Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Knowledge-Based Automated Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing for Positron Emission Tomography

  • Chapter
New Trends in Radiopharmaceutical Synthesis, Quality Assurance, and Regulatory Control

  • 164 Accesses

Abstract

This article describes the application of basic knowledge engineering principles to the design of automated synthesis equipment for radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Before discussing knowledge programming, an overview of the development of automated radiopharmaceutical synthesis systems for PET will be presented. Since knowledge systems will rely on information obtained from machine transducers, a discussion of the uses of sensory feedback in today’s automated systems follows. Next, the operation of these automated systems is contrasted to radiotracer production carried out by chemists, and the rationale for and basic concepts of knowledge-based programming are explained. Finally, a prototype knowledge-based system supporting automated radiopharmaceutical manufacturing of 18FDG at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is described using lstClass, a commercially available PC-based expert system shell.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Reivich, M.; Kuhl, D., Wolf, A. P.; Greenberg, J.; Phelps, M.; Ido, T.; Casella, V.; Fowler, J. S.; Hoffman, E.; Alavi, A.; Som, P.; Sokoloff, L. Circulation Res. 44: 127 (1979).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Phelps, M. E.; Hoffman, E. J.; Selín, C. J. Nucl. Med. 19: 1311 (1978).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Nagamachi, S.; Ishimatsu, K.; Yamasaki, T.; Irie, T.; Inoue, O.; Suzuki, K. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2: 2116 (1983).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Iwata, R.; Ido, T.; Takahashi, T.; Monma, M. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 35: 445 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Alexoff, D. L.; Russell, J. A. G.; Shiue, C.-Y.; Wolf, A. P.; Fowler, J. S.; MacGregor, R. R. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 37: 1045 (1986).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Brodack, J. W.; Dence, C. S.; Kilbourn, M. R.; Welch, M. J. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 39: 699 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Korpela, H.; Autio, T.; Tikkinen, J.; Kamarainen, E. L. Proc. Seventh Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Groningen, The Netherlands, Abstract 200 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Alexoff, D. L.; Shiue, C. Y.; Blessing G.; Schlyer, D. J.; Wolf, A. P. Proc. Seventh Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Groningen, The Netherlands, Abstract 198 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  9. Padgett, H. C.; Schmidt, D. G.; Luxen, A.; Bida, G. T.; Satyamurthy, N.; Barrio, J. R. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 40: 433 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Feliu, A. L. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 40: 531 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Hamacher, K.; Blessing, G.; Nebeling, B. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 41: 49 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Ruth, T. J.; Adam, M. J.; Morris, D.; Jivan, S. J. Label. Cmpds. Radiopharm. XXIII: 1185 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  13. Vandewalle, T.; Vandecasteele, C.; De Guchteneire, F.; Meulewaeter, L.; Van Haver, D.; Denutte, H.; Goethals, P.; Slegers, G. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36: 469 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Brodack, J. W.; Kilbourn, M. R.; Welch, M. J.; Katzenellenbogen, J. A. J. Nucl. Med. 27: 714 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Suzuki, K.; Inoue, O.; Hashimoto, K.; Yamasaki, T.; Kuchiki, M.; Tamate, K. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 36: 971 (1985).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Del Fiore, G.; Peters, J. M.; Quaglia, L.; Boujelida, F.; Pardon, M. C.; Piette, J. L.; Cantineau, R.; De Landsheere, CH.; Rigo, P. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., Letters 104: 301 (1986).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ishiwata, K.; Moneta, M.; Iwata, R.; Ido, T. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 38: 467 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Takahashi, T.; Ido, T.; Iwata, R.; Hatano, K.; Nakanishi, H.; Shinohara, M.; Iida, S. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 39: 659 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brodack, J. W.; Kilbourn, M. R.; Welch, M. J. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part A 39: 689 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Iida, S.; Sugawara, T.; Toda, Y. Proc. Seventh Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Groningen, The Netherlands, Abstract 202 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Goodman, M. M.; DeVinney, J. L.; Longford, C. P. D.;, Ladetsky, M.; Kabalka, G. W.; Larsen, J.; Hubner, K. F.; Buonocore, E. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, 189 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Ruth, T.; Adam, M.; Jivan, S.; Morris, D.; Tyldesley, S. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, 310 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  23. Goodman, M. M.; DeVinney, J. L.; Kabalka, G. W.; Longford, C. P. D.; Ladetsky, M.; Green, J. F. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, 168 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Appelquist, G.; Bohm, C.; Eriksson, H.; Halldin, C.; Stone-Elander, S. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, 163 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  25. Verbruggen, R.; Cogneau, M.; Dom, C.; Georges, B.; Ghyoot, M.; Jongen, Y.; Luxen, A.; Morelle, J. L.; Semal, C. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  26. Guette, J.-P.; Crenne, N.; Bulliot, H.; Desmurs, J.-R.; Igersheim, F. Pure & Appl. Chem. 60: 1669 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Hayashi, N. and Sugawara, T. Tetrahedron Computer Methodology 1: 237 (1988).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Hayashi, N.; Sugawara, T.; Shintani, M.; Kato, S. J. Automatic Chem. 11: 212 (1989).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Kramer, G. W. and Fuchs, P. L. Advances in Laboratory Automation Robotics, J. R. Strimaitis and G. L. Hawk, Eds., Vol. 4, p. 339.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Isenhour, T. L.; Eckert, S. E.; Marshall, J. C. Anal. Chem. 61: 805 (1989).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Ido, T.; Wan, C.-N.; Casella, V.; Fowler, J. S.; Wolf, A. P.; Reivich, M.; Kuhl, D. E. J. Label. Cmpds. Radiopharm. 14: 175 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Fowler, J. S.; MacGregor, R. R.; Wolf, A. P.; Farrell, A. A.; Karlstrom, K. I.; Ruth, T. J. J. Nucl. Med. 22: 376 (1981).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Hamacher, K.; Coenen, H. H. and Stocklin, G. J. Nucl. Med. 27: 235 (1986).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Le Bars, D.; Lavenne, F.; Sasse, K.; Landais, P. Eighth Int. Symp. on Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry. Princeton, New Jersey, 110 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  35. Vera Ruiz, H.; Marcus, C. S.; Pike, V. W.; Coenen, H. H.; Fowler, J. S.; Meyer, G. J.; Cox, P. H.; Vaalburg, W.; Cantineau, R.; Helus, F.; Lambrecht, R. M. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Part B, 17: 445 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Shortliffe, E. H.; Buchanan, B. G.; Feigenbaum, E. A. Proc. IEEE 67: 1207 (1979).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Merritt, R. Industrial and Process Control Magazine 41, January (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Martz, P. R.; Heffron, M.; Griffith O. Am. Bio. Lab. 16, January/February (1986)

    Google Scholar 

  39. Mahler, E.; Shipman, L. Scientific Computing and Automation 49, April (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  40. Miller, R. Managing Automation 3: 44 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  41. Benassi, F. Managing Automation 3: 50, (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  42. Truett, W. L. Am. Lab. 40 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  43. Settle, F. A., Jr.; and Pleva, M. A. Am. Lab. 20: 64 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. th Int. Conf. on Computers in Chemical Research and Education, Riva Del Garda, Italy, May 28 - June 2, 1989. Anal. Chim. Acta 235.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Honne, B. A. and Pierce, T. H., Eds., Expert System Applications in Chemistry, 408 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  46. Rich, E. Artificial Intelligence. E. M. Munson and J. F. Murphy, Eds. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  47. a) G. M. Vose (Sr. Tech. Ed.) p. 148; (b) Wayner, P. p. 149–154; (c) Jones, W. P.; Hoskins, J. p. 155–164; (d) Roberts, M. p. 165172; (e) Haley, P. V. p. 173–176; (f) Sterling, L. p. 177–182; (g) Josin, G. p. 183–192 Byte 12 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  48. Epp, H.; Kalin, M.; Miller, D. Science 240: 824 (1988).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Ben-Aaron, D. InformationWEEK, p. 38, March 16 (1987).

    Google Scholar 

  50. Brody, A. Info World, June 19, 1989, p. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  51. st Class, Reference Manual, Appendix E. AI Corporation, Waltham, MA (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  52. st Class, Tutorials and Knowledge Engineering Guide, Chapter 4. AI Corporation, Waltham, MA (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Kershner, V. V. Advances in Laboratory Automation Robotics, J. R. Strimaitis and G. L. Hawk, Eds. Zymark Corporation, Hopkinton, MA, 4:417 (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  54. Thompson, B. and Thompson, W. Byte 149 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA

    D. L. Alexoff

Authors
  1. D. L. Alexoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Ali M. Emran

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1991 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Alexoff, D.L. (1991). Knowledge-Based Automated Radiopharmaceutical Manufacturing for Positron Emission Tomography. In: Emran, A.M. (eds) New Trends in Radiopharmaceutical Synthesis, Quality Assurance, and Regulatory Control. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0626-7_32

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0626-7_32

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0628-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0626-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation