Abstract
Manic—Depressive Illness, or Bipolar Disorder as it has been designated since DSM-III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980), has captured the interest of clinicians and nonclinicians virtually since the beginning of recorded history. It is at once fascinating and almost inconceivable that an illness could render its sufferer so maniacal one moment, so depressed and immobile the next, and so absolutely normal the third. While its recurrent nature and protean manifestations were recognized intermittently over the centuries, Kraepelin (1921) was the first person to systematically and prospectively study hundreds of people afflicted in such a way that patterns could be observed in terms of symptom cluster, periodicity, and mood oscillation. Although replicated, the many individual and committee hours spent on the task have not significantly improved on his work.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Akiskal, H. S., Downs, J., Jordan, P., Watson, S., Daugherty, D., & Pruitt, D. B. (1985a). Affective disorders in referred children and younger siblings of manic depressives. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 996–1004.
Akiskal, H. S., Djenderedjian, A. H., Rosenthal, R. H., & Khani, M. (1977). Cyclothymic disorder: Validating criteria for inclusion in the bipolar affective group. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1227–1233.
Akiskal, H. S., Yerevanian, B. L., Davis, G. C., King, D., & Lemmi, H. (1985b). The nosologic status of borderline personality: Clinical and polysomnographic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 192–198.
American Psychiatric Association (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd ed., revised. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th ed. Washington, DC: Author.
Angst, J. (1988). Clinical course of affective disorders. In T. Helgason & R. J. Daly (Eds.), Depressive illness: Prediction of course and outcome (pp. 1–48). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Annell, A. L. (1969). Lithium in the treatment of children and adolescents. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, 207, 19–33.
Annesley, P. T. (1961). Psychiatric illness in adolescence: Presentation and prognosis. Journal of Mental Science, 107, 268–278.
Anthony, E. J., & Scott, P. (1960). Manic depressive psychosis in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1, 53–72.
Ballenger, J. C., Reus, V I., & Post, R. M. (1982). The “atypical” presentation of adolescent mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 602–606.
Baron M., Risch N., & Mendlewicz J. (1983). Age at onset in bipolar-related major affective illness: Clinical and genetic implications. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 5–18.
Beiser, M., Iacono, W. G., & Erikson, D. (1989). Temporal stability in the major mental disorders. In L. N. Robins & J. E. Barret (Eds.), The validity of psychiatric diagnoses (pp. 77–97). New York: Raven Press.
Biederman, J., Munir, K., Knee, D., Habelov, W., Armentano, M., Autor, S., Hoge, S. K., & Waternaux, C. (1986). A family study of patients with attention deficit disorder and normal controls. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 20, 263–274.
Black, D. W., Winokur, G., Bell, S., Nasrallah, A., & Hulbert, J. (1988). Complicated mania—Comorbidity and immediate outcome in the treatment of mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 232–236.
Blumenthal, R. L., Egeland, J. A., Sharpe, L., Nee, J., & Endicott, J. (1987). Age onset in bipolar and unipolar illness with and without delusions and hallucinations. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 28, 547–554.
Bouman, T. K., Niemantsverdriet van Kampen, J. G., Ormel, J., & Slooff, C. J. (1986). The effectiveness of lithium prophylaxis in bipolar and unipolar depressions and schizo-affective disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 275–280.
Brockington, I. F., Heizer, J. F., Hillier, V. F., & Francis, A. F. (1982). Definitions of depression: Concordance and prediction of outcome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1022–1027.
Brockington, I. F., Wainwright, S., & Kendall, R. E. (1980). Manic patients with schizophrenic or paranoid symptoms. Psychological Medicine, 10, 73–83.
Campbell, M., Green, W. H., & Deutsch, S. I. (1985). Child and adolescent psychopharmacology. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
Cantwell, D. P. (1972). Psychiatric illness in the families of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 414–417.
Carlson, G. A. (1979). Affective psychoses in mental retardates. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2, 499–510.
Carlson, G. A. (1980). Manic—depressive illness and cognitive immaturity. New York: Spectrum Publications.
Carlson, G. A. (1983). Bipolar affective disorders in childhood and adolescence. IN D. P. Cantwell & G. A. Carlson (Eds., Affective disorders in childhood and adolescence—An update (pp. 61–84). New York: Spectrum Publications.
Carlson, G. A. (1984). Issues of classification in childhood bipolar disorder. Psychiatric Developments, 4, 273–285.
Carlson, G. A. (1990). Annotation: Child and adolescent mania—Diagnostic considerations. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 331–341.
Carlson, G. A., Davenport, Y. B., & Jamison, K. (1977). A comparison of outcome in adolescent and late onset bipolar manic depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 919–922.
Carlson, G. A., & Garber, J. (1986). Developmental issues in the classification of depressive disorders in children. In M. Rutter, C. E. Izard, & P. B. Read (Eds.), Depression in children: Developmental perspective. (pp. 399–434). New York: Guilford Press.
Carlson, G. A., & Goodwin, F. K (1973). The stages of mania. Archives of General Psychiatry, 134, 919–922.
Carlson, G. A., & Kashani, J. H. (1988). Manic symptoms in non-referred adolescent population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 219–226.
Carlson, G. A., Rapport, M. D., Kelly, K. L., & Pataki, C. S. (1992a). Lithium and methylphenidate in children. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 262–270.
Carlson, G. A., Rapport, M. D., Pataki, C. S., & Kelly, K. L. (1992b). Lithium in hospitalized children at 4 and 8 weeks: Mood, behavior, and cognitive effects. Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 411–425.
Carlson, G. A., & Strober, M. (1978). Manic depressive illness in early adolescence: A study of clinical and diagnostic characteristics in six cases. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17, 138–153.
Carlson, G. A., & Strober, M. (1979). Affective disorders in adolescence. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2, 511–525.
Carlson, G. A., & Weintraub, S. (1993). Childhood behavior problems and bipolar disorder—relationship or coincidence? Journal of Affective Disorders, 28, 143–154.
Casat, C. D. (1982). The under-and over-diagnosis of mania in children and adolescents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23, 552–559.
Cooper, J. E., Kendell, R. E., Gurland, B. J., Sharpe, L., Copeland, J. R. M., & Simon, R. (1972). Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London: A comparative study of mental hospital admissions. Maudsley Monograph No. 20. London: Oxford University Press.
Coryell, W., & Norten, S. G. (1980). Mania during adolescence. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 168, 611–613.
Davis, R. E. (1979). Manic depressive variant syndrome of childhood: A preliminary report. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 702–706.
Decina, P., Kestenbaum, C. J., Farber, S., Kron, L., Gargan, M., Sackheim, H. A., & Fieve, R. R. (1983). Clinical and psychological assessment of children of bipolar probands. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 545–553.
DeLong, G. R., & Aldershof, A. L. (1987). Long-term experience with lithium treatment in childhood: Correlation with clinical diagnoses. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 389–394.
Depue, R. A., Slater, J. F., Wolfstetter-Kausch, H., Klein, D., Goplerud, E., & Farr, D. (1981). A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 381–437.
Dyson, W. L., & Barcai, A. (1970). Treatment of children of lithium responding parents. Current Therapy Research, 12, 286–290.
Eggers, C. (1978). Course and prognosis of childhood schizophrenia. Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 8, 21–36.
Eggers, C. (1989). Schizo-affective psychoses in childhood: A follow-up study. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 19, 327–342.
Endicott, J., Nee, J., Andreasen, N., Clayton, P., Keller, M., & Coryell, W. (1985). Bipolar II: Combine or keep separate? Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 17–28.
Feinstein, S. C., Feldman-Rotman, S., & Woolsey, A. B. (1982). Diagnostic aspects of manic-depressive illness in children and adolescents. Stratton, NY: Thieme.
Freeman, T. W., Clothier, J. L., Pazzaglia, P., Lesem, M. D., & Swann, A. C. (1992). A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 108–111.
Gershon, E. S., Hamovit, J. H., Guroff, J. J., & Nurnberger, J. I. (1987). Birth-cohort changes in manic and depressive disorders in relatives of bipolar and schizoaffective patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 314–319.
Gershon, E. S., McKnew, D., Cytryn, L., Hamovit, J., Schreiber, J., Hibbs, E., & Pellegrini, D. (1985). Diagnoses in school-age children of bipolar affective disorder patients and normal controls. Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 283–291.
Gittelman, R., Mannuzza, S., Shenker, R., & Bonagura, N. (1985). Hyperactive boys almost grown up. I. Psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42, 937–947.
Goodwin, F. K, & Jamison, K R. (1990). Manic depressive illness. New York: Oxford University Press.
Gottesman, I. I., & Shields, J. (1976). A critical review of recent adoption, twin and family studies of schizophrenia: Behavior genetics perspectives. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 2, 360–401.
Greenhill, L. L., Reider, R. O., Wender, P. H., Buchsbaum, H., & Zahn, P. (1973). Lithium carbonate treatment of hyperactive children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 636–640.
Harrow, M., Goldberg, J. E., Grossman, C. A., & Meltzer, H. Y. (1990). Outcome in manic disorders: A naturalistic follow-up study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 665–671.
Hassanyeh, E., & Davison, K. (1980). Bipolar affective psychosis with onset before age 16: Report of 10 cases. British Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 530–539.
Hellgren, L., Gillberg, C., & Enerskog, I. (1987). Antecedents of adolescent psychoses: A population-base study of school health problems in children who develop psychosis in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 351–355.
Himmelhoch, J. M., & Garfinkel, M. E. (1986). Sources of lithium resistance in mixed mania. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 22, 613–620.
Himmelhoch, J. M., Mulla, D., Neil, J. E., Detre, T. P., Kupfer, D. J. (1976). Incidence and significance of mixed affective states in a bipolar population. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 1062–1066.
Horgon, D. (1981). Change in diagnosis to manic-depressive illness. Psychological Medicine, 11, 517–523.
Horowitz, H. A. (1977). Lithium and the treatment of adolescent manic depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System, 6, 480–483.
Iacono, W. G., & Beiser, M. (1989). The emergence of a new discipline: Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Johnson, J., Horvath, E., & Weissman, M. M. (1991). The validity of major depression with psychotic features based on a community sample. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1075–1981.
Jones, P. M., & Berney, T. P. (1987). Early onset rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 28, 731–738.
Joyce, P. R. (1984). Age onset in bipolar affective disorder and misdiagnosis as schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 14, 145–149.
Keller, M. B., Shapiro, R. W., Lavori, P. W., & Wolfe, N. (1982). Recovery in major depressive disorder: Analysis with life table and regression models. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 905–910.
Kestenbaum, C. J. (1979). Children at risk for manic-depressive illness: Possible predictors. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1206–1208.
Koehler-Troy, C., Strober, M., & Malenbaum, R. (1986). Methylphenidate-induced mania in a prepubertal child: A case report. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 566–567.
Kovacs, M., & Gatsonis, C. (1989). Stability and change in childhood-onset depressive disorders: Longitudinal course as a diagnostic validator. In L. N. Robins & J. E. Barrett (Eds.), The validity of psychiatric diagnosis (pp. 57–73). New York: Raven Press.
Kraepelin, E. (1921). Manic depressive insanity and paranoia. Livingstone: Edinburgh.
Kutcher, S. P. Marton, P., & Korenblum, M. (1990). Adolescent bipolar illness and personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 355–358.
Landolt, A. D. (1957). Follow-up studies on circular manic depressive reactions occurring in the young. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 33, 65–73.
Loranger, A. P. W., & Levine, P. M. (1978). Age of onset of bipolar affective illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 1345–1348.
Mayo, J. A., O’Connell, R. A., & O’Brien, J. D. (1979). Families of manic-depressive patients: Effect of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 1535–1539.
McGlashan, T. H. (1983). The borderline syndrome. II. Is it a variant of schizophrenia or affective disorder? Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1319–1323.
McGlashan, T. H. (1988). Adolescent versus adult onset of mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 221–224.
McLaughlin, M. (1987). Bipolar affective disorder in Down’s syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 116–117.
Morrison, J. R., & Stewart, M. A. (1971). A family study of the hyperactive child syndrome. Biological Psychiatry, 3, 189–195.
Neuchterlein, K. (1986). Childhood precursors of adult schizophrenia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 133–144.
Olsen, T. (1961). Follow-up study of manic-depressive patients whose first attack occurred before the age of 19. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum, 162, 45–51.
Parker, G., O’Donnell, M., & Walter, S. (1985). Changes in the diagnoses of functional psychoses associated with the introduction of lithium. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 377–382.
Pope, H. G., Jr., McElroy, S. L., Keck, P. E., Jr., & Hudson, J. L. (1991). Valproate in the study of acute mania: A placebo controlled study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 62–68.
Post, R. M., Rubinow, D. R., Uhde, T. W., Roy-Byrne, P., Linnoila, M., Rosoff, A., & Cowdry, R. (1989). Dysphoric mania: Clinical and biologic correlates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 353–358.
Prien, R. E., Caffey, E. M., Jr., & Klett, J. (1974). Factors associated with the treatment success in lithium carbonate prophylaxis: Report to the Veterans Administration and National Institute of Mental Health Collaborative Study Group. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 189–192.
Prien, R. F., Himmelhoch, J. H., & Kupfer, D. J. (1988). Treatment of mixed mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 9–15.
Rice, J., Reich, T., Andreasen, N. C., Endicott, J., Van Eerdewegh, M., Fishman, R., Hirschfeld, R. M. A., & Klerman, G. L. (1987). The familial transmission of bipolar illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 441–450.
Reiss, A. L. (1985). Developmental manifestations in a boy with prepubertal bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 41, 441–443.
Rifkin, A., Levitan, S. J., Galweski, J., & Klein, D. F. (1972a). Emotionally unstable character disorder—A follow-up study. 1. Description of patients and outcome. Biological Psychiatry, 4, 65–79.
Rifkin, A., Levitan, S. J., Galweski, J., & Klein, D. F. (1972b). Emotionally unstable character disorder—a follow-up study. II. Prediction of outcome. Biological Psychiatry, 4, 81–88.
Rifkin, A., Quitkin, E., Carillo, C., Blumberg, A. G., & Klein, D. F. (1972). Lithium carbonate in emotionally unstable character disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 519–523.
Rosen, L. N., Rosenthal, N. E., Van Dusen, P. H., Dunner, D. L., & Fieve, R. R. (1983). Age at onset and number of psychotic symptoms in bipolar I and schizoaffective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 1523–1524.
Smeraldi, G., Gasperini, M., Macciardi, F., Bussoleni, C., & Morabito, A. (1983). Factors affecting the distribution of age of onset in affective parents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 309–317.
Sovner, R., & Hurley, A. D. (1982). Diagnosing depression in the mentally retarded: Diagnosing mania in the mentally retarded. Psychiatric Aspects of Mental Retardation Newsletter, 1, 1–12.
Sovner, R., & Hurley, A. D. (1983). Do the mentally retarded suffer from affective illness? Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 61–67.
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1978). Research Diagnostic Criteria. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Steingard, R., & Biederman, J. (1987). Case report: Lithium responsive manic-like symptoms in two individuals with autism and mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 932–935.
Stewart, M. D., DeBlois, S., & Cummings, C. (1980). Psychiatric disorder in the parents of hyperactive boys and those with conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 21, 283–292.
Strober, M., & Carlson, G. A. (1982). Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression: Clinical, genetic and psychopharmacologic predictors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 39, 549–555.
Strober, M., Lampert, C., Schmidt, S., & Morrell, W. (1993). The course of major depressive disorder in adolescents: Recovery and risk of manic switching in a 24-month prospective, naturalistic follow-up of psychotic and non-psychotic subtypes. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 34–42.
Strober, M., Morrell, N., Lampert, C., & Burroughs, J. (1990). Lithium carbonate in prophylactic treatment of bipolar I illness in adolescents: A naturalistic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 457–461.
Strober, M., Morrell, W., Burroughs, J., Lampert, C., Danforth, H., & Freeman, R. (1988). A family study of bipolar I disorder in adolescence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 255–268.
Suppes, T., Baldessarini, R. J., Faedda, G. L., & Tohen, M. (1991). Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1082–1088.
Tyrer, S. P. (1985). Lithium in the treatment of mania. Journal of Affective Disorders, 8, 157–251.
van Krevelen, D., & van Voorst, J. (1959). Lithium in the treatment of a cryptogenic psychosis of a juvenile. Acta Paedopsychiatrica, 26, 148–152.
Varanka, T. M., Weller, E. B., Weiler, K. A., & Fristad, M. A. (1988). Lithium treatment of psychotic features in prepubertal children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 1557–1559.
Weinberg, W. A., & Brumback, R. A. (1976). Mania in childhood: Case studies and literature review. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 130, 380–385.
Weintraub, S. (1987). Risk factors in schizophrenia: The Stony Brook High-Risk Project. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 13, 439–450.
Weiss, G., Hechtman, L. T., & Lily, R. (1986). Hyperactive children grown up—Empirical findings and theoretical considerations. New York: Guilford Press.
Weissmann, M. M., Warner, V., Wickramaratne, P., & Prusoff, B. A. (1988). Early onset major depression in parents and their children. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15, 269–277.
Weller, R. A., Weller, E. B., Tucker, S. G., & Fristad, M. A. (1986). Mania in prepubertal children: Has it been underdiagnosed? Journal of Affective Disorders, 11, 151–154.
Welner, A., Welner, Z., & Fishman, R. (1979). Psychiatric adolescent inpatients 8 to 10 year follow up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 698–700.
Werry, J. S., McClellan, J. M., & Chard, L. (1991). Childhood and adolescent schizophrenic, bipolar and schizoaffective disorders: A clinical and outcome study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 30, 457–465.
Wertham, F. I. (1929). A group of benign psychoses: Prolonged manic excitements with a statistical study of age, duration, and frequency in 2000 manic attacks. American Journal of Psychiatry, 9, 17–28.
White, J. H., & O’Shanick, G. (1977). Juvenile manic-depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 134, 1035–1036.
Whitehead, P. L., & Clark. L. D. (1970). Effect of lithium carbonate, placebo, and thioridazine on hyperactive children. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 824–825.
Winokur, G., Clayton, P. J., & Reich, T. (1969). Manic depressive illness. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby.
Youngerman, J., & Canino, I. (1978). Lithium carbonate use in children and adolescents: A survey of the literature. Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 216–224.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carlson, G.A. (1994). Adolescent Bipolar Disorder. In: Reynolds, W.M., Johnston, H.F. (eds) Handbook of Depression in Children and Adolescents. Issues in Clinical Child Psychology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1510-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1510-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-1512-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-1510-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive