Abstract
In reviewing this subject, it became clear to me that plankton ecologists fall out into two groups: Those who delight in finding the patterns in nature that can be explained by size, and those who delight in finding exceptions to the established size-dependent rules. I came to appreciate the degree to which the satisfaction of both groups is equally justified. The mechanisms underlying the size-dependent patterns have undoubtedly steered the general course of phytoplankton evolution, but the organisms that do not abide by the rules reveal the wonderful diversity of ways in which cells have managed to disobey the “laws” scripted for them. The simplicity of the general relationships serves as a stable backdrop against which the exceptions can shine. By understanding the forces that have driven the design of these exceptions, we can begin to understand the ecology that has shaped past and present planktonic ecosystems.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Agusti, S., and Kalff, J., 1989, The influence of growth conditions on the size dependence of maximal algal density and biomass, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34:1104.
Agusti, S., Duarte, C. M., and Kalff, J., 1987, Algal cell size and the maximum density and biomass of phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 32:983.
Agusti, S., Duarte, D. M., and Canfield, D. E., 1990, Phytoplankton abundance in Florida lakes: Evidence for frequent lack of nutrient limitation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35:181.
Agusti, S., Duarte, D. M., and Canfield, D. E., 1991, Biomass partitioning in Florida phytoplankton communities, J. Plank. Res., 13:239.
Banse, K., 1982, Cell volumes, maximal growth rates of unicellular algae and ciliates, and the role of ciliates in the marine pelagial, Limnol. Oceanogr., 1059-1071.
Banse, K., 1976, Rates of growth, respiration, and photosynthesis of unicellular algae as related to cell size—A review, J. Phycol., 12:135.
Beers, J. R., Reid, F. M. H., and Stewart, G. L., 1982, Seasonal abundance of the microplankton population in the N. Pacific central gyre, Deep-Sea Res., 29:217.
Bienfang, P. K., and Takahashi, M., 1983, Ultraplankton growth rates in a subtropical ecosystem, Mar. Biol., 76:213.
Blasco, D., Packard, T. T., and Garfield, P. C., 1982, Size dependence of growth rate, respiratory electron transport system activity and chemical composition of marine diatoms in the laboratory, J. PhycoL, 18:58.
Borgmann, U., 1982, Particle-size-conversion efficiency and total animal production in pelagic ecosystems, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 39:668.
Bricaud, A., Bedhomme, A.-L., and Morel, A., 1988, Optical properties of diverse phytoplanktonic species: Experimental results and theoretical interpretation, J. Plank. Res., 10:851.
Bruland, K. W., 1983, Trace elements in sea-water, in: “Chemical Oceanography, Vol. 8, J.P. Riley and R. Chester, eds., Academic Press, London.
Button, D., and Robertson, B., 1989, Kinetics of bacterial processes in natural aquatic systems based on biomass as determined by high-resolution flow cytometry, Cytometry, 10:558.
Calder, W. A. III, 1984, “Function and Life History,” Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Cavalier-Smith, T., 1980, R-and K-tactics in the evolution of protist developmental systems: Cell and genome size, phenotype diversifying selection, and cell cycle patterns, Biosystems, 12:43.
Cavalier-Smith, T., 1978, Nuclear volume control by nucleoskeletal DNA, selection for cell volume and cell growth rate and the solution of the DNA C-value paradox, J. Cell. Sci., 34:247.
Chan, A. T., 1978, Comparative physiological study of marine diatoms and dinoflagellates in relation to irradiance and cell size, I. Growth under continuous light, J. Phycol., 14:396.
Chavez, F. P., 1989, Size distribution of phytoplankton in the central and eastern tropical Pacific, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 3:27.
Chavez, F. P., Buck, K. R., Coale, K., Martin, J. H., DiTullio, G. R., Welshmeyer, N. A., Jacobson, A. C., and Barber, R. T., 1991, Growth rates, grazing, sinking and iron limitation of equatorial Pacific phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., in press.
Chisholm, S. W., and Costello, J. C., 1980, Influence of environmental factors and population composition on the timing of cell division in Thalassiosira fluviatilis (Bacillariophyceae) grown on light/dark cycles, J. Phycol., 16:375.
Chisholm, S. W., Olson, R. J., Zettler, E. R., Goericke, R., Waterbury, J., and Welschmeyer, N., 1988, A novel free-living prochlorophyte abundant in the oceanic euphotic zone, Nature, 334:340.
Chisholm, S. W., Frankel, S. L., Goericke, R., Olson, R. J., Palenik, B., Waterbury, J. B., West-Johnsrud, L., and Zettler, E. R., 1991, Prochlorococcus marinus nov. gen. nov. sp.: A oxyphototrophic marine prokaryote containing divinyl chlorophyll a and b, Archiv. Microbiol., in press.
Costello, J. C., and Chisholm, S. W., 1981, The influence of cell size on the growth rate of Thalassiosira weissflogii, J. Plank. Res., 3:415.
Douglas, D. J., 1984, Microautoradiography-based enumeration of photosynthetic picoplankton with estimates of carbon-specific growth rates, Mar Ecol. Prog. Ser., 14:223.
Duarte, C. M., Agusti, S., and Peters, H., 4987, An upper limit to the abundance of aquatic organisms, Oecologia (Berlin), 74:272.
Duarte, D. M., Agusti, S., and Canfield, D. E., 1990, Size plasticity of freshwater phytoplankton: Implications for community structure, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35:1846.
Dugdale, R. C., and Goering, J. J., 1967, Uptake of new and regenerated forms of nitrogen in primary productivity, Limnol. Oceanogr., 12:196.
Elton, C., 1927, “Animal Ecology,” Macmillan, New York.
Eppley, R. W., and Sloan, P. R., 1965, Carbon balance experiments with marine phytoplankton, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 22:1083.
Eppley, R. W., and Peterson, B. J., 1979, Particulate organic matter flux and planktonic new production in the deep ocean, Nature, 282:677.
Eppley, R. W., and Sloan, P. R., 1966, Growth rates of marine phytoplankton: Correlation with light absorption by cell chlorophyll a, Physiol. Plant., 19:47.
Eppley, R. W., and Koeve, W., 1990, Nitrate use by plankton in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic, March–April 1989, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35:1781.
Eppley, R. W., Sharp, J. H., Renger, E. H., Perry, M. J., and Harrison, W. G., 1977, Nitrogen assimilation by phytoplankton and other microorganisms in the surface waters of the central North Pacific Ocean, Mar. Biol., 39:111.
Falkowski, P. G., and Owens, T. G., 1978, Effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and dark respiration in six species of marine phytoplankton, Mar. Biol., 45:289.
Fenchel, T., 1974, Intrinsic rate of natural increase: The relationship with body size, Oecologia (Berlin), 14:317.
Fumas, M. J., 1983, Nitrogen dynamics in lower Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, 1. Uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton populations, J. Plank. Res., 5:657.
Furnas, M. J., and Mitchell, A. W., 1988, Photosynthetic characteristics of Choral Sea Picoplankton (<2 μm size fraction), Biol. Oceanogr., 5:163.
Garside, C., 1982, A chemiluminescent technique for the determination of nanomolar concentrations of nitrate and nitrate, or nitrite alone in seawater, Mar. Chem., 11:159.
Gavis, J., 1976, Munk and Riley revisited: Nutrient diffusion transport and rates of phytoplankton growth, J. Mar. Res., 34:161.
Geider, R. J., Platt, T., and Raven, J. A., 1986, Size dependence of growth and photosynthesis in diatoms: A synthesis, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 30:93.
Glover, H. E., Campbell, L., and Prezelin, B. B., 1986, Contribution of Synechococcus to size-fractionated primary productivity in three water masses in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean, Mar. Biol., 91:193.
Goericke, R., and Repeta, D., 1991, The pigments of Prochlorococcus marinus: The presence of divinyl-chlorophyll a and b in a marine cyanobacterium, Limnol. Oceanogr., in press.
Goldman, J. C., 1988, Spatial and temporal discontinuities of biological processes in pelagic surface waters, in: “Toward a Theory on Biological Physical Interactions in the World Ocean,” B.J. Rothschild, ed., Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
Grover, J. P., 1989, Influence of cell shape and size on algal competitive ability, J. Phycol., 25:402.
Harrison, W. G., and Wood, L. J. E., 1988, Inorganic nitrogen uptake by marine phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 33:468.
Heinbokel, J. F., 1986, Occurrence of Richelia intracellularis (Cyanophyta) within the diatoms Hemiaulus haukii and H. membranaceus off Hawaii, J. Phycol., 22:399.
Herbland, A., Le Bouteiller, A., and Raimbault, P. L., 1985, Size structure of phytoplankton in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 32:819.
Herbland, A., and Le Bouteiller, A., 1981, The size distribution of phytoplankton and particulate organic matter in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean, importance of ultraseston and consequences, J. Plank. Res., 3:6659.
Hopcroft, R. R., and Roff, J. C., 1990, Phytoplankton size fractions in a tropical neritic ecosystem near Kingston Jamaica, J. Plank. Res., 12:1069.
Hudson, R. J., and Morel, F. M. M., 1991, Trace metal transport by marine microorganisms: Implications of metal coordination kinetics, Deep-Sea Res., in press.
Holm-Hansen, O., 1969, Algae: Amounts of DNA and organic carbon in single cells, Science, 163:87.
Iturriaga, R., and Mitchell, B. G., 1986, Chroococcoid cyanobacteria: A significant component of the food web dynamics of the open ocean, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 28:291.
Iturriaga, R., and Marra, J., 1988, Temporal and spatial variability of chroococcoid cyanobacteria Synechococcus spp. specific growth rates and their contribution to primary production in the Sargasso Sea, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 44:175.
Kana, T. M., and Glibert, P. M., 1987, Effect of irradiances up to 2000 μE m-2 sec-1 on marine Synechococcus WH7803 — I. Growth, pigmentation, and cell composition, Deep-Sea Res., 34:479.
Karl, D. M., Bird, D. F., Hebel, D. V., Letelier, R., Sabine, C., and Winn, C. D., 1991b, Nitrogen fixation contributes to new production in the oligotrophic North Pacific Gyre, unpublished.
Karl, D. M., Hebel, D. V., Bird, D. F., Letelier, R., and Winn, C. D., 1991a, Trichodesmium blooms and new nitrogen in the North Pacific Gyre, in: “Biology and Ecology of Diazotrophic Marine Organisms: Trichodesmium and Other Species,” E.J. Carpenter, D.G. Capone, and J.G. Rueter, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York.
Kerr, S. R., 1974, Theory of size distribution in ecological communities, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 31:1859.
Kiefer, D. A., and Berwald, J., 1992, A random encounter model for the microbial planktonic community, Limnol. Oceanogr., in press.
Koike, I., Ronner, U., and Holm-Hansen, O., 1981, Microbial nitrogen metabolism in the Scotia Sea, Antarctic J., 16:165.
Koike, I., Holm-Hansen, O., and Biggs, D. C., 1986, Inorganic nitrogen metabolism by Antarctic phytoplankton with special reference to ammonia cycling, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 30:105.
LaBarbera, M., 1989, Analyzing body size as a factor in ecology and evolution, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 20:97.
Langdon, C., 1987, On the causes of interspecific differences in the growth-irradiance relationship for phytoplankton, I. A comparative study of the growth-irradiance relationship of three marine phytoplankton species: Skeletonema costatum, Olisthodiscus luteus and Gonyaulax tamarensis, J. Plank. Res., 9:459.
Langdon, C., 1988, On the causes of interspecific differences in the growth-irradiance relationship for phytoplankton, II. A general review, J. Plank. Res., 10:1291.
Laws, E. A., 1975, The importance of respiration losses in controlling the size distribution of marine phytoplankton, Ecology, 56:419.
Laws, E. A., Redalje, D. G., Haas, L. W., Bienfang, P. K., Eppley, R. W., Harrison, W. G., Karl, D. M., and Marra, J., 1984, High phytoplankton growth and production rates in oligotrophic Hawaiian coastal waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 29:1161.
Laws, E. A., Harrison, W. G., and DiTullio, G. R., 1985, A comparison of nitrogen assimilation rates based on N-15 uptake and autotrophic protein synthesis, Deep-Sea Res., 32:85.
Lewis, W. M., 1985, Nutrient scarcity as an evolutionary cause of haploidy, Amer. Nat., 125:692.
Logan, B. E., and Alldredge, A. L., 1989, Potential for increased nutrient uptake by flocculating diatoms, Mar. Biol., 101:433.
Mague, T. H., Weare, N. M., and Holm-Hansen, O., 1974, Nitrogen fixation in the north Pacific Ocean, Mar Biol., 24:109.
Malone, T., 1975, Environmental control of phytoplankton cell size, Limnol. Oceanogr., 20:490.
Malone, T., 1971, The relative importance of nannoplankton and netplankton as primary producers in the California current system, Fish. Bull., 69:799.
Malone, T. C., 1980a, Algal size, in: “The Physiological Ecology of Phytoplankton,” I. Morris, ed., U. Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.
Malone, T. C., 1980b, Size-fractionated primary productivity of marine phytoplankton, in: “Primary Productivity in the Sea,” P.G. Faikowski, ed., Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, Plenum, New York.
Maloney, C. L., and Field, J. G., 1985, Use of particle-size data to predict potential pelagic-fish yield of some South African areas, S. Afr. J. Mar Sci., 3:119.
Martin, J. H., Gordon, R. M., and Fitzwater, S. E., 1991, The case for iron, in: “What Controls Phytoplankton Production in Nutirent Rich Areas of the Open Sea?”, S.W. Chisholm and F.M.M. Morel, eds., Limnol. Oceanogr. (Special issue), in press.
Martinez, L., Silver, M. W., King, J. M., and Alldredge, A. L., 1983, Nitrogen fixation by floating diatom mats: A source of new nitrogen to oligotrophic ocean waters, Science, 221:152.
Morel, F. M. M., Hudson, R. J., and Price, N. M., 1991, Trace metal limitation in the sea, in: “What Controls Phytoplankton Production in Nutirent Rich Areas of the Open Sea?”, S.W. Chisholm and F.M.M. Morel, eds., Limnol. Oceanogr. (Special Issue), in press.
Munk, W. H., and Riley, G. A., 1952, Absorption of nutrients by aquatic plants, J. Mar. Res., 11:215.
Murphy, L. S., and Haugen, E. M., 1985, The distribution and abundance of phototrophic ultraplankton in the N. Atlantic, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30:47.
Nalewajko, C., and Garside, C., 1983, Methodological problems in the simultaneous assessment of photosynthesis and nutrient uptake in phytoplankton as functions of light intensity and cell size, Limnol. Oceanogr., 28:591.
Odate, T., and Maita, Y., 1988, Regional variation in the size composition of phytoplankton communities in the Western North Pacific Ocean, Spring 1985, Biol. Oceanogr., 6:65.
Olson, R. J., Zettler, E. R., Dusenberry, J., and Chisholm, S. W., 1991, Advances in oceanography through flow cytometry, in: “Individual Cell and Particle Analysis in Oceanography, S. Demers and M. Lewis, eds., in press.
Olson, R. J., Chisholm, S. W., Zettler, E. R., and Armbrust, E. V., 1988, Analysis of Synechococccus pigment types in the sea using single and dual beam flow cytometry, Deep-Sea Res., 35:425.
Olson, R.J., Chisholm, S.W., Zettler, E.R., and Armbrust, E.V., 1990a, Pigments, size, and distribution of Synechococcus in the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, Limnol. Oceanogr., 35:45.
Olson, R.J., Chisholm, S.W., Zettler, E.R., Altabet, M.A., and Dusenberry, J.A., 1990b, Spatial and temporal distributions of prochlorophyte picoplankton in the North Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Res., 37:1033.
Palenik, B.P., and Haselkorn, R., 1991, Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes, the chlorophyll b-containing prokaryotes, Nature, in press.
Pasciak, W. J., and Gavis, J., 1974, Transport limitation of nutrient uptake in phytoplankton, Limnol. Oceanogr., 19:881.
Peters, R. H., 1978, Empirical physiological models of ecosystem processes, Verh. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol., 20:110.
Peters, R. H., 1983, “The Ecological Implications of Body Size,” Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Platt, T., 1985, Structure of the marine ecosystem: Its allometric basis, in: “Ecosystem Theory for Biological Oceanography,” R.E Ulanowicz and T. Platt, eds., Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 213:55.
Platt, T., and Denman, K. L., 1977, Organization in the pelagic ecosystem, Helgolander wiss. Meeresunters, 30:575.
Platt, T., and Denman, K. L., 1978, The structure of pelagic marine ecosystems, Rapp. P.-V. Reun. Cons. Perm. Int. Explor. Mer., 173:60.
Platt, T., and Silvert, W., 1981, Ecology, physiology, allometry and dimensionality, J. Theor. Biol, 93:885.
Platt, T., Subba Rao, D. V., and Irwin, B., 1983, Photosynthesis of picoplankton in the oligotrophic ocean, Nature, 301:702.
Platt, T., Lewis, M., and Geider, R., 1984, Thermodynamics of the pelagic ecosystem: Elementary closure conditions for biological production in the open ocean, in: “Flows of Energy and Materials in Marine Ecosystems,” M.J.R. Fasham, ed., Plenum, New York.
Probyn, T. A., 1985, Nitrogen uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton populations in the southern Benguela upwelling system, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 22:249.
Probyn, T. A., and Painting, S. J., 1985, Nitrogen uptake by size-fractionated phytoplankton populations in Antarctic surface waters, Limnol. Oceanogr., 30:1327.
Raimbault, P., Rodier, M., and Taupier-Letage, I., 1988, Size fraction of phytoplankton in the Ligurian Sea and the Algerian Basin (Mediterranean Sea): Size distribution versus total concentration, Mar. Microb. Food Webs, 3:1.
Raven, J. A., 1986, Physiological consequences of extremely small size for autotrophic organisms in the sea, in: “Photosynthetic Picoplankton,” T. Platt and W.K. W. Li., eds., Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 214:583.
Rodriguez, J., and Mullin, M. M., 1986, Relation between biomass and body weight of plankton in a steady-state oceanic ecosystem, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31:316.
Ronner, U., Sorennsson, F., and Holm-Hansen, O., 1983, Nitrogen assimilation by phytoplankton in the Scotia Sea, Polar Biol., 2:137.
Schlesinger, D. A., Molot, L. A., and Shuter, B. J., 1981, Specific growth rates of freshwater algae in relation to cell size and light intensity, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 38:1052.
Sheldon, R. W., Prakash, A., and Sutcliffe, W. H., 1972, The size distribution of particles in the ocean, Limnol. Oceanogr., 17:327.
Sheldon, R. W., and Parsons, T. R., 1967, A continuous size spectrum for particulate matter in the sea, J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can., 24:909.
Sherr, E. B., Sherr, B. F., Berman, T., and McCarthy, J. J., 1982, Differences in nitrate and ammonia uptake among components of a phytoplankton population, J. Plankton Res., 4:961.
Silvert, W., and Platt, T., 1978, Energy flux in the pelagic ecosystem: A time-dependent equation, Limnol. Oceanogr., 23:813.
Silvert, W., and Platt, T., 1980, Dynamic energy flow model of the particle size distribution in pelagic ecosystems, in: “Evolution and Ecology of Zooplankton Communities,” W. Charles Kerfoot, ed., The University Press of New England, N.H.
Smith, J. C., Platt, T., Li, W. W. K., Home, E. H. P., Harrison, W. G., Subba Rao, D. U., and Irwin, B. P., 1985, Arctic marine photoautrotophic picoplankton, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 20:207.
Sommer, U., 1989, Maximal growth rates of Antarctic phytoplankton: Only weak dependence on cell size, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34:1109.
Sprules, W. G., and Munawar, M., 1986, Plankton size spectra in relation to ecosystem productivity, size, and perturbation, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 43:1789.
Sprules, W. G., Casselman, J. M., and Shuter, B. J., 1983, Size distribution of pelagic particles in lakes, Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40:1761.
Strathmann, R. R., 1967, Estimating the organic carbon content of phytoplankton from cell volume or plasma volume, LimnoL Oceanogr., 12:411.
Sunda, W. G., Swift, D. G., and Huntsman, S. A., 1991, Low iron requirement in oceanic phytoplankton, Nature, 351:55.
Takahashi, M., and Bienfang, P. K., 1983, Size structure of phytoplankton biomass and photosynthesis in subtropical Hawaiian waters, Mar. Biol., 76:203.
Taylor, A. H., and Joint, I., 1990, A steady state analysis of the ‘microbial loop’ in stratified systems, Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 59:1.
Urbach, E. Robertson, D., and Chisholm, S. W., 1991, Multiple evolutionary origins of prochlorophytes within the cyanobacterial radiation, Nature, in press.
Venrick, E. L., 1974, The distribution and significance of Richelia intracellularis Schmidt in the North Pacific Central Gyre, Limnol Oceanogr., 19:437.
Villareal, T. A., and Carpenter, E. J., 1989, Nitrogen fixation, suspension characteristics and chemical composition of Rhizosolenia mats in the central N. Pacific Gyre, Biol. Oceanogr., 6:327.
Villareal, T. A., 1988, Positive buoyancy in the oceanic diatom Rhizosolenia debyana H. Peragallo, Deep-Sea. Res., 35:1037.
Waterbury, J. B., Watson, S. W., Valois, F. W., and Franks, D. G., 1986, Biological and ecological characterization of the marine unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus, in: “Photosynthetic Picoplankton,” T. Platt and W.K.W. Li., eds., Can. Bull Fish. Aquat. Sci., 214:583.
Wheeler, P. A., and Kirchman, D. L., 1986, Utilization of inorganic and organic nitrogen by bacteria in marine systems, Limnol. Oceanogr., 31:998.
Yentsch, C. S., and Phinney, D. A., 1989, A bridge between ocean optics and microbial ecology, Limnol. Oceanogr., 34:1694.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chisholm, S.W. (1992). Phytoplankton Size. In: Falkowski, P.G., Woodhead, A.D., Vivirito, K. (eds) Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea. Environmental Science Research, vol 43. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0762-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0762-2_12
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0764-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0762-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive