Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sexual Differentiation of the Brain

  • Chapter
Postnatal Growth Neurobiology

Abstract

It is abundantly clear that men and women are different—different in their genetic composition, their structure, and their behavior. Whether some of these differences can be attributed to differentiation of CNS mechanisms, brought about as a result of changes in the hormonal environment at a critical stage of brain development, is an important and intriguing question. But before considering this issue, it is as well to recall all the fundamental bases of the differences between sexes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aiyer, M. S., and Fink, G., 1974, The role of sex steroid hormones in modulating the responsiveness of the anterior pituitary gland to luteinizing hormone releasing factor in the female rat, J. Endocrinol. 62: 553 - 572.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aiyer, M. S., Chiappa, S. A., and Fink, G., 1974, A priming effect of luteinizing hormone releasing factor on the anterior pituitary gland in the female rat, J. Endocrinol. 62: 573 - 588.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akmaev, I. G., and Fidelina, O. V., 1978, The role of tanycytes in the mechanisms of sexual differentiation of the brain, Neurosci. Behay. Physiol. 9: 23 - 235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alleva, F. R., Alleva, J., and Umberger, E. J., 1969, Effect of a single prepubertal injection of testosterone propionate on later reproductive functions of the female golden hamster, Endocrinology 85: 312 - 318.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arai, Y., 1971, Some aspects of the mechanisms involved in steroid induced sterility, in: Steroid Hormones and Brain Function ( C. H. Sawyer and R. A. Gorski, eds.) pp. 185 - 191, University of California Press, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai, Y., and Kusama, T., 1968, Effect of neonatal treatment with estrone on hypothalamic neurons and regulation of gonadotrophin secretion, Neuroendocrinology 3: 107 - 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnold, A. P., and Gorski, R. A., 1984, Gonadal steroid induction of structural sex differences in the central nervous system, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 7: 413 - 442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub, D. M., Greenbough, W. T., and Juraska, J. M., 1983, Sex differences in dendritic structure in the preoptic area of the juvenile macaque monkey brain, Science 219: 197 - 198.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J. H. J., 1972, The relationship between gender identity and sexual behaviour: Some clinical aspects, in: Gender Differences; Their Ontogeny and Significance ( C. Ounsted and D. C. Taylor, eds.), pp. 57 - 72, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bancroft, J. H. J., 1977, Biological determinants of sexual behavior, in: Hormones and Sexual Behavior in the Human ( J. Hutchinson, ed.), pp. 493 - 519, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barley, J., Ginsburg, M., Greenstein, B. D., MacLusky, N. J., and Thomas, P. J., 1975, An androgen receptor in rat brain and pituitary, Brain Res. 100: 373 - 393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough, C. A., 1961, Production of anovulatory, sterile rats by single injections of testosterone propionate, Endocrinology 68: 62 - 67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough, C. A., and Leathem, J. H., 1954, Infertility induced in mice by a single injection of testosterone propionate, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 85: 673 - 674.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barraclough, C. A., and Turgeon, J. L., 1974, Further studies of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis of the androgen-sterilized rat, International Symposium on Sexual Endocrinology of the Perinatal Period, INSERM 32: 339 - 356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, M. J., 1976, Effects of testosterone propionate administered perinatally on sexual behavior of female ferrets, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho. 90: 399 - 410.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, M. J., 1979, Differentiation of coital behavior in mammals: A comparative analysis, Neurosci. Biobehay. Rev. 3: 265 - 284.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1940, Effects of cortical lesions upon the copulatory behavior of male rats, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho!. 29: 193 - 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1944, Effects of injury to the cerebral cortex upon sexuality-receptive behavior in the female rat, Psychosomat. Med. 6: 40 - 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1970, Hormonal effects of socio-sexual behavior in dogs, in: Mammalian Reproduction ( H. Gibian and E. J. Plotz, eds.), pp. 437 - 466, Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1971, Hormonal factors controlling the differentiation development and display of copulatory behaviour in the ramstergig and related species, in: Bio-psychology of Development ( E. Tobach, L. R. Aronson, and E. Shaw, eds.), pp. 247 - 296. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1975, Hormonal modification of sexually dimorphic behaviour, Psychoneuroendocrinology 1: 3 - 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., 1976, Sexual attractivity, proceptivity and receptivity in female mammals, Horm. Behay. 7: 105138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., and Holz, A. M., 1946, Mating behavior in male rats castrated at various ages and injected with androgen, J. Exp. Zool. 101: 91 - 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beach, F. A., Noble, R. G., and Arndorf, R. K., 1969, Effects of perinatal androgen treatment on responses of male rats to gonadal hormones in adulthood, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho!. 68: 490: 497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, D., Boyse, E. A., Lyon, M. F., Mathieson, B. J., Scheid, M., and Yanagisawa, K., 1975, Expression of H-Y (male) antigen in phenotypically female Tfm/Y mice, Nature (London) 257: 236 - 238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benno, R. H., and Williams, T. H., 1978, Evidence for intracellular localization of alpha-fetoprotein in the developing rat brain, Brain Res. 142: 182 - 186.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beyer, C., and Vidal, N., 1971, Inhibitory action of MER-25 on androgen-induced oestrous behaviour in the ovariectomised rabbit, J. Endocrinol. 51: 401 - 402.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bogdanove, E. M., Campbell, G. T., Blair, E. D., Mula, M. E., Miller, A. E., and Grossman, G. M., 1974, Gonad-pituitary feedback involves qualitative change: Androgens alter the type of FSH secreted by the rat pituitary, Endocrinology 95: 219 - 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, J. E., 1977, Sexual behaviour of neonatally castrated rats injected during infancy with oestrogen and dihydrotestosterone, J. Endocrinol. 72: 135 - 141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, J. E., 1979, Evidence for the involvement of dihydrotestosterone in sexual differentiation of the brain in neonatally castrated rats, J. Endocrinol. 80: 43P - 44 P.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borvendeg, J., Hermann, H., and Bajusz, S., 1972, Ovulation induced by synthetic luteinizing hormone releasing factor in androgen-sterilized female rats, J. Endocrinol. 55: 207 - 208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedlove, S. M., and Arnold, A. P., 1980, Hormone accumulation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus of the rat spinal cord, Science 210: 564 - 566.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedlove, S. M., and Arnold, A. P., 1983, Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. II. Sensitive periods for the androgen induced masculinization of the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, J. Neurosci. 3: 424 - 432.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedlove, S. M., Jacobson, C. D., Gorski, R. A., and Arnold, A. P., 1982, Masculinization of the female rat spinal cord following a single neonatal injection of testosterone propionate but not estradiol benzoate, Brain Res. 237: 173 - 181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bronson, F. H., and Desjardins, C., 1969, Aggressive behavior and seminar vesicle function in mice: Differential sensitivity to androgen given neonatally, Endocrinology 85: 971 - 974.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., 1972, Recent studies on the sexual differentiation of the brain, in: Foetal and Neonatal Physiology ( K. S. Comline, K. W. Cross, G. S. Dawes and P. W. Nathanielsz, eds.), pp. 527 - 545, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., 1972b, Reproductive function in the rat following selective destruction of afferent fibres to the hypothalamus from the limbic system, Brain Res. 46: 23 - 42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., 1974a, On “critical periods” during the post-natal development of the rat, in: Les colloques de l’institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM 32: 357 - 376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K. 1974b, Steroid hormone administration and gonadotrophin secretion in the gonadectomised rat, J. Endocrinol. 62: 319 - 332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., 1975, A re-examination of the lordosis response in female rats given high doses of testosterone propionate or estradiol benzoate in the neonatal period, Horm. Behay. 6: 351 - 378.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., Exley, D., and Naftolfin, F., 1970, Peripheral plasma oestradiol and luteinizing hormone concentrations during the oestrous cycle of the rat, J. Endocrinol. 48: 295 - 296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown-Grant, K., Munck, A., Naftolin, F., and Sherwood, M. R., 1971, The effects of the administration of testosterone propionate alone or with phenobarbitone and of testosterone metabolites to neonatal female rats, Horm. Behay. 2: 173 - 182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bubenik, G. A., and Brown, G. M., 1973, Morphologic sex differences in primate brain areas involved in regulation of reproductive activity, Experimentia 29: 619 - 621.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burnet, F. R. B., and MacKinnon, P. C. B., 1975, Restoration by oestradiol benzoate of a neural and hormonal rhythm in the ovariectomized rat, J. Endocrinol. 64: 27 - 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caligaris, L., Astrada, J. J., and Taleisnik, S., 1971, Release of luteinizing hormone induced by estrogen injection into ovariectomized rat, Endocrinology 88: 810 - 815.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, C. S., Clemens, L. G., and Hockemeyer, D. J., 1972, Neonatal androgen and adult sexual behavior in the golden hamster, Physiol. Behay. 9: 89 - 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiappa, S. A., Fink, G., and Sherwood, N. M., 1977, Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing factor (LRF) in pituitary stalk plasma from female rats: Effects of stimulating diencephalon, hippocampus and amygdala, J. Physiol. (London) 267: 625 - 640.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, L. W., and Gorski, R. A., 1978, Independent masculinization of neuroendocrine systems by intracerebral implants of testosterone or estradiol in the neonatal female rat, Brain Res. 146: 325 - 340.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cidlowski, J. A., and Muldoon, T. G., 1976, Sex related differences in the regulation of cytoplasmic estrogen receptor levels in responsive tissues of the rat, Endocrinology 98: 833 - 841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J. M., Campbell, P. S., and Peck, E. J., Jr., 1972, Receptor-oestrogen complex in the nuclear fraction of the pituitary and hypothalamus of male and female immature rats, Neuroendocrinology 10: 218 - 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J., Scaramuzzi, R. J., and Short, R. V., 1976, Effects of testosterone implants in pregnant ewes on their female offspring, J. Embryo!. Exp. Morphol. 36: 87 - 99.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, R. B., Kogura, J., and Kraemer, H. C., 1970, Sexual differentiation of the brain: Effects of testosterone on brain RNA metabolism in newborn female rats, Nature (London) 226: 810 - 812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemens, L. G., Gladue, B. A., and Goniglio, L. P., 1978, Prenatal endogenous androgenic influences on masculine sexual behavior and genital morphology in male and female rats, Horm. Behay. 10: 40 - 53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coen, C., and MacKinnon, P. C. B., 1980, Lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the serotonin-dependent phasic release of luteinizing hormone in the rat: Effects on the drinking rythmicity on the consequences of preoptic area stimulation, J. Endocrinol. 84: 231 - 236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colby, H. D., Gaskin, J. H., and Kitay, J. I., 1973, Effect of anterior pituitary hormones in hepatic corticosterone metabolism in rats, Steroids 24: 679 - 686.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crawley, W. R., Rodriguez-Sierra, J. P., and Komisaruk, B. R., 1976, Hypophysectomy facilitates sexual behavior on female rats, Neuroendocrinology 20: 328 - 338.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M. 1966, Activation of the male rat’s sexual behavior by intracerebral implantation of androgen, Endocrinology 79: 783 - 794.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M., 1969, Effects of oestrogen on the sexual behavior of male rats, Endocrinology 84: 1365 - 1372.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M., and Bloch, G. J., 1972, Neuroendocrine aspects of male reproduction, Biol. Reprod. (Suppl. 1) 1: 67 - 92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M., and Levine, S., 1969, Progesterone and heterotypical sexual behavior of male rats, J. Endocrinol. 44: 129 - 130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, J. M., and Levine, S., 1972, Endocrine regulation of behavior, Annu. Rev. Phys. 34: 375 - 408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, P. G., McEwen, B. S., and Pfaff, D. W., 1979, Localized behavioral effects of tritiated estradiol implants in the ventromedial hypothalamus of female rats, Endocrinology 104: 898 - 903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debeljuk, L., Arimura, A., and Schally, A. V., 1972, Effect of testosterone and estradiol on the LH and FSH release induced by LH-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in intact male rats, Endocrinology 90: 1578 - 1581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Lacoste-Utiamsing, C., and Holloway, R., 1982, Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum, Science 216: 1431 - 1432.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Voogd, T. J. and Nottebohm, F., 1981, Sex difference in dendritic morphology of a song control nucleus in the canary. J. Comp. Neurol. 196: 309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denef, C., 1974, Effect of hypophysectomy and pituitary implants at puberty on the sexual differentiation of testosterone metabolism in rat liver, Endocrinology 94: 1577 - 1582.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Vries, G. J., Buijs, R. M., and Swaab, D. F., 1981, Ontogeny of the vasopressinergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus and their extrahypothalamic projections in the rat brain—Presence of a sex difference in the lateral septum, Brain Res. 218: 67 - 78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, M. C., Murphy, G. M., Akiyama, K., and Johnson, R. E., 1982, Morphologic hippocampal asymmetry in male and female rats, Exp. Neurol. 76: 553 - 565.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dierschke, D. J., Bhattacharya, A. N., Atkinson, L. E., and Knobil, E., 1970, Circhoral oscillations of plasma LH levels in the ovariectomised rhesus monkey, Endocrinology 87: 850 - 853.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dluzen, D. E., and Ramirez, V. D., 1982, A functional dimorphism in the response of the hypothalamic pituitary axis of prepubertal rats to steroid treatment, Biol. Reprod. 27: 456 - 461.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Docke, F., and Kolocyek, G., 1966, Einfluss einer postnatalen Androgen-behandlung auf den Nucleus Hypothalamicus anterior, Endokrinologie 50: 225 - 230.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dohler, K. D., and Wuttke, W., 1975, Changes with age in levels of serum gonadotropins, prolactin, and gonadal steroids in prepubertal male and female rats, Endocrinology 97: 898 - 907.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorner, G., and Staudt, J., 1968, Structural changes in the preoptic anterior hypothalamic area of the male rat, following neonatal castration and androgen substitution, Neuroendocrinology 3: 136 - 140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorner, G., Rohde, W., Stahl, F., Krell, L., and Masius, W. G., 1975, A neuroendocrine predisposition for homosexuality in men, Arch. Sex. Behay. 4: 1 - 8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyer, R. G., MacLeod, N. K., and Ellendorff, F., 1976, Electrophysiological evidence for sexual dimorphism and synaptic convergence in the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas of the rat, Proc. R. Soc. London 193: 142 - 440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eaton, G. G., Goy, R. W., and Phoenix, C. H., 1973, Effects of testosterone treatment in adulthood on sexual behaviour of female pseudohermaphrodite rhesus monkeys. Nature New Biol. 242: 119 - 120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. A., 1971, Neonatal administration of androstenedione, testosterone or testosterone propionate. Effects on ovulation, sexual receptivity and aggressive behavior in female mice, Physiol. Behay. 6: 223 - 228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, D. A., and Burge, K. G., 1971, Early androgen treatment and male and female sexual behavior in mice, Horm. Behay. 2: 249 - 58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, A. A., and Money, J., 1967, Progestin-induced hermaphroditism I.Q. and psychosexual identity in a study of ten girls, J. Sex Res. 3: 83 - 100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, A. A., Evers, K., and Money, J., 1968a, Infulence of androgen and some aspects of sexually dimorphic behavior in women with late-treated adrenogenital syndrome, Johns Hopkins Med. J. 123: 115 - 112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrhardt, A. A., Epstein, R., and Money, J., 1968b, Fetal androgens and female gender identity in the early treated adrenogenital syndrome, Johns Hopkins Med. J. 122: 160 - 167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eiger, W., 1966, Die Rolle der fetalen Androgene in der Sexual differenzierung des Kaninchens and ihre Abgrenzung gegen andere hormonale and somatische Faktoren durch Anwendung eines starken Antiandrogens, Arch. Anta. Microsc. Morphol. Exp. 55: 657743.

