Abstract
The perception among scientists is that wave forests are rare. This is probably because few wave forests have been described in the scientific and technical literature, and are, therefore, largely outside the purview of forest managers. The number of reports of wave forests is growing, however. For example, until 1985, wave forests in Newfoundland were virtually unknown, although a few foresters mistook them for strange cutting patterns. Understandably, few have heard of a clonal wave krummholz, which I discovered by chance in southern Labrador in 1988.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Cannell, M., 1985, Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. In: Cannell, M. G. R., and Jackson, J. E., eds., Attributes of trees as crop plants, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, p. 160–193.
Couttes, M., 1986, Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil, Forestry, 59: 173–197.
Crain, I., 1972, Monte Carlo simulation of random Voronoi polygons: Preliminary results, Search, 3: 220–221.
Elling, A., and Verry, E., 1978, Predicting wind-caused mortality in strip cut stands of black spruce, For. Chron., 54: 249–252.
Finnegan, J., 1979, Turbulence in waving wheat. II. Structure and momentum transfer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 16: 213–236.
Fleming, R., and Crossfield, R., 1983, Strip cutting in shallow-soil upland black spruce near Nipigon, Ontario. III. Windfall and mortality in the leave strips: Preliminary results, Information Report O-X-354, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, 27 p.
Galinski, W., 1989, A windthrow-risk estimation of coniferous trees, Forestry, 62 (2): 139–146.
Iwaki, H., and Totsuka, T., 1959, Ecological and physiological studies of Mt. Shimagare. II. On the crescent-shaped “dead-tree” strips in the Yatsugatake and Chichubu Mountains, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 72: 255–260.
Kimura, M., 1984, Changes in population structure, productivity, and dry matter allocation with the progress of wave regeneration of Abies stands in Japanese subalpine regions. In: Wareing, R.H., ed., Carbon uptake and allocation in subalpine ecosystems as a key to management, Oregon State University, Oregon, p. 57–63.
Kohyami, T., 1982, Studies of the Abies population of Mt. Shimagare. II. Reproductive and life history traits, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 95: 167–182.
Lang, G., 1984, Forest turnover and the dynamics of bole wood litter in the subalpine balsam fir forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15: 262–268.
Marchand, P. J., 1984, Dendrochronology of a fir wave, Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 14: 51–56.
Mathews, J., 1989, Silvicultural systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 284 pp. Miller, K., 1985, Windthrow hazard classification, Forestry Commission Leaflet No. 85, HMSO, London, 14 p.
Oshima, Y., Kimura, M., Iwaki, H., and Kuroiwa, S., 1958, Ecological and physiological studies of the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare. I. Preliminary survey of the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 71: 289–300.
Ossenbruggen, P., Peters, M., and Shigo, A., 1986, Potential failure of a decayed tree under wind loading, Wood Fibre Sci., 18 (1): 169–186.
Rizzo, D., and Harrington, T., 1988, Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18: 991–1001.
Robertson, A., 1987a, Use of trees to study wind, Arboricultural Journal, 11:127–143. Robertson, A., 1987b, The centroid of tree crowns as an indicator of abiotic processes in a balsam fir wave forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17 (7): 746–755.
Robertson, A., 1988, New type of wave forest discovered in southern Labrador, Woody Points, 17 (3): 3–4.
Robertson, A., 1990, Directionality of compression wood in balsam fir wave forest trees, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20 (8): 1143–1148.
Robertson, A., 1991, Centroid of wood density, bole eccentricity and tree ring width in Y Y grelation to vector winds in wave forests, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18 (1): 73–82.
Savill, P., and Evans, J., 1986, Plantation silviculture in temperate regions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 246 p.
Sprugel, D., 1976, Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in northeastern United States, J. Ecology, 64: 889–911.
Sprugel, D., 1984a, Density, biomass, productivity, and nutrient-cycling changes during stand development in wave-regenerated balsam fir forests, Ecol. Mon., 54 (2): 165–186.
Sprugel, D., 1984b, Characteristics, causes and consequences of wave regeneration in high-altitude forests. In: Turner, H., and Tranquillini, W., eds., Establishment and tending of subalpine forests: Research and management, Proceedings 3rd Workshop P 1.07–00, 1984, Anst. foretl. Versuchswes., Ber. 270: 179–188.
Tohda, H., and Kikuchi, T., 1981, Regeneration of Abies mariesii forests in the Hakkoda Mountains. In: Ecological studies on the Abies mariesii forest, The Mtn. Hakkoda Botanical Laboratory, Sendal.
Yoda, K., Kira, T., Ogawa, H., and Hozumi, K., 1963, Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivation and natural stand conditions, J. Inst. Polytechnics, Osaka City University, Series D14: 107–129.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Robertson, A. (1993). Wind and Wave Forests: A Case Study and Implications for Silviculture. In: Alden, J.N., Mastrantonio, J.L., Ødum, S. (eds) Forest Development in Cold Climates. NATO ASI Series, vol 244. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1600-6_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1600-6_33
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1602-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1600-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive