Abstract
Mutualisms are interspecific interactions between individuals in which each participant receives a net benefit from the association (Thompson, 1994). The concept of mutualism is broad encompassing a wide variety of non-antagonistic and non-commensal interspecific interactions. Generally, these interactions involve and exchange of goods or services (e.g. nutrition, protection, dispersal of gametes or progeny). By definition the goods or services provided by a partner should be of low cost relative to the benefits it receives from the association. Therefore, to demonstrate that an association is mutualistic it is necessary to show a relative increase in the fitness of each partner.
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Wilkinson, H.H., Schardl, C.L. (1997). The Evolution of Mutualism in Grass-Endophyte Associations. In: Bacon, C.W., Hill, N.S. (eds) Neotyphodium/Grass Interactions. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0271-9_2
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