    Google Scholar 

  • Everett, J. W., 1969, Neuroendocrine aspects of mammalian reproduction, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 31: 383 - 416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett, J. W., and Sawyer, C. H., 1950, A 24-hour periodicity in the LH-release apparatus of female rats disclosed by barbiturate sedation, Endocrinology 47: 198 - 218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Everett, J. W., Holsinger, J. W., Zeilmaker, G. H., Redmond, W. C., and Quinn, D. L., 1970, Strain differences for preoptic stimulation of ovulation in cyclic, spontaneously persistent-oestrus, and androgen-sterilized rats, Neuroendocrinology 6: 98 - 108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fang, S., Anderson, K. M., and Liao, S., 1969, Receptor proteins for androgens. On the role of specific proteins in selective retention of 17ß-hydroxy-5a-androstan-3one by rat ventral prostate in vivo and in vitro, J. Biol. Chem. 244: 6584 - 6595.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feder, H. H., Naftolin, F., and Ryan, K. J., 1974, Male and female sexual responses in male rats given estradiol benzoate and 5a-androstan-17ß-o1-3-one propionate, Endocrinology 94: 136 - 141.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, G., and Henderson, S. R., 1977, Steroids and pituitary responsiveness in female, androgenized female and male rats, J. Endocrinol. 73: 157 - 164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flores, F., Naftolin, F., Ryan, K. J., and White, R. J., 1973, Estrogen formation by the isolated perfused rhesus monkey brain, Science 180: 1074 - 1075.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fulmer, G. P., 1973, Testosterone levels and female-tomale transsexualism, Arch. Sex. Behay. 2: 399 - 400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerall, A. A., Hendricks, S. E., Johnson, L. L., and Bounds, T. W., 1967, Effects of early castration in male rats on adult sexual behavior, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho!. 64: 206 - 212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, R. A., 1968, Influence of age on the response to paranatal administration of a low dose of androgen, Endocrinology 82: 1001 - 1004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, R. A., 1976, The possible neural sites of hormonal facilitation of sexual behavior in the female rat, Psychoneuroendocrinology 1: 371 - 387.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, R. A., and Barraclough, C. A., 1963, Effects of low dosages of androgen on the differentiation of hypothalamic regulatory control of ovulation in the rat, Endocrinology 73: 210 - 216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, J., and Gannon, F., 1976, Current models of steroid hormone action: A critique, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 38: 425 - 450.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorski, R. A., Gordon, J., Shryne, J. E., and Southam, A. M., 1978, Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Res. 148: 333 - 346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goy, R. W., 1970, Experimental control of psychosexuality, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 259: 149 - 162.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goy, R. W., 1978, Development of play and mounting behavior in female rhesus monkeys virilized prenatally with esters of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone, in: Recent Advances in Primatology ( D. Chivers and J. Herbert, eds.), Vol. I, pp. 449 - 462, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goy R. W., and Goldfoot, D. A., 1973, Hormonal influences on sexually dimorphic behavior, in: Handbook of Physiology, Endocrinology (R. O. Greep and E. B. Ast-wood, eds.), Section 7, Vol. 2, Part 1, pp. 169 - 186, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goy, R. W., and Resko, J., 1972, Gonadal hormones and behaviour of normal and pseudohermaphrodite non human, female primates, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 28: 707 - 733.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grady, K. L., Phoenix, C. H., and Young, W. C., 1965, Role of the developing rat testis in differentiation of the neural tissues mediating mating behavior, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho!. 59: 179 - 182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, J. A., Lean, J., and Keynes, A., 1969, Infant androgen treatment and adult openfield behavior: Direct effects and effects of injections to siblings, Physiol. Behay. 4: 177 - 181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greep, R. 0., 1936, Functional pituitary grafts in rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N.Y. 34: 754 - 755.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guldner, F. H., 1982, Sexual dimorphisms of the axospine synapses and postsynaptic density material in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat, Neurosci. Lett. 28: 145 - 150.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gunnet, J. W., and Freeman, M. E., 1983, The mating-induced release of prolactin: A unique neuroendocrine response, Endocrinol. Rev. 4: 44 - 61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Obrist, W. D., Hungerbuhler, J. P., Younkin, D., Rosen, A. D., Skolnick, B. E., and Reivich, M., 1982, Sex and handedness differences in cerebral blood flow during rest and cognitive activity, Science 217: 659 - 661.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney, M. E., 1981, Hormonal control of cell form and number in the zebra finch song system, J. Neurosci 1: 658 - 673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gurney, M. E., and Konishi, M., 1980, Hormone induced sexual differentiation of brain and behavior in zebra finches, Science 208: 1380 - 1382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, J. A., and Stenberg, A., 1974, Masculinization of rat liver enzyme activities following hypophysectomy, Endocrinology 95: 891 - 896.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, J. -A., Ingelman-Sundberg, M., Stenberg, A., and Jokfelt, T., 1976, Feminization of hepatic steroid metabolism in male rats following electrothermic lesion of the hypothalamus, Endocrinology 98: 922 - 926.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halasz, B., and Pupp, L., 1965, Hormone secretion of the anterior pituitary gland after physical interruption of all nervous pathways to the hypophysiotropic area, Endocrinology 77: 553 - 562.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. W., 1955, Neural Control of the Pituitary Gland, Edward Arnold, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. W., 1970, Hormonal differentiation of the developing central nervous system with respect to patterns of endocrine function, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 259: 165 - 177.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. W., and Jacobsohn, D., 1952, Functional grafts of the anterior pituitary gland, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 139: 263 - 276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, G. W., and Levine, S., 1965, Sexual differentiation of the brain and its experimental control, J. Physiol. 181: 379 - 400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, B. L., 1972, Manipulation of neonatal androgen. Effects on sexual responses and penile development in male rats, Physiol. Behay. 8: 841 - 845.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, Y., 1976, Failure of intrahypothalamic implants of an estrogen antagonist, ethamoxytriphetol (MER-25), to block neonatal androgen-sterilization, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 152: 389 - 392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendricks, S. E., and Welton, M., 1976, Effects of estrogen given during various periods of prepubertal life on the sexual behaviour of rats, Physiol. Psycho!. 4 (1): 105 - 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, D. L., Wilkins, R. H., Moossy, J., Chang, J. L., Plant, T. M., McCormack, J. T., Nakai, Y., and Knobil, E., 1977, Estrogen-induced gonadtropin surges in de-cerebrated female rhesus monkeys with medial basal hypothalamic (MBH) peninsulae, Endocrinology 101: 1264 - 1271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imperato-McGinley, J., Gerrero, L., Gautier, T., and Peterson, R. E., 1974, Steroid 5a-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism, Science 186: 1213 - 1215.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, C. D., and Gorski, R. A., 1981, Neurogenesis of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 196: 519 - 529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, C. D., Csernus, V. J., Shryne, J. E., and Gorski, R. A., 1981, The influence of gonadectomy, androgen exposure, or a gonadal graft in the neonatal rat on the volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area, J. Neurosci. 1: 1142 - 1147.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, M., and Fink, G., 1976, Immunoreactive luteinizing hormone releasing factor in rat pituitary stalk blood: Effects of electrical stimulation of the medial preoptic area, J. Endocrinol. 68: 71 - 87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. R., and Saminy, J., 1973, Plasma testosterone levels and female transsexualism, Arch. Sex. Behay. 2: 251 - 256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josso, N., 1972, Permeability of membranes to the Mullerian inhibiting substance synthetized by the human fetal testis in vitro: A clue to its biochemical nature, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 34: 265 - 270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Josso, N., 1973, In vitro synthesis of Mullerian inhibiting hormone by seminiferous tubules isolated from the calf fetal testis, Endocrinology 93: 829 - 834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A., 1970, Hormonal factors in the sex differentiation of the mammalian foetus, Philios. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 259: 119 - 130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A., Chodkiewicz, H., and Mauleon, P., 1963, Intersexualité du foetus de veau produite par des androgènes. Comparaison entre l’hormone foetale responsable du free-martinisme et l’hormone testiculaire adulte, C.R. Seanc. Acad. Sci. Paris 256: 274 - 276.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jost, A., Vigier, B., Prepin, J., and Perchellet, J. P., 1973, Studies on sex differentiation in mammals, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 29: 1 - 35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karsch, F. J., and Foster, D. L., 1975, Sexual differentiation of the mechanism controlling the preovulatory discharge of luteinising hormone in sheep, Endocrinology 97: 373 - 379.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karsch, F. J., Dierschke, D. J., and Knobil, E., 1973, Sexual differentiation of pituitary function: Apparent difference between primates and rodents, Science 179: 848.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J., 1971, Estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and hypophysis in relation to reproduction, in: Proceedings of the Third International Congress on Hormonal Steroids ( V. H. T. James and L. Martini, eds.), pp. 764 - 773, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J., 1975, The role of hypothalamic and hypophyseal 5a-dehydrotestosterone, estradiol and progesterone receptors in the mechanism of feedback action, J. Steroid Biochem. 6: 979 - 987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato, J., Atsumi, Y., and Inaba, M., 1974, Estradiol receptors in female rat hypothalamus in the developmental stages and during pubescence, Endocrinology 94: 309 - 317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kawakami, M., and Terasawa, E., 1973, Further studies on sexual differentiation of the brain: Response to electrical stimulation in gonadectomized and estrogen primed rats, Endocrinol. Jpn. 20: 595 - 607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, R. J. B., and Mainwaring, W. I. P., 1974, Steroid-Cell Interactions, 245 pp. Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knapstein, P., David, A., Wu, C. H., Archer, D. F., Flickinger, G. L., and Touchstone, J. C., 1968, Metabolism of free and sulfoconjugated Dhea in brain tissue in vivo and in vitro, Steroids 11:885-896.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knobil, E., 1974, On the control of gonadtrophin secretion in the rhesus monkey, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 30: 136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knobil, E. C., 1980, The neuroendocrine control of the menstrual cycle, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 36: 53 - 88.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konishi, M., 1965, The role of auditory feedback in the control of vocalization in the white crowned sparrow, Z. Tierpsychol. 22: 770 - 783.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krey, L. C., Butler, W. R., Weiss, G., Weick, R. F., Dierschke, D. J., and Knobil, E., 1973, Influences of endogenous and exogenous gonadal steroids on the actions of synthetic LRF in the rhesus monkey in: Hypothalamic Hypophysiotrophic Hormones (C. Gaul and E. Rosenberg, eds.), pp. 39-47, Int. Congr. Ser. No. 263, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, K., and Heimer, L., 1964, Mating behaviour of male rats after lesions in the preoptic area, Nature (London) 202: 413 - 414.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lax, E. R., Hoff, H. G., Ghraf, R., Schroder, E., and Schreifers, H., 1974, The role of the hypophysis in the regulation of sex differences in the activities of enzymes involved in hepatic steroid hormone metabolism, Hoppe-Seylers Z. Physiol. Chem. 355: 1325 - 1331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Blond, C. B., Morris, S., Karakiulakis, G., Powell, R., and Thomas, P. J., 1982, Development of sexual dimorphism in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat, J. Endocrinol. 95: 137 - 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lev-Ran, A., 1974, Sexuality and educational level of women with the late-treated adreno-genital syndrome, Arch. Sex. Behay. 3: 27 - 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lieberburg, I., MacLusky, N. J., and McEwen, B. S., 1980, Androgen receptors in the perinatal rat brain, Brain Res. 196: 125 - 138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lisk, R. D., 1967, Neural localization for androgen activation of copulatory behavior in the male rat, Endocrinology 80: 754 - 761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luttge, W. G., and Whalen, R. E., 1970a, Dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, testosterone; comparative effectiveness in masculinizing and defeminizing reproductive systems in male and female rats, Horm. Behay. 1: 265 - 281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luttge, W. G., and Whalen, R. E., 1970b, Regional localization of estrogenic metabolites in the brain of male and female rats, Steroids 15: 605 - 612.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, P. G., Doughty, C., 1972, Inhibition of androgen-sterilization in the female rat by administration of an anti-oestrogen,. 1. Endocrinol. 55: 455 - 456.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKinnon, P. C. B., Mattock, J. M., and ter Haar, M. B., 1976, Serum gonadotrophin levels during development in male, female and androgenized female rats and the effect of general disturbance on high luteinizing hormone levels, J. Endocrinol. 70: 361 - 371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MacLusky, N. J., Lieberburg, I., and McEwen, B. S., 1979, The development of estrogen receptor systems in the rat brain: Perinatal development, Brain Res. 178: 129 - 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, C., and Bittner, J. J., 1956, A non-hypophysial sex difference in oestrous behaviour of mice bearing pituitary grafts, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 91: 506 - 509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, A., and Arai, Y., 1980, Sexual dimorphism in “wiring pattern” in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and its modification by neonatal hormonal environment, Brain Res. 190: 238 - 242.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto, A., and Arai, Y., 1981, Effect of androgen on sexual differentiation of synaptic organization in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus: An ontogenetic study, Neuroendocrinology 33: 166 - 169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mennin, S. P., Kubo, K., and Gorski, R. A., 1974, Pituitary responsiveness to luteinizing hormone-releasing factor in normal and androgenized female rats, Endocrinology 95: 412 - 416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merari, A., Frenk, C., Hirwig, M., and Ginton, A., 1975, Female sexual behavior in the male rat: Facilitation by cortical application of potassium chloride, Horm. Behay. 6: 159 - 164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Migeon, C. J., Rivarola, M. A., and Forest, M. G., 1969, Studies of androgens in male transsexual subjects; effects of oestrogen therapy, in: Transsexualism and Sex Re-assignment ( R. Green and J. Money, eds.), pp. 203 - 211, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milligan, S. R., 1978, The feedback of exogenous steroids on LH release and ovulation in the intact female vole (Microtus agrestis), J. Reprod. Fertil. 54: 309 - 311.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizukami, S., Nishizuka, M., and Arai, Y., 1983, Sexual difference in nuclear volume and its ontogeny in the rat amygdala, Exp. Neurot. 79: 569 - 575.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moguilevski, J. A., and Rubinstein, L., 1967, Glycolytic and oxidative metabolism of hypothalamic areas in prepubertal androgenized rats, Neuroendocrinology 2: 213 - 221.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moguilevski, J. A., Libertun, C., Schiaffini, O., and Scacchi, p., 1969, Metabolic evidence of the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus, Neuroendocrinology 4: 264 - 269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Money, J., and Ehrhardt, A. A., 1972, Man and Women: Boy and Girl. The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. Y., 1974, Visual pathways and the central neural control of diurnal rhythms, in: The Neurosciences. Third Study Program ( F. O. Schmitt and F. G. Worden, eds.), pp. 537 - 542, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, R. Y., and Eichler, V. B., 1972, Loss of a circadian adrenal corticosterone rhythm following suprachiasmatic lesions in the rat, Brain Res. 42: 201 - 206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, R. L., and McCann, S. M., 1973, Induction of mat-ing behavior in rats by luteinizing hormone-releasing factor, Science 181: 177 - 179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller, G. C., Vanderhaar, B., Kim, U. H., and Ire Mahieu, M., 1972, Estrogen Action: An in road to cell biology, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 281: 1 - 45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mullins, R. F., and Levine, S., 1968, Hormonal determinants during infancy of adult sexual behaviour in the female rat, Physiol. Behay. 3: 333 - 343.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, R. D., 1969, Differentiation of the capacity for male sexual behavior in the rat, Horm. Behay. 1: 53 - 63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naftolin, F., Ryan, K. H., Davies, I. J., Reddy, V. V., Flores, F., Petro, Z., Kuhn, M., White, R. J., Takaoka, Y., and Wolin, L., 1975, The formation of oestrogens by central neuroendocrine tissues, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 31: 295 - 315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, J. D., 1972, Sexual differences in the hypothalamic regulation of prolactin secretion, Endocrinology 90: 1154 - 1159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, F., Elger, W., and Kramer, M., 1966, The development of a vagina in male rats by inhibiting the androgen receptors with an anti-androgen during the critical phase of organogenesis, Endocrinology 78: 628 - 632.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, F., von Berswordt-Wallrabe, R., Elger, W., Steinbeck, M., Hahn, J. D., and Kramer, M., 1970, Aspects of androgen-dependent events studied by antiandrogens, Rec. Prog. Horm. Res. 26: 337 - 405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishizuka, M., and Arai, Y., 1981, Organizational action of estrogen on synaptic pattern in the amygdala: Implications for sexual differentiation of the brain, Brain Res. 213: 422 - 426.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordeen, E. J., and Yahr, P., 1982, Hemispheric asymmetries in the behavioral and hormonal effects of sexually differentiating mammalian brain, Science 218: 391 - 394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordeen, E. J., and Yahr, P., 1983, A regional analysis of estrogen binding to hypothalamic cell nuclei in relation to masculinization and defeminization, J. Neurosci. 3: 933 - 941.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nottebohm, F., 1980, Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries, Brain Res. 189: 429 - 436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nottebohm, F., and Arnold, A. P., 1976, Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the song bird brain, Science 194: 211 - 213.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nottebohm, F., Stokes, T. M., and Leonard, C. M., 1976, Central control of song in the canary (Serenus canar-ius),. 1. Comp. Neurol. 165: 467 - 486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunez, E., Engelmann, F., Benessayag, C., Savu, L., Crepy, O., and Jayle, M. -F., 1971, Identification et purification préliminaire de la foeto-proteine liant les oestrogenes dans le serum des rats nouveaunes, C. R. Acad. Sci. D 273: 831 - 834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohno, S., 1971, Simplicity of mammalian regulatory systems inferred by single gene determination of sex phenotypes, Nature (London) 234: 134 - 137.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojeda, S. R., Kalra, P. S., and McCann, S. M., 1975, Further studies on the estrogen negative feedback on gonadotropin release in the female rat, Neuroendocrinology 18: 242 - 255.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paxinos, G., and Bindra, D., 1973, Hypothalamic and midbrain neural pathways involved in eating, drinking, irritability, aggression and copulation in rats, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 82: 1 - 14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peckham, W. D., and Knobil, E., 1976a, Qualitative changes in the pituitary gonadotropins of the male rhesus monkey following castration, Endocrinology 98: 1061 - 1064.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peckham, W. D., and Knobil, E., 1976b, The effects of ovariectomy, estrogen replacement and neuraminidase treatment on the properties of the adenohypophysial glycoprotein hormone of the rhesus monkey, Endocrinology 98: 1054 - 1060.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff, D. W., 1966, Morphological changes in the brains of adult male rats after neonatal castration, J. Endocrinol. 36: 415 - 416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff, D. W., 1973, Luteinising hormone-releasing factor potentiating lordosis behavior in hypophysectomized ovariectomized female rats, Science 182: 1148 - 1149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfaff, D. W., Gerlach, J. L., McEwen, B. S., Ferin, M., Carmel. P., and Zimmerman, E. A., 1976, Autoradio-graphic localization of hormone and concentrating cells in the brain of the female rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 170: 279 - 291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeiffer, C. A., 1936, Sexual differences of the hypophyses and their determination by the gonads, Am. J. Anat. 58: 195 - 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H., 1974, Prenatal testosterone in the non human primate and its consequences for behavior, in: Sex Differences in Behavior ( R. C. Friedman, R. M. Ri-chart, and R. L. Vande Wiele, eds.), pp. 19 - 32, Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phoenix, C. H., Goy, R. W., Gerall, A. A., and Young, W. C., 1959, Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissue mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig, Endocrinology 65: 369 - 382.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, D., 1970, In vitro studies on differentiation of the reproductive tract, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. B 259: 133 - 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Duran, E., and MacKinnon, P. C. B., 1978, The ontogeny of luteinizing and prolactin hormone responses to oestrogen stimuli and to a progesterone stimulus after priming with either a natural or synthetic oestrogen in immature female rats, J. Endocrinol. 76: 311 - 320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puig-Duran, E., Greenstein, B. D., and MacKinnon, P. C. B., 1978, Serum oestrogen-binding components in developing female rats and their effects on the unbound oestadiol-17ß fraction, serum FSH concentrations and uterine uptake of 3H-oestradiol-l7ß, J. Reprod. Fertil. 56: 707 - 714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinn, D. L., 1966, Luteinising hormone release following preoptic stimulation in the male rat, Nature (London) 209: 891 - 892.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rainbow, T. C., Parsons, B., and McEwen, B. S., 1982, Sex differences in rat brain oestrogen and progestin receptors, Nature (London) 300: 648 - 649.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raisman, G., and Brown-Grant, K., 1977, The suprachiasmatic syndrome. Endocrine and behavioral abnormalities following lesions of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the female rat, Proc. R. Soc. London (Biol.) 198: 297 - 314.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raisman, G., and Field, P. M., 1971, Sexual dimorphism in the preoptic area of the rat, Science, 173: 731 - 733.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raisman, G., and Field, P. M., 1973, Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen, Brain Res. 54: 1 - 29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raynaud, T. P., Mercier-Bodard, C., and Baulieu, E. E., 1971, Rat estradiol binding plasma protein (EBP), Steroids 18: 767 - 788.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Remillard, G. M., Andermann, F., Testa, G. F., Gloor, P., Aube, M., Martin, J. B., Feindel, W., Guberman, A., and Simpson, C., 1983, Sexual ictal manifestations predominate in women with temporal lobe epilepsy: A finding suggesting sexual dimorphism in the human brain. Neurology (New York) 33: 323 - 330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resko, J. A., Feder, H. H., and Goy, R. W. 1968, Androgen concentrations in plasma and testis of developing rats, J. Endocrinol. 40: 485 - 491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Resko, J. A., Malley, A., Begley, D. E., and Hess, D. L., 1973, Radioimmunoassay of testosterone during fetal development of the rhesus monkey, Endocrinology 93: 156 - 161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rethelyi, M., 1977, Regional and sexual differences in the size of the neuro-vascular contact surface of the rat median eminence and pituitary stalk, Neuroendocrinology 28: 82 - 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, B. D., Pollack, E. I., Krieger, M. S., and Barfield, R. J., 1973, Sexual behavior: Normal male patterning in androgenized female rats, Science 181: 770 - 771.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salaman, D. F., and Birkett, S., 1974, Androgen-induced sexual differentiation of the brain is blocked by inhibitors of DNA and RNA synthesis, Nature (London) 247: 109 - 112.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sar, M. and Stumpf, W. E., 1972, Cellular localization of androgens in the brain and pituitary after the injection of tritiated testosterone, Experimentia 28: 1364 - 1366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, C. H., 1957, Activation and blockade of the release of pituitary gonadotropin as influenced by the reticular formation, in: Reticular Formation of the Brain ( H. H. Jasper, L. D. Proctor, R. S. Knighton, W. C. No-shay, and R. T. Costello, eds.), pp. 221 - 223, J. and A. Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, N. B., and McCormack, C. E., 1972, Reproduction: Gonadal function and its regulation, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 34: 425 - 472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B. H., Goldman, A. S., Steinbeck, H. F., and Neumann, F., 1976a, Is feminine differentiation of the brain hormonally determined?, Experientia 32: 650 - 651.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, B. H., Goldman, A. S., Bongiovanni, A. M., and Marino, J. M., 1976b, Neonatal progesterone and feminine sexual development, Nature (London) 264: 795 - 796.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, P. J., 1975, A comparison of variations in plasma luteinizing hormone concentrations in male and female domestic chickens (Gallus domesticus) from hatch to sexual maturity. J. Endocrinol. 67: 211 - 223.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sheridan, P. J., Sar, M., and Stumpf, W. E., 1974, Auto-radiographic localization of 3H-estradiol or its metabolites in the central nervous system of the developing rat, Endocrinology 94: 1386 - 1390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Short, R. V., 1974, Sexual differentiation of the brain of sheep, in: Les Colloques de l’Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale, INSERM 32: 121 - 142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siiteri, P. K., and Wilson, J. D., 1974, Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 38: 113 - 129.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, A. J., Krey, L. C., and Zimmerman, E. A., 1979, A comparative study of the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) neuronal networks in mammals, Biol. Reprod. 20: 98 - 110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sodersten, P., 1976, Lordosis behaviour in male, female and androgenized female rats, J. Endocrinol. 70: 409 - 420.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sodersten, P., and Larsson, K., 1974, Lordosis behavior in castrated male rats treated with estradiol benzoate or testosterone propionate in combination with an estrogen antagonist, MER-23, and in intact male rats, Horm. Behay. 5: 13 - 18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staudt, J., and Dorner, G., 1976, Structural changes in the medial and central amygdala of the male rat, following neonatal castration and androgen treatment, Endocrinologie 67: 296 - 300.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stearns, E. L., Winter, J. S. D., and Faiman, C., 1973, Positive feedback effect of progestin upon serum gonadotropins in estrogen primed castrate men, J. Clin. Endocrinol. 37: 635 - 648.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, R. A., Clifton, D. K., Spies, H. G., and Resko, J. A., 1976, Sexual differentiation and feedback control of luteinizing hormone secretion in the rhesus monkey, Biol. Reprod. 15: 206 - 212.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenberg, A., 1976, Developmental, diurnal and oestrous cycle dependent changes in the activity of liver enzymes, J. Endocrinol. 68: 265 - 272.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stern, J. J., 1969, Neonatal castration, androstenedione and the mating behavior of the male rat, J. Comp. Physiol. Psycho. 69: 608 - 612.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, W. E., 1968, Estradiol concentrating neurons, Topography in the hypothalamus by dry-mount auto-radiography, Science 162: 1001 - 1003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, W. E., and Sar, M., 1971, Estradiol concentrating neurons in the amygdala, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 136: 102 - 114.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stumpf, W. E., Sar, M., and Kepper, D. A., 1974, Anatomical distribution in the central nervous system of mouse, rat, tree shrew and squirrel monkey, Adv. Biosci. 15: 77 - 84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. E., and van der Werf ten Bosch, J. J., 1964, The “early androgen” syndrome: Differences in response to pre-natal and post-natal administration of various doses of testosterone propionate in female and male rats, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 47: 37 - 50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. E., and van der Werff ten Bosch, J. J., 1965, The “early androgen” syndrome; effects of prenatal testosterone propionate. Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 50: 379 - 390.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. H., 1967, Alteration of sex typical behavior of hamsters in open field and emergence tests by neonatal administration of androgen or oestrogen, Anim. Behay. 15: 209 - 216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, H. H., and Crossley, D. A., 1971, Sexual behaviour in the golden hamster and its modification by neonatal administration of testosterone propionate, in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Hormones in Development ( M. Hamburgh and E. J. W. Berrington, eds.), pp. 677 - 687, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terasawa, E., Kawakami, M., and Sawyer, C. H., 1969, Induction of ovulation by electrochemical stimulation in androgenized and spontaneously constant oestrous rats, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. N. Y. 132: 497 - 501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • ter Haar, M. B., MacKinnon, P. C. B., and Bulmer, H. G., 1974, Sexual differentiation in the phase of the circadian rhythm of 35S-methionine incorporation into cerebral proteins, and of serum gonadotrophin levels, J. Endocrinol. 62: 257 - 265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toran-Allerand, C. D., 1983, Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro. II. Morphological correlates and hormonal specificity. Brain Res. 189: 413 - 427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toran-Allerand, C. D., Gerlach, J. L., and McEwen, B. S., 1978, Autoradiographic localization of 3H-estradiol in relation to steroid responsiveness in cultures of the hypothalamus/preoptic area, Neurosci. Abs. 4: 129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. W., 1976, Influence of neonatal androgen on the display of territorial marking behavior in the gerbil, Physiol. Behay. 15: 265 - 276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbanski, J. F., and Follett, B. K., 1982, Sexual differentiation of the photoperiodic response in Japanese quail, J. Endocrinol. 92: 279 - 282.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenstein, E. S., Kakolewski, J. W., and Cox, V. C., 1967, Sex differences in taste. Preference for glucose and saccharine solutions, Science 146: 942 - 943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenen, G., and Hamilton, J. B., 1943, Experimental production of pseudohermaphroditism, in: Essays in Biology ( T. Cowles, ed.), pp. 581 - 607, University of California Press, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velasco, M. E., and Taleisnik, S., 1969, Release of gonadotropins induced by amygdaloid stimulation in the rat, Endocrinology 84: 132 - 139.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vertes, M., Barnea, A., Lindner, H. R., and King, R. J. B., 1973, Studies on androgen and estrogen uptake by rat hypothalamus, in: Receptors for Reproductive Hormones ( B. W. O’Malley and A. R. Means, eds.), pp. 137 - 173, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachtel, S. S., Ohno, S., Koo, G. C., and Boyse, E. A., 1975, Possible role for H-Y antigen in the primary determination of sex, Nature (London) 257: 235 - 236.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, G. H., and Zucker, I., 1969, Taste preferences of female rats modification by neonatal hormones, food deprivation and prior experience, Physiol. Behay. 4: 935 - 943.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J., and Gibbs, C., 1974, Metabolites of testosterone in the brain of the newborn female rat after an injection of tritiated testosterone, Neuroendocrinology 14: 72 - 86.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weisz, J., and Ward, I. L., 1980, Plasma testosterone and progesterone titers of pregnant rats, their male and female fetuses and neonatal offspring, Endocrinology 106: 306 - 316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, L. J., and van Wagenen, H. G., 1954, Androgen induced female pseudohermaphroditism in the monkey (Macaca mulatta) anatomy of the reproductive organs, Contrib. Embryo!. 35: 93 - 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Welshons, W. J., and Russell, L. B., 1959, the Y-chromosome as the bearer of male determining factors in the mouse, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 45: 560 - 566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westley, B. R., and Salaman, D. F., 1976, Role of oestrogen receptor in androgen-induced sexual differentiation of the brain, Nature (London) 262: 407 - 408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westley, B. R., and Salaman, D. F., 1977, Nuclear binding of the oestrogen receptor of neonatal rat brain after injection of oestrogens and androgens: Localization and sex differences, Brain Res. 119: 375 - 388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. E., 1966, Sexual motivation, Psycho!. Rev. 73: 151 - 163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. E., 1968, Differentiation of the neural mechanisms which control gonadotropin secretion and sexual behavior, in: Perspectives in Reproduction and Sexual Behavior (M. Daiamond, ed.), pp. 303-340., Indiana University Press, Bloomington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. E., and Edwards, D. A., 1967, Hormonal determinants of the development of masculine and feminine behavior in male and female rats, Anat. Rec. 157: 173 - 180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. E., and Luttge, W. G., 1970, Long-term retention of tritiated estradiol in brain and peripheral tissues of male and female rats, Neuroendocrinology 6: 255 - 263.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, R. E., Battle, C., and Luttge, W. G., 1972, Testosterone androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone: Effects on mating behavior of male rats, Behay. Biol. 2: 117 - 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, T. O., Hall, C., and Lim, L., 1979, Developmental changes in the content of oestrogen receptors in the hypothalamus of the female rat, Biochem. J. 184: 465 - 468.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witschi, E., 1962, Embryology of the ovary, in: The Ovary (H. G. Grady and D. E. Smith, eds.), pp. 1-10, International Academic Pathology Monograph No. 3, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yalom, I., Green, R., and Fisk, H., 1973, Prenatal exposure to female hormones—Effect on psychosexual development in boys, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 28: 554 - 561.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yanasi, M., and Gorski, R. A., 1976, Sites of oestrogen and progesterone facilitation of lordosis behavior in the spayed rat, Biol. Reprod. 15: 536 - 543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yazaki, I., 1960, Further studies on endocrine activity of subcutaneous ovarian grafts in male rats by daily examination of smears from vaginal graft, Annot. Zool. Jpn. 33: 217 - 225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen, S. S. C., Tsai, C. C., Vandenberg, G., and Rebar, R., 1972, Gonadotropin dynamics in patients with gonadal dysgenesis: A model for the study of gonadotropin regulation, J. Clin. Endocrino!. Metab. 35: 897 - 904.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zigmond, R. E., 1975, Binding, metabolism and action of steroid hormones in the central nervous system, in: Handbook of Psychopharmacology ( L. L. Iversen, S. D. Iversen, and S. H. Snyder, eds.), Vol. 5, pp. 239 - 328, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human AnatomyUniversity of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, England

    Pamela C. B. Mackinnon

  2. Department of Pharmacology, St. Thomas’s Hospital Medical School, University of London, London, SE1 7EH, England

    Ben Greenstein

Authors
  1. Pamela C. B. Mackinnon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ben Greenstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA

    Frank Falkner

  2. School of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA

    Frank Falkner

  3. Department of Growth and Development, Institute of Child Health, University of London, WC1N 1EH, London, England

    James M. Tanner

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mackinnon, P.C.B., Greenstein, B. (1986). Sexual Differentiation of the Brain. In: Falkner, F., Tanner, J.M. (eds) Postnatal Growth Neurobiology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0522-2_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0522-2_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0524-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0522-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation