Abstract
When we look at the ground we have covered so far in this book, we see how AI and UX have some common DNA. Both started with the advent of computers and both with a desire to create a better world. We saw how UX evolved from a need to bring the information age closer to everyone. , AI grew similarly—with some fits and starts—and is now in the mainstream of conversation.
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Notes
- 1.
That task has been largely accomplished with the fact that more than five billion people have mobile phones, and over the half of those are smart phones. Smartphone ownership is growing rapidly around the world, but not always equally. Laura Silver. www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/02/05/smartphone-ownership-is-growing-rapidly-around-the-world-but-not-always-equally/ (retrieved April 16, 2020).
- 2.
Another term coined by Norman in the title of his book: User Centered System Design: New Perspectives on Human-computer Interaction (1986). United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
- 3.
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- 4.
We are not going to go into the details here. There are many websites and books on how to implement the UCD process into many different development approaches. A good place to start is here: www.usability.gov/what-and-why/user-centered-design.html (retrieved May 13, 2020).
- 5.
Elias, J.G., Westerman, W.C., & Haggerty, M.M. (2007). “Multi-touch Gesture Dictionary.” USPTO US 2007/0177803 A1. Last accessed: June 22, 2020 www.freepatentsonline.com/20070177803.pdf.
- 6.
Wroblewski, L. (2010). Design for Mobile: What Gestures do People Use? Referencing Dan Mauney’s Design for Mobile conference. Last accessed: June 22, www.lukew.com/ff/entry.asp?1197.
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Smith, B. (2013). “Human error as a cause of vehicle crashes.” The Center for Internet and Society, Stanford University. Traffic Safety Facts Annual Report Tables. National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration. December 18, 2013. Last accessed: May 19, 2020 http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2013/12/human-error-cause-vehicle-crashes.
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Kokalitcheva. K (2018). “People cause most California autonomous vehicle accidents.” Axios. August 29, 2018. Last accessed: May 19, 2020 www.axios.com/california-people-cause-most-autonomous-vehicle-accidents-dc962265-c9bb-4b00-ae97-50427f6bc936.html.
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Mohn, T. (2019). “Most Americans Still Afraid To Ride In Self-Driving Cars” Forbes. March 28, 2019. Last accessed: May 19, 2020 www.forbes.com/sites/tanyamohn/2019/03/28/most-americans-still-afraid-to-ride-in-self-driving-cars/#5803114632da.
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Levy, Nat. (2020). “Three Apple workers hurt walking into glass walls in the first month at $5bn HQ.” Geekwire. February 24, 2020. Accessed May 20, 2020. www.geekwire.com/2020/alexa-always-listening-new-study-examines-accidental-triggers-digital-assistants/.
- 11.
In fact, Don Norman wrote a book on the subject. Norman, D. (2004). Emotional Design: Why We Love (or Hate) Everyday Things. Basic Books.
- 12.
Think of how powerful the Apple brand is. Now think about it. It has notoriously bad usability. Much has been written on this, for example, the rise and fall of iTunes, Apple’s most hated app. www.theverge.com/2019/6/3/18650571/apple-itunes-rip-discontinued-macos-10-15-ipod-store-digital-music-wwdc-2019. Porter, Jon. Jun 3, 2019 (retrieved May 21, 2020).
- 13.
Lannoo, Pascal & Gaillard, Frederic (2017). “Explore the future: when business conversations meet chatbots.” 13th UX Masterclass. April 22, 2017. Shanghai, People’s Republic of China.
- 14.
Sometimes organizations will rely on market research for this kind of analysis. Market research and insights can be helpful, but they do not substitute for understanding of the user and user’s needs at the level required for system specifications.
- 15.
Brooks, F. P., Brooks, F. P. (1975). The Mythical Man-Month: Essays on Software Engineering. United Kingdom: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
- 16.
We don’t want to imply that business needs or technical needs are secondary; there is always a balance between user needs, business needs, and technical capabilities. We strongly believe that the business and technical teams should be a part of the UCD process.
- 17.
While we are introducing many of the concepts of UCD and user interface design for the purposes of showing how they can be beneficial to AI, we are not intending this to be a UCD book. There are hundreds of books, articles, and resources out there to get you started.
- 18.
Saleema Amershi, Dan Weld, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Adam Fourney, Besmira Nushi, Penny Collisson, Jina Suh, Shamsi Iqbal, Paul N Bennett, Kori Inkpen, et al. 2019. Guidelines for human-AI interaction. In Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. ACM, 3.
- 19.
Clippy might never have existed if Microsoft had listened to women. Perkins, Chris. June 25, 2015. https://mashable.com/2015/06/25/clippy-male-design/. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- 20.
Microsoft resurrects Clippy and then brutally kills him off again. Warren, Tom. March 22, 2019. www.theverge.com/2019/3/22/18276923/microsoft-clippy-microsoft-teams-stickers-removal. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- 21.
“Crowdworkers” or “Turkers” do work that machines cannot do, yet. A review of the use cases of MTurk reveals that there is a wide range of work available to Turkers that supports machine learning datasets. There are potentially as many as 500,000 turkers worldwide. AI needs humans.
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© 2020 Gavin Lew, Robert M. Schumacher Jr.
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Lew, G., Schumacher Jr., R.M. (2020). Applying a UX Framework. In: AI and UX. Apress, Berkeley, CA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5775-3_5
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