Skip to main content

Wind and Wave Forests: A Case Study and Implications for Silviculture

  • Chapter
Forest Development in Cold Climates

Part of the book series: NATO ASI Series ((NSSA,volume 244))

Abstract

The perception among scientists is that wave forests are rare. This is probably because few wave forests have been described in the scientific and technical literature, and are, therefore, largely outside the purview of forest managers. The number of reports of wave forests is growing, however. For example, until 1985, wave forests in Newfoundland were virtually unknown, although a few foresters mistook them for strange cutting patterns. Understandably, few have heard of a clonal wave krummholz, which I discovered by chance in southern Labrador in 1988.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Cannell, M., 1985, Dry matter partitioning in tree crops. In: Cannell, M. G. R., and Jackson, J. E., eds., Attributes of trees as crop plants, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, p. 160–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couttes, M., 1986, Components of tree stability in Sitka spruce on peaty gley soil, Forestry, 59: 173–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crain, I., 1972, Monte Carlo simulation of random Voronoi polygons: Preliminary results, Search, 3: 220–221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elling, A., and Verry, E., 1978, Predicting wind-caused mortality in strip cut stands of black spruce, For. Chron., 54: 249–252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finnegan, J., 1979, Turbulence in waving wheat. II. Structure and momentum transfer, Boundary-Layer Meteorol., 16: 213–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleming, R., and Crossfield, R., 1983, Strip cutting in shallow-soil upland black spruce near Nipigon, Ontario. III. Windfall and mortality in the leave strips: Preliminary results, Information Report O-X-354, Great Lakes Forest Research Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, 27 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galinski, W., 1989, A windthrow-risk estimation of coniferous trees, Forestry, 62 (2): 139–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwaki, H., and Totsuka, T., 1959, Ecological and physiological studies of Mt. Shimagare. II. On the crescent-shaped “dead-tree” strips in the Yatsugatake and Chichubu Mountains, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 72: 255–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kimura, M., 1984, Changes in population structure, productivity, and dry matter allocation with the progress of wave regeneration of Abies stands in Japanese subalpine regions. In: Wareing, R.H., ed., Carbon uptake and allocation in subalpine ecosystems as a key to management, Oregon State University, Oregon, p. 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohyami, T., 1982, Studies of the Abies population of Mt. Shimagare. II. Reproductive and life history traits, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 95: 167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, G., 1984, Forest turnover and the dynamics of bole wood litter in the subalpine balsam fir forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 15: 262–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchand, P. J., 1984, Dendrochronology of a fir wave, Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 14: 51–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathews, J., 1989, Silvicultural systems, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 284 pp. Miller, K., 1985, Windthrow hazard classification, Forestry Commission Leaflet No. 85, HMSO, London, 14 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oshima, Y., Kimura, M., Iwaki, H., and Kuroiwa, S., 1958, Ecological and physiological studies of the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare. I. Preliminary survey of the vegetation of Mt. Shimagare, Botanical Magazine Tokyo, 71: 289–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ossenbruggen, P., Peters, M., and Shigo, A., 1986, Potential failure of a decayed tree under wind loading, Wood Fibre Sci., 18 (1): 169–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, D., and Harrington, T., 1988, Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18: 991–1001.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A., 1987a, Use of trees to study wind, Arboricultural Journal, 11:127–143. Robertson, A., 1987b, The centroid of tree crowns as an indicator of abiotic processes in a balsam fir wave forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 17 (7): 746–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A., 1988, New type of wave forest discovered in southern Labrador, Woody Points, 17 (3): 3–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A., 1990, Directionality of compression wood in balsam fir wave forest trees, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 20 (8): 1143–1148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, A., 1991, Centroid of wood density, bole eccentricity and tree ring width in Y Y grelation to vector winds in wave forests, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18 (1): 73–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savill, P., and Evans, J., 1986, Plantation silviculture in temperate regions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 246 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprugel, D., 1976, Dynamic structure of wave-regenerated Abies balsamea forests in northeastern United States, J. Ecology, 64: 889–911.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sprugel, D., 1984a, Density, biomass, productivity, and nutrient-cycling changes during stand development in wave-regenerated balsam fir forests, Ecol. Mon., 54 (2): 165–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sprugel, D., 1984b, Characteristics, causes and consequences of wave regeneration in high-altitude forests. In: Turner, H., and Tranquillini, W., eds., Establishment and tending of subalpine forests: Research and management, Proceedings 3rd Workshop P 1.07–00, 1984, Anst. foretl. Versuchswes., Ber. 270: 179–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tohda, H., and Kikuchi, T., 1981, Regeneration of Abies mariesii forests in the Hakkoda Mountains. In: Ecological studies on the Abies mariesii forest, The Mtn. Hakkoda Botanical Laboratory, Sendal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoda, K., Kira, T., Ogawa, H., and Hozumi, K., 1963, Self-thinning in overcrowded pure stands under cultivation and natural stand conditions, J. Inst. Polytechnics, Osaka City University, Series D14: 107–129.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Robertson, A. (1993). Wind and Wave Forests: A Case Study and Implications for Silviculture. In: Alden, J.N., Mastrantonio, J.L., Ødum, S. (eds) Forest Development in Cold Climates. NATO ASI Series, vol 244. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1600-6_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1600-6_33

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1602-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1600-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics