats of exogenous and endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses, J. Virol. 42:880–888.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, G., Brookes, S., Smith, R., and Dickson, C., 1983, Tumorigenesis by mouse mammary tumor virus: Evidence for a common region for provirus integration in mammary tumors, Cell 33:369–377.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pincus, T., Rowe, W. P., and Lilly, F., 1971, A major genetic locus affecting resistance to infection with murine leukemia viruses. II. Apparent identity to a major locus described for resistance to Friend murine leukemia virus, J. Exp. Med. 133:1234–1241.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Poirier, Y., Kozak, C., and Jolicoeur, P., 1988, Identification of a common helper provirus integration site in Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced lymphoma DNA, J. Virol. 62:3985–3992.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polsky, D., and Lilly, F., 1991, Suppression of H-2b-associated resistance to Friend erythroleukemia virus by a class I gene from the H-2d major histocompatibility complex haplotype, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:9243–9247.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prywes, R., Foulkes, J. G., Rosenberg, N., and Baltimore, D., 1983, Sequences of the A-MuLV protein needed for fibroblast and lymphoid cell transformation, Cell 34:569–579.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pullen, A. M., Choi, Y., Kushnir, E., Kappler, J., and Marrack, P., 1992, The open reading frames in the 3′ long terminal repeats of several mouse mammary tumor virus integrants encode V beta 3-specihc superantigens, J. Exp. Med. 175:41–47.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quint, W., Quax, W., Van der Putten, H., and Berns, A., 1981, Characterization of AKR murine leukemia virus sequences in AKR mouse substrains and structure of integrated recombinant genomes in tumor tissues, J. Virol. 39:1–10.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radke, K., Beug, H., Kornfeld, S., and Graf, T., 1982, Transformation of both erythroid and myeloid cells by E26, an avian leukemia virus that contains the myb gene, Cell 31:643–653.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rasheed, S., Norman, G. L., and Heidecker, G., 1983, Nucleotide sequence of the Rasheed rat sarcoma virus oncogene: New mutations, Science 221:155–157.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reisner, Y., Sharon, N., and Haran-Ghera, N., 1980, Expression of peanut agglutinin receptors on virus-induced preleukemic cells in mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2244–2246.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rich, R. F., Fujii, T., and Green, W. R., 1992, CD4-CD8+ T lymphocytes mediate AKR/Gross murine leukemia virus nonresponsiveness in moderately aged AKR.H-2b:Fv-lb mice, J. Immunol. 148:2961–2967.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ringold, G. M., Yamamoto, K. R., Tomkins, G. M., Bishop, M., and Varmus, H. E., 1975, Dexametha-sone-mediated induction of mouse mammary tumor virus RNA: A system for studying glucocorticoid action, Cell 6:299–305.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, D. L., and Varmus, H. E., 1979, Structural analysis of the intracellular RNAs of murine mammary tumor virus, J. Virol. 30:576–589.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, M. N., Spangrude, G. J., Hasenkrug, K., et al, 1992, Role and specificity of T-cell subsets in spontaneous recovery from Friend virus-induced leukemia in mice, J. Virol. 66:3271–3277.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, H. L., Blais, B. M., Tsichlis, P. N., and Coffin, J. M., 1982, At least two regions of the viral genome determine the oncogenic potential of avian leukosis viruses, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:1225–1229.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roelink, H., Wagenaar, E., Lopes Da Silva, S., and Nusse, R., 1990, Wnt-3, a gene activated by proviral insertion in mouse mammary tumors, is homologous to int-1/Wnt-1 and is normally expressed in mouse embryos and adult brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4519–4523.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N., and Baltimore, D., 1978, The effect of helper virus on Abelson virus-induced transformation of lymphoid cells, J. Exp. Med. 147:1126–1141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rous, P., 1911, A sarcoma of the fowl transmissible by an agent separable from the tumor cells, J. Exp. Med. 13:397–411.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscetti, S. K., Linemeyer, D., Feild, J., Troxler, D., and Scolnick, E. M., 1979, Characterization of a protein found in cells infected with the spleen focus-forming virus that shares immunological cross-reactivity with the gp70 found in mink cell focus-inducing virus particles, J. Virol. 30:787–798.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscetti, S., Davis, L., Feild, J., and Oliff, A., 1981, Friend murine leukemia virus-induced leukemia is associated with the formation of mink cell focus-inducing viruses and is blocked in mice expressing endogenous mink cell focus-inducing xenotropic viral envelope genes, J. Exp. Med. 154:907–920.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ruscetti, S., Matthai, R., and Potter, M., 1985, Susceptibility of BALB/c mice carrying various DBA/2 genes to development of Friend murine leukemia virus-induced erythroleukemia, J. Exp. Med. 162:1579–1587.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salmons, B., Erfle, V., Brem, G., and Gunzburg, W. H., 1990, naf, a trans-regulating negative-acting factor encoded within the mouse mammary tumor virus open reading frame region, J. Virol. 64:6355–6359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saris, C. J., Domen, J., and Berns, A., 1991, The pim-1 oncogene encodes two related protein-serine/threonine kinases by alternative initiation at AUG and CUG, EMBO J. 10:655–664.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheidereit, C., and Beato, M., 1984, Contacts between hormone receptor and DNA double helix within a glucocorticoid regulatory element of mouse mammary tumor virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:3029–3033.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz, H., Fischinger, P. J., Ihle, J. N., et al, 1979, Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. XVI. Suppression of spontaneous fetal leukemias in AKR mice by treatment with broadly reacting antibody against the viral glycoprotein gp 71, Virology 93:159–174.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sels, F. T., Langer, S., Schulz, A. S., Silver, J., Sitbon, M., and Friedrich, R. W., 1992, Friend murine leukaemia virus is integrated at a common site in most primary spleen tumours of erythroleukaemic animals, Oncogene 7:643–652.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selten, G., Cuypers, H. T., Zijlstra, M., Melief, C., and Berns, A., 1984, Involvement of c-myc in MuLV-induced T cell lymphomas in mice: Frequency and mechanisms of activation, EMBO J. 3:3215–3222.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shen-Ong, G. L., and Wolff, L., 1987, Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced myeloid tumors in adult BALB/c mice: Requirement of c-myb activation but lack of v-abl involvement, J. Virol. 61:3721–3725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya, M., and Hanafusa, H., 1982, Nucleotide sequence of Fujinami sarcoma virus: Evolutionary relationship of its transforming gene with transforming genes of other sarcoma viruses, Cell 30:787–795.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sieweke, M. H., Stoker, A. W., and Bissell, M. J., 1989, Evaluation of the cocarcinogenic effect of wounding in Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis, Cancer Res. 49:6419–6424.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sieweke, M. H., Thompson, N. L., Sporn, M. B., and Bissell, M. J., 1990, Mediation of wound-related Rous sarcoma virus tumorigenesis by TGF-beta, Science 248:1656–1660.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver, J., and Buckler, C. E., 1986, A preferred region for integration of Friend murine leukemia virus in hematopoietic neoplasms is closely linked to the Int-2 oncogene, J. Virol. 60:1156–1158.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, I., Lohler, J., and Jaenisch, R., 1982, Virus-specific transcription and translation in organs of BALB/Mo mice: Comparative study using quantitative hybridization, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry, Virology 120:106–121.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sitbon, M., Sola, B., Evans, L., et al., 1986, Hemolytic anemia and erythroleukemia, two distinct pathogenic effects of Friend MuLV: Mapping of the effects to different regions of the viral genome, Cell 47:851–859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slamon, D. J., Clark, G. M., Wong, S. G., Levin, W. J., Ullrich, A., and McGuire, W. L., 1987, Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene, Science 235:177–182.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slamon, D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L. A., et al., 1989, Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer, Science 244:707–712.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. E., 1982, Avian osteopetrosis, Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 101:75–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sola, B., Fichelson, S., Bordereaux, D., Tambourin, P. E., and Gisselbrecht, S., 1986, hm-1 and hm-2: Two new integration regions of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias, J. Virol. 60:718–725.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sola, B., Simon, D., Mattei, M. G., et al, 1988, Fim-1, Fim-2/c-fms, and Fim-3, three common integration sites of Friend murine leukemia virus in myeloblastic leukemias, map to mouse chromosomes 13, 18, and 3, respectively, J. Virol. 62:3973–3978.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Speck, N. A., and Baltimore, D., 1987, Six distinct nuclear factors interact with the 75-base-pair repeat of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer, Mol. Cell Biol. 7:1101–1110.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Speck, N. A., Renjifo, B., Golemis, E., Fredrickson, T. N., Hartley, J. W., and Hopkins, N., 1990, Mutation of the core or adjacent LVb elements of the Moloney murine leukemia virus enhancer alters disease specificity, Genes Dev. 4:233–242.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steeves, R. A., Bennett, M., Mirand, E. A., and Cudkowicz, G., 1968, Genetic control by the W locus of susceptibility to (Friend) spleen focus-forming virus, Nature 218:372–374.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen, D., 1984, Proviruses are adjacent to c-myc in some murine leukemia virus-induced lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:2097–2101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen, D., and Weinberg, R. A., 1978, The integrated genome of murine leukemia virus, Cell 15:1003–1010.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steffen, D., Bird, S., Rowe, W. P., and Weinberg, R. A., 1979, Identification of DNA fragments carrying ecotropic proviruses of AKR mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:4554–4558.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stehelin, D., Varmus, H. E., Bishop, J. M., and Vogt, P. K., 1976, DNA related to the transforming gene(s) of avian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA, Nature 260:170–173.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stocking, C., Kollek, R., Bergholz, U., and Ostertag, W., 1985, Long terminal repeat sequences impart hematopoietic transformation properties to the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:5746–5750.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Storch, T. G., Arnstein, P., Manohar, V., Leiserson, W. M., and Chused, T. M., 1985, Proliferation of infected lymphoid precursors before Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphoma, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 74:137–143.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stoye, J. P., Moroni, C., and Coffin, J. M., 1991, Virological events leading to spontaneous AKR thymomas, J. Virol. 65:1273–1285.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sugamura, K., and Hinuma, Y., 1993, Human retroviruses: HTLV-I and HTLV-II, in: The Retroviridae, Vol. 2 (J. A. Levy, ed.), pp. 399–435, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, S., and Axelrad, A. A., 1980, Fv-2 locus controls the proportion of erythropoietic progenitor cells (BFU-E) synthesizing DNA in normal mice, Cell 19:225–236.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sveda, M. M., and Soeiro, R., 1976, Host restriction of Friend leukemia virus: Synthesis and integration of the provirus, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73:2356–2360.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, J. C., Nocka, K., Ray, P., Traktman, P., and Besmer, P., 1990, The dominant W42 spotting phenotype results from a missense mutation in the c-kit receptor kinase, Science 247:209–212.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taub, R., Kirsch, I., Morton, C., et al., 1982, Translocation of the c-myc gene into the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus in human Burkitt lymphoma and murine plasmacytoma cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:7837–7841.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Teich, N., Wyke, J., Mak, T., Bernstein, A., and Hardy, W., 1984, Pathogenesis of retrovirus-induced disease, in: RNA Tumor Viruses: Molecular Biology of Tumor Viruses, 2nd ed. (R. Weiss, N. Teich, H. Varmus, and J. Coffin, eds.), pp. 785–998, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. Y., and Coffin, J. M., 1982, Genetic alterations of RNA leukemia viruses associated with the development of spontaneous thymic leukemia in AKR/J mice, J. Virol. 43:416–426.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. Y., Khiroya, R., Schwartz, R. S., and Coffin, J. M., 1984, Role of recombinant ecotropic and polytropic viruses in the development of spontaneous thymic lymphomas in HRS/J mice, J. Virol. 50:397–407.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tikhonenko, A. T., and Linial, M. L., 1992, gag as well as myc sequences contribute to the transforming phenotype of the avian retrovirus FH3, J. Virol. 66:946–955.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Traina, V. L., Taylor, B. A., and Cohen, J. C., 1981, Genetic mapping of endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses: Locus characterization, segregation, and chromosomal distribution, J. Virol. 40:735–744.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, P. J., Pothier, F., Hoang, T., et al, 1989, Transgenic mice carrying the mouse mammary tumor virus ras fusion gene: Distinct effects in various tissues, Mol. Cell Biol. 9:854–859.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tremblay, P. J., Kozak, C. A., and Jolicoeur, P., 1992, Identification of a novel gene, Vin-1, in murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell leukemias by provirus insertional mutagenesis [published erratum appears in J. Virol. 1992 66:5176], J. Virol. 66:1344–1353.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsichlis, P. N., Strauss, P. G., and Hu, L. F., 1983, A common region for proviral DNA integration in MoMuLV-induced rat thymic lymphomas, Nature 302:445–449.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsichlis, P. N., Lohse, M. A., Szpirer, C., Szpirer, J., and Levan, G., 1985, Cellular DNA regions involved in the induction of rat thymic lymphomas (Mlvi-1, Mlvi-2, Mlvi-3, and c-myc) represent independent loci as determined by their chromosomal map location in the rat, J. Virol. 56:938–942.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsichlis, P. N., Shepherd, B. M., and Bear, S. E., 1989, Activation of the Mlvi-l/misl/pvt-1 locus in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced T-cell lymphomas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5487–5491.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsichlis, P. N., Lee, J. S., Bear, S. E., et al, 1990, Activation of multiple genes by provirus integration in the Mlvi-4 locus in T-cell lymphomas induced by Moloney murine leukemia virus, J. Virol. 64:2236–2244.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Klaveren, P., and Bentvelzen, P., 1988, Transactivating potential of the 3′ open reading frame of murine mammary tumor virus, J. Virol. 62:4410–4413.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Lohuizen, M., Verbeek, S., Krimpenfort, P., et al, 1989, Predisposition to lymphomagenesis in pim-1 transgenic mice: Cooperation with c-myc and N-myc in murine leukemia virus-induced tumors, Cell 56:673–682.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Lohuizen, M., Verbeek, S., Scheijen, B., Wientjens, E., Van der Gulden, H., and Berns, A., 1991, Identification of cooperating oncogenes in E mu-myc transgenic mice by provirus tagging, Cell 65:737–752.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Veillette, A., Bookman, M. A., Horak, E. M., and Bolen, J. B., 1988, The CD4 and CD8 T cell surface antigens are associated with the internal membrane tyrosine-protein kinase p561ck, Cell 55:301–308.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vijaya, S., Steffen, D. L., Kozak, C., and Robinson, H. L., 1987, Dsi-1, a region with frequent proviral insertions in Moloney murine leukemia virus-induced rat thymomas, J. Virol. 61:1164–1170.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villemur, R., Monczak, Y., Rassart, E., Kozak, C., and Jolicoeur, P., 1987, Identification of a new common provirus integration site in Gross passage A murine leukemia virus-induced mouse thymoma DNA, Mol. Cell Biol 7:512–522.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villeneuve, L., Rassart, E., Jolicoeur, P., Graham, M., and Adams, J. M., 1986, Proviral integration site Mis-1 in rat thymomas corresponds to the pvt-1 translocation breakpoint in murine plasmacytomas, Mol. Cell Biol. 6:1834–1837.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voronova, A. F., and Sefton, B. M., 1986, Expression of a new tyrosine protein kinase is stimulated by retrovirus promoter insertion, Nature 319:682–685.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wegmann, K. W., McMaster, J. S., and Green, W. R., 1991, Mechanism of nonresponsiveness to AKR/Gross leukemia virus in AKR.H-2b:Fv-lb mice. An analysis of precursor cytotoxic T lymphocyte frequencies in young versus moderately aged mice, J. Immunol. 146:2469–2477.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. A., 1991, Tumor suppressor genes, Science 254:1138–1146.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Weinhold, K. J., Huper, G., Matthews, T. J., et al., 1984, Properties of mouse leukemia viruses. XIX. Effective antibody therapy of AKR leukemia occurs independently of virus neutralization and produces long-term changes in the virus status of the thymus, Virology 135:105–117.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wiener, F., Ohno, S., Spira, J., Haran-Ghera, N., and Klein, G., 1978, Chromosome changes (trisomies #15 and 17) associated with tumor progression in leukemias induced by radiation leukemia virus, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 61:227–237.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, L., and Ruscetti, S., 1985, Malignant transformation of erythroid cells in vivo by introduction of a nonreplicating retrovirus vector, Science 228:1549–1552.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, L., Tambourin, P., and Ruscetti, S., 1986, Induction of the autonomous stage of transformation in erythroid cells infected with SFFV: Helper virus is not required, Virology 152:272–276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, L., Tambourin, P., and Ruscetti, S., 1986, Induction of the autonomous stage of transformation in erythroid cells infected with SFFV: Helper virus is not required, Virology 152:272–276.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, W. K., Kiggans, J. O., Yang, D. M., et al, 1980, Synthesis and circularization of N- and B-tropic retroviral DNA Fv-1 permissive and restrictive mouse cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77:2994–2998.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshida, T., Miyagawa, K., Odagiri, H., et al., 1987, Genomic sequence of hst, a transforming gene encoding a protein homologous to fibroblast growth factors and the int-2-encoded protein [published erratum appears in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1988 85:1967], Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7305–7309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura, F. K., Davison, B., and Chaffin, K., 1985, Murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat sequences can enhance gene activity in a cell-type-specific manner, Mol. Cell Biol. 5:2832–2835.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Cancer Research Institute, University of California, Irvine, California, 92717, USA

    Hung Fan

Authors
  1. Hung Fan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA

    Jay A. Levy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Fan, H. (1994). Retroviruses and Their Role in Cancer. In: Levy, J.A. (eds) The Retroviridae. The Viruses. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1730-0_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1732-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1730-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation