Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Current Ornithology pp 189–234Cite as

Energy Management in Passerine Birds during the Nonbreeding Season

A Review

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: Current Ornithology ((CUOR,volume 14))

Abstract

During the nonbreeding season, fitness is enhanced primarily by adaptations that promote survival as opposed to reproduction. Adaptations that minimize risks of starvation and predation have been the subject of much theoretical and empirical research during the past decade. Here, we review energy management during the nonbreeding season, paying particular attention to recent theoretical advances and to experimental work designed to evaluate such theory. Energy management consists of adaptations that deal with locating and acquiring resources and also with storing and utilizing them. Energy management includes adaptations concerning the storage of such resources in the bird’s body or in the environment (food-caching birds only) and adaptations that permit optimal use of stored energy to escape death by either starvation or predation (Grubb and Pravosudov, 1994b).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andersson, M., and Krebs, J. R., 1978. On the evolution of hoarding behavior, Anim. Behay. 26: 707–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. C., Stone, E., Baker, A. E. M., Shelden, R. J., Skillicorn, P., and Mantych, M., 1988, Evidence against observational learning in storage and recovery of seeds by Black-capped Chickadees, Auk 105: 492–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. C., Mantych, M. D., and Shelden, R. J., 1990, Social dominance, food caching and recovery by Black-capped Chickadees Parus atricapillus: is there a cheater strategy? Omis Scand. 21: 293–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balda, R. P., and Kamil, A. C., 1992, Long-term spatial memory in Clark’s Nutcracker, Nucifraga colombiana, Anim. Behay. 44: 761–769.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, S. P., and Kendeigh, S. C., 1938, Variations in the weight of birds, Auk 55: 416–467.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnard, C. J., 1980, Flock feeding and time budgets in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus L.), Anim. Behay. 28: 295–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnea, A., and Nottebohm, F., 1995, Patterns of food storing by Black-capped Chickadees suggest a mnemonic hypothesis, Anim. Behay. 49: 1161–1176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartleson, F. D., and Jensen, O. F., 1955, A study of Purple Finch winter weight. Wilson Bull. 67: 55–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednekoff, P. A., and Houston, A. I., 1994a, Optimizing fat reserves over the entire winter: a dynamic model, Oikos 71: 408–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednekoff, P. A., and Houston, A. I., 1994b, Avian daily foraging patterns: effects of digestive constraints and variability, Evol. Biol. 8: 36–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednekoff, P. A., and Krebs, J. R., 1995, Great Tit fat reserves: effects of changing and unpredictable feeding day length, Func. Ecol. 9: 457–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bednekoff, P. A., Biebach, H., and Krebs, J., 1994, Great Tit fat reserves under unpredictable temperatures, J. Avian Biol. 25: 156–160.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beer, J. R., 1961, Winter feeding patterns in the House Sparrow, Auk 78: 63–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blem, C. R., 1975, Geographic variation in wing loading of the House Sparrow, Wilson Bull. 87: 543–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blem, C. R., 1990, Avian energy storage, in: Current Ornithology, Vol. 7 ( D. M. Power, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 59–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blem, C. R., and Shelor, M. H., 1986, Multiple regression analyses of midwinter fattening of the White-throated Sparrow, Can. J. Zool. 64: 2405–2411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1992, Cache dispersion affects retrieval time in hoarding Willow Tits, Ovnis Scand. 23: 7–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1993, Radio-ptilochronology-tracing radioactively labeled food in feathers, Ovnis Scand. 24: 167–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1994a, Low rate of loss of Willow Tit caches may increase adaptiveness of long-term hoarding, Auk 110: 642–646.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1994b, The disappearance of caches that have been stored by naturally foraging Willow Tits, Anim. Behay. 47: 730–732.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1994c, Separation of caches between individual Willow Tits hoarding under natural conditions, Anim. Behay. 47: 1037–1035.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., 1994d, Time aspects of food hoarding in the Willow Tit, Ph.D. dissertation, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., and Ekman, J., 1994, Benefits of hoarding, Nature 372: 5–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brodin, A., Lens, L., and Suhonen, J., 1994. Do Crested Tits, Parus cristatus, store more food at northern latitudes? Anim. Behay. 48: 990–993.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bunch, K. G., and Tomback, D. F., 1986, Bolus recovery by Gray Jays: an experimental analysis, Anim. Behay. 34: 754–762.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caraco, T., Martindale, S., and Pulliam, M. R., 1980, Avian time budgets and distance to cover, Auk 97: 872–875.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, S. B., 1974, Daily energetics of the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus, in winter, J. Comp. Physiol. 89: 321–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaplin, S. B., 1976, The physiology of hypothermia in the Black-capped Chickadee, Parus atricapillus. J. Comp. Physiol. 112: 335–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cimprich, D. A., and Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1994, Consequences for Carolina Chickadees of foraging with Tufted Titmice in winter, Ecology 75: 1615–1625.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. W., 1994, Antipredator behavior and the asset-protection principle, Behay. Ecol. 5: 159–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, C. W., and Ekman, J., 1995, Dominant and subordinate fattening strategies: a dynamic game, Oikos 72: 205–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, K., Eden, S. F., Sutherland, W. J., and Houston, A. I., 1986, Density dependence and magpie food hoarding, J. Animal. Ecol. 55: 111–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, N. S., 1994, The role of age and experience in the behavioral development of food-storing and retrieval in Marsh Tits, Parus palustris. Anim. Behay. 47: 1435–1444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, N. S., and Krebs, J. R., 1994, Memory for spatial and object-specific cues in food-storing and non-storing birds, J. Comp. Physiol. A 174: 371–379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, N. S., Mellor, R., and Jackson, A., 1996, Seasonal patterns of food storing in the Jay Garrulus glandarius. Ibis 138: 250–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cowie, R. J., Krebs, J. R., and Sherry, D. F., 1981, Food storing in Marsh Tits, Anim. Behay. 29: 1252–1259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, W. R., and Marsh, R. L., 1986, Winter fattening in the American Goldfinch and the possible role of temperature in its regulation, Physiol. Zool. 59: 357–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, J. B., and Hake, M. K., 1990, Monitoring starvation risk: adjustments of body reserves in Greenfinches (Carduelis chloris L.) during periods of unpredictable foraging success, Behay. Ecol. 1: 62–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, J. B., and Lilliendahl, K., 1993, Using priority to food access: fattening strategies in dominance-structured Willow Tit (Parus montanus) flocks, Behay. Ecol. 4: 232–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, J. B., Brodin, A., Bylin, A., and Sklepkovych, B., 1996, Selfish long-term benefits of hoarding in the Siberian Jay, Behay. Ecol. 7: 140–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, P. R., 1969, Winter fat deposition and overnight survival of Yellow Buntings (Emberiza citrinella L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 38: 415–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fretwell, S. D., 1972, Populations in a Seasonal Environment, Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, J., 1956, Food, feeding habits and territory of the Rock Pipit Anthus spinoletta. Ibis 98: 506–530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibb, J., 1960, Populations of tits and Goldcrests and their food supply in pine plantations, Ibis 102: 163–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosier, A. G., 1996, Environmental and social determinants of winter fat storage in the Great Tit Parus major, J. Anim. Ecol. 65: 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gosier, A. G., Greenwood, J. J. D., and Perrins, C., 1995, Predation risk and the cost of being fat, Nature 377: 621–622.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, A. F., and West, G. C., 1977, Metabolic rate and temperature regulation of winter acclimatized Black-capped Chickadees Parus atricapillus of interior Alaska, Omis Scand. 8: 127–138.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1978, Weather-dependent foraging rates of wintering woodland birds, Auk 95: 370–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1989, Ptilochronology: feather growth bars as indicators of nutritional status, Auk 106: 314–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1995a, Ptilochronology: review and prospectus, in: Current Ornithology, Vol. 12 (D. M. Power, ed.), Plenum Press, New York..

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., 19956, On induced anabolism, induced caching and induced construction as unambiguous indices of nutritional condition, Proc. West. Found. Vert. Zool. 6: 258–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., and Greenwald, L., 1982, Sparrows and a brushpile: foraging responses to different combinations of predation risk and energy cost, Anim. Behay. 30: 637–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., and Pravosudov, V. V., 1994a, Ptilochronology: follicle history fails to influence growth of an induced feather, Condor 96: 214–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grubb, T. C., Jr., and Pravosudov, V. V., 1994b, Toward a general theory of energy management in wintering birds, J. Avian Biol. 25: 255–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1954, Contribution to the food biology of tits especially about storing of surplus food. Part I. The Crested Tit (Parus c. cristatus L.), Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1953 (4): 1–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1956a, Contribution to the food biology of tits especially about storing of surplus food. Part II. The Coal Tit (Parus a. ater L.), Kgf. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1956 (2): 1–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1956b, Contribution to the food biology of tits especially about storing of surplus food. Part III. The Willow Tit (Parus atricapillus L.), Kgf. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1956 (3): 1–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1956c, Contribution to the food biology of tits especially about storing of surplus food. Part IV. A comparative analysis of Parus atricapillus L., P. cristatus L. and P. ater L., Kgl. Norske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr. 1956 (4): 1–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1972, Hypothermia of tits in the arctic winter, Omis Scand. 3: 153–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1974, Storage of surplus food by the Boreal Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus) in Alaska, with some records on the Mountain Chickadee (P. gambeli) in Colorado, Omis Scand. 5: 145–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1989, Seasonal and diurnal body weight variations in titmice, based on analyses of individual birds, Wilson Bull. 101: 217–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haftorn, S., 1992, The diurnal body weight cycle in titmice Parus spp., Omis Scand. 23: 435–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedenstrom, A., 1992, Flight performance in relation to fuel load in birds, J. Theor. Biol. 158: 535–537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, R. S., Zanette, L., and Sherry, D. F., 1994, Spatial cues for cache retrieval by Black-capped Chickadees, Anim. Behay. 48: 343–351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higuchi, H., 1977, Stored nuts (Castanopsis cupidata) as a food resource of nestling Varied Tits (Parus varius), Tori 26: 9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, C. L., and Houston, A. I., 1994, The value of a hoard: not just energy, Behay. Ecol. 5: 202–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, C. L., and Sherry, D. F., 1990, Long-term memory for cache sites in the Black-capped Chickadee, Anim. Behay. 40: 701–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitchcock, C. L., and Sherry, D. F., 1995, Cache pilfering and its prevention in pairs of Black-capped Chickadees, J. Avian Biol. 26: 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, A. I., and McNamara, J. M., 1993, A theoretical investigation of the fat reserves and mortality levels of small birds in winter, Omis Scand. 24: 205–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houston, A. I., McNamara, J. M., and Hutchinson, J. M. C., 1993, General results concerning the tradeoff between gaining energy and avoiding predation. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 341: 375–397.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurly, T. A., 1992, Energetic reserves of Marsh Tits (Parus palustris): food and fat storage in response to variable food supply, Behay. Ecol. 3: 181–188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokinen, S., and Suhonen, J., 1995, Food caching by Willow and Crested tits: a test of scatterhoarding models, Ecology 76: 892–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Källander, H., and Smith, H. G., 1990, Food storing in birds: an evolutionary