Introduction

Abstract

Pointers and memory management are considered among the most challenging issues to deal with in low-level programming languages such as C. It is not that pointers are conceptually difficult to understand, nor is it difficult to comprehend how we can obtain memory from the operating system and how we return the memory again so it can be reused. The difficulty stems from the flexibility with which pointers let us manipulate the entire state of a running program. With pointers, every object anywhere in a program’s memory is available to us—at least in principle. We can change any bit to our heart’s desire. No data are safe from our pointers, not even the program that we run—a running program is nothing but data in the computer’s memory, and in theory, we can modify our own code as we run it.