Abstract
The Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), is one of the most common forest insects in the eastern United States. It was first discovered and studied on Nantucket Island, Massachusetts,63 where it was causing severe damage to pines and was described as the “frustrating Retinia” (= Rhyacionia).23 The taxonomic status of R. frustrana is generally clear except for its relationship with R. bushnelli Miller, thought by some to be a subspecies.59 The primary difference is that R. frustrana overwinters in infested shoots and R. bushnelli overwinters in the duff and soil beneath the trees.
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Berisford, C.W. (1988). The Nantucket Pine Tip Moth. In: Berryman, A.A. (eds) Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. Population Ecology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_8
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