Skip to main content

A Biobehavioral Perspective on Crying in Early Infancy

  • Chapter
Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics

Abstract

The central role of crying in early infancy has been discussed by parents, pediatricians, and theorists. In Western cultures crying is the primary mode of communication through which the young infant’s needs and wants are expressed. The affective messages transmitted by the cry tell the caregivers that the infant needs attention, and in most cases crying is terminated when the infant’s needs are met. There are times, however, when the immediate cause of crying is not clear—socalled “unexplained fussiness”—when the infant cannot be easily soothed.

The preparation of this chapter was partially supported by grant No. 3122 from the Grant Foundation, New York, and by grant HD 10889 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Als, H., Tronick, E., Adamson, L., & Brazelton, T. B. The behavior of the full-term but underweight newborn infant. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1976, 18, 590–602.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Huntington, R. B., & Rosenblith, J. F. Central nervous system damage as a possible component of unexpected deaths in infancy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1976, 18, 480–492.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barry, H., & Paxson, L. M. Infancy and early childhood: Cross-cultural studies. Ethnology, 1971, 10, 467–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, J. E., Freeland, C. A., & Lounsbury, M. L. Measurment of infant difficulties. Child Development, 1979, 50, 794–803.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R. Q. Stimulus control of parent or caretaker behavior by offspring. Developmental Psychology, 1971, 4, 63–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, S. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. S. Infant crying and maternal responsiveness. Child Development, 1972, 43, 1171–1190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bernai, J. Crying during the first ten days of life and maternal responses. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1972, 14, 362–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berry, K. K. Developmental study of recognition of antecedents of infant vocalization. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1975, 41, 400–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blinick, G., Tavolga, W. N., & Antopol, W. Variations in the birth cries of newborn infants from narcotic addicted and normal mothers. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 1971, 110, 948–958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boukydis, C. F. Z. Adult response to infant cries. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowlby, J. Attachment and loss. Vol. 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brazelton, T. B. Crying in infancy. Pediatrics, 1962, 29, 579–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchwald, J. Development of acoustic communication functions in an experimental model. In S. L. Friedman & M. Sigman (Eds.), Preterm birth and psychological development. New York: Academic Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chess, G. F., Tarn, M. K., & Calaresu, F. R. Influence of cardiac neural input on rhythmic variation of heart period in the cat. American Journal of Physiology, 1975, 228, 775–780.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colton, R. H., & Steinschneider, A. Acoustic characteristics of first week infant cries: Some relationships to the sudden infant death syndrome. In T. Murry & J. Murry (Eds.), Infant communication: Cry and early speech. Houston: College Hill Press, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. The expression of emotion in man and animals. New York: Philosophical Library, 1855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, H. Excitation of auditory receptors. In J. Field (Ed.), Handbook of Physiology: Section I. Neurophysiology (Vol. 1). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins,1959.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emde, R. N., Gaensbauer, T. J., & Harmon, R. J. Emotional expression in infancy: A biobehavioral study. Psychological Issues, 1976, X (1), Monograph 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairbanks, G. An acoustical study of the pitch of infant hunger wails. Child Development, 1942, 13, 227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisichelli, V., & Karelitz, S. The cry latencies of normal infants and those with brain damage. The Journal of Pediatrics, 1963, 62, 724–734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flateau, T. S., & Gutzmann, H. Die Stimme des Saüglings. Archiv für Laryngologie und Rhinologie, 1906, 18, 139–151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formby, D. Maternal recognition of infant’s cry. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1967, 9, 293–298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freudenberg, R. P., Driscoll, J. W., & Stern, G. S. Reactions of adult humans to cries of normal and abnormal infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 1978, 1, 224–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frodi, A. M., & Lamb, M. E. Child abusers’ responses to infant smiles and cries. Child Development, 1980, 51, 238–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frodi, A. M., Lamb, M. E., Leavitt, L. A., & Donovan, W. L. Fathers’ and mothers’ responses to infant cries and smiles. Infant Behavior and Development, 1978, 1, 187–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frodi, A. M., Lamb, M. E., Leavitt, L. A., Donovan, W. L., Neff, C., & Sherry, D. Fathers’ and mothers’ responses to the faces and cries of normal and premature infants. Developmental Psychology, 1978, 14, 490–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner, W. The music of nature. Boston: Wilkins & Carter, 1838.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gewirtz, J. L., & Boyd, E. Does maternal responding imply reduced infant crying? A critique of the 1972 Bell and Ainsworth report. Child Development, 1977, 48, 1200–1207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gil, D. G. Violence against children: Physical child abuse in the United States. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, S. Some biological aspects of early parent-infant interaction. In S. G. Moore & C. R. Cooper (Eds.), The young child: Reviews of research. Washington, D. C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub, H. L. A physioacoustic model of the infant cry and its use for medical diagnosis and prognosis. In J. J. Wolf & D. H. Klatt (Eds.), Speech communication papers presented at the 97th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Golub, H. L., & Corwin, M. J. Infant cry: A clue to diagnosis. Pediatrics, 1982, 69, 197–201.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, F., & Clifton, R. Heart rate change as a component of the orienting reflex. Psychological Bulletin, 1966, 65, 305–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, M., Rosenberg, I., & Lind, J. First mothers rooming in with their newborns: Its impact upon the mother. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1973, 43, 783–788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopkins, J. B. A comparative study of sensorimotor development during the first six months of life. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, I. P. The spatial senses. In E. C. Carerette & M. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception: Vol 3. Biology of perceptual systems. New York: Academic Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juntunen, K., Servio, P., & Michelsson, K. Cry analysis in infants with severe malnutrition. European Journal of Pediatrics, 1978, 128, 241–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karelitz, S., & Fisichelli, V. R. The cry thresholds of normal infants and those with brain damage. Journal of Pediatrics, 1962, 61, 679–685.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karelitz, S., Fisichelli, V. R., Costa, J., Karelitz, R., & Rosenfeld, L. Relation of crying activity in early infancy to speech and intellectual development at age three years. Child Development, 1964, 35, 769–777.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katona, P. G., & Jih, F. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Non-invasive measure of parasympathetic cardiac control. Journal of Applied Physiology, 1975, 39, 5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessen, W., Levine, J., & Wendrich, K. A. The imitation of pitch in infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 1979, 2, 93–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konner, M. Infancy among the Kalahari Desert San. In H. Leiderman, S. Tulkin, & A. Rosenfeld (Eds.), Culture and infancy. New York: Academic Press, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Korner, A., & Grobstein, R. Visual alertness as related to soothing in neonates: Implications for maternal stimulation and early deprivation. Child Development, 1966, 37, 867–876.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenneberg, E. H. Biological foundations of language. New York: Wiley, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M. Spectrum analysis of the cry sounds of well-nourished and malnourished infants. Child Development, 1976, 47, 237–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M. The organization of crying in the neonate. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1978, 3, 122–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M. Behavioral assessment of the neonate. In E. S. Sell (Ed.), Follow-up of the high-risk newborn: A practical approach. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1979. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M. A synergistic process approach to the study of prenatal malnutrition. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 1979, 2, 377–393. (b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M., & Zeskind, P. S. Brazelton scale and physical size correlates of neonatal cry features. Infant Behavior and Development, 1978, 1, 393–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, B. M., & Zeskind, P. S. The organization and assessment of crying in the infant at risk. In T. M. Field, A. M. Sostek, S. Goldberg, & H. H. Shuman (Eds.), Infants born at risk. New York: Spectrum, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P. Intonation, perception and language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lieberman, P., Harris, K. S., Wolff, P., & Russell, L. H. Newborn infant cry and non-human primate vocalization. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 1971, 14, 718–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Light, R. S. Abused and neglected children in America: A study of alternative policies. Harvard Educational Review, 1974, 9, 198–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, J. (Ed.). Newborn infant cry. Acta Pediatrica Scandinavia, Supplement 163, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, J., Wasz-Hockert, O., Vuorenkoski, V., Partanen, T. J., Theorell, K., & Valanne, E. Vocal response to painful stimuli in newborn and young infants. Annales Paediatriae Fenniae, 1966, 12, 55–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, J., Vuorenkoski, V., Rosberg, G., Partanen, T. J., & Wasz-Hockert, O. Spectrographic analysis of vocal response to pain stimuli in infants with Down’s syndrome. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 1970, 12, 478–486.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lounsbury, M. L. Acoustic properties of and maternal reactions to infant cries as a function of infant temperament. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynip, A. The use of magnetic devices in the collection and analysis of the preverbal utterances of an infant. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 1951, 44, 221–262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Masterton, B., & Diamond, I. T. Hearing: Central neural mechanisms. In E. C. Carterette & M. P. Friedman (Eds.), Handbook of perception. Vol. 3. Biology of perceptual systems. New York: Academic Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelsson, K. Cry analysis of symptomless low birth weight neonates and of asphyxiated newborn infants. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, Supplement 216, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelsson, K., Sirvio, P., & Wasz-Hockert, O. Sound spectrographic cry analysis of infants with bacterial meningitis. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1977, 19, 309–315. (a)

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Michelsson, K., Sirvio, P., & Wasz-Hockert, O. Pain cry in full-term asphyxiated newborn infants correlated with late findings. Ada Paediatrica Scandinavica, 1977, 66, 611–616. (b)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, H., & Hassanein, K. Fetal malnutrition in white newborn infants: Maternal factors. Pediatrics, 1973, 52, 504–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morath, M. Differences in the non-crying vocalizations of infants in the first four months of life. Neuropaediatrie, 1977, 8, 543–545.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morsbach, G., & Bunting, C. Maternal recognition of their neonates’ cries. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1979, 21, 178–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morton, E. S. On the occurrence and significance of motivation-structural rules in some bird and mammal sounds. American Naturalist, 1977, 111, 855–869.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, E., Hollien, H., & Murray, T. Perceptual responses to infant crying: Identification of cry types. Journal of Child Language, 1974, 1, 89–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, A. D. Infant crying as an elicitor of parental behavior: An examination of two models. Psychological Bulletin, 1979, 86, 191–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naeye, R. L., Messmer, J., Sprecht, R., & Merrit, T. A. Sudden infant death syndrome temperament before death. Journal of Pediatrics, 1976, 88, 511–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, P. The sounds of infancy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1972, 14, 350–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, P., Freedman, D. G., & Kurtz, S. H. Vocalization of infant twins. Folia Phoniatrica, 1962, 14, 37–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, P., Phibbs, R., & Fox, S. Diagnostic use of infant cry. Biology of the Neonate, 1968, 13, 68–82.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, P., Peltzman, P., Greenberg, M., & Meyer, J. Cries of a trisomy 13-15 infant. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1970, 12, 472–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Painter, C. An introduction to instrumental phonetics. Baltimore: University Park Press, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke, R., & Collmer, C. W. Child abuse: An interdisciplinary analysis. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Review of child development (Vol. 5). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975, 509–590.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmelee, A. H. Infant crying and neurologic diagnosis. Journal of Pediatrics, 1962, 13, 68–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Partanen, T. J., Wasz-Hockert, O., Vuorenkoski, V., Theorell, K., Valanne, E. H., & Lind, J. Auditory identification of pain cry signals of young infants in pathological conditions and its sound spectrographic basis. Annales Paediatriae Fenniae, 1967, 13, 56–63.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porges, S., Borher, R., Keren, G., Cheung, M., Franks, G., & Drasgow, F. The influence of methylphenidate on spontaneous autonomic activity and behavior in children diagnosed as hyperactive. Psychophysiology, 1981, 18, 42–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl, H. F. R. Neurological findings in newborn infants after pre-and para-natal complications. In J. Jonix, H. Visser, & J. Troelstra (Eds.), Aspects of prematurity and dysmaturity: A nutricia symposium. Leiden: Stenfert Kroese, 1968, pp. 303–321.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl, H. F. R. The neurological examination of the full-term newborn infant. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, No. 63. Spastics International Medical Publications. Philadelphia: Lippin-cott, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prechtl, H. F. R., Theorell, K., Gramsbergen, A., & Lind, J. A statistical analysis of cry patterns in normal and abnormal newborn infants. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1969, 11, 142–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramey, C. T., Heiger, L., & Klisz, D. Synchronous reinforcement of vocal responses in failure to thrive infants. Child Development, 1972, 43, 1449–1455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rebelsky, R., & Black, R. Crying in infancy. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 1972, 121, 49–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ringel, R. L., & Kluppel, D. D. Neonatal crying: A normative study. Folia Phoniatrica, 1964, 16, 1–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sagi, A., & Hoffman, M. L. Empathic distress in the newborn. Developmental Psychology, 1976, 12, 175–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sander, L., & Julia, H. Continuous interactional monitoring in the neonate. Psychosomatic Medicine, 1966, 28, 822–835.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, K. R. Nonlinguistic vocal indicators of emotion and psychopathology. In C. E. Izard (Ed.), Emotions in personality and psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press, 1979, pp. 495–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, M. The differentiation of emotional responses in infants. Comparative Psychology, 1927, 7, 335–351.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simner, M. L. Newborn’s responses to the cry of another infant. Developmental Psychology, 1971, 5, 136–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sirvio, P., & Michelsson, K. Sound spectrographic cry analysis of normal and abnormal newborn infants. Folia Phoniatrica, 1976, 28, 161–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stark, R. E., & Nathanson, S. Unusual features of cry in an infant dying suddenly and unexpectedly. In J. F. Bosma & J. Showacre (Eds.), Development of upper respiratory anatomy and function. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Publication No. 75-941, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Testerman, R. L. Modulation of laryngeal activity by pulmonary changes during vocalization in cats. Experimental Neurology, 29, 281–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Truby, H. M., & Lind, J. Cry sounds of the newborn infant. In J. Lind (Ed.), Newborn infant cry. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, Supplement 163, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuorenkoski, V., Lind, J., Partanen, T. J., Lejeune, J., LaFourcade, J., & Wasz-Hockert, O. Spectrographic analysis of cries from children with maladie du cri du chat. Annales Paediatriae Fenniae, 1966, 12, 174–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuorenkoski, V., Wasz-Hockert, O., Koivisto, E., & Lind, J. The effect of cry stimulus on the temperature of the lactating breast of primiparas: A thermographic study. Experientia, 1969, 25, 1286–1287.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vuorenkoski, V., Lind, J., Wasz-Hockert, O., & Partanen, T. J. Cry score: A method for evaluating the degree of abnormality in the pain cry response of the newborn and young infant. Speech Transmission Laboratory Progress Report, 1971, 7, 68–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vuorenkoski, V., Wasz-Hockert, O., Lind, J., Koivisto, M., & Partanen, T. J. Training the auditory perception of some specific types of the abnormal pain cry in newborn and young infants. Progress report, Speech Transmission Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasz-Hockert, O., Lind, J., Vuorenkoski, V., Partanen, T., & Valanne, E. The infant cry. Clinics in Developmental Medicine. Spastics International Medical Publications. London: Lavenham Press, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasz-Hockert, O., Koivisto, M., Vuorenkoski, V., Partanen, T. J., & Lind, J. Spectrographic analysis of pain cry in hyperbilirubinemia. Biologia Neonatorum, 1971, 17, 260–271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wenger, M., & Cullen, T. Studies of autonomic balance in children and adults. In N. Greenfield & R. Sternbach (Eds.), Handbook of psychophysiology, New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1972, 535–570.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolff, P. The natural history of crying and other vocalizations in infancy. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), Determinants of infant behavior (IV). London: Methuen, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeskind, P. S. Differences in the cries and behaviors of infants varying in fetal growth. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1980. (a)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeskind, P. S. Adult responses to cries of low and high risk infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 1980, 3, 167–177.(b)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zeskind, P. S., & Lester, B. M. Acoustic features and auditory perceptions of the cries of newborns with prenatal and perinatal complications. Child Development, 1978, 49, 580–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeskind, P. S., & Lester, B. M. Analysis of cry features in newborns with differential fetal growth. Child Development, 1981, 52, 207–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1982 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lester, B.M., Zeskind, P.S. (1982). A Biobehavioral Perspective on Crying in Early Infancy. In: Fitzgerald, H.E., Lester, B.M., Yogman, M.W. (eds) Theory and Research in Behavioral Pediatrics. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0442-3_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0442-3_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-0444-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-0442-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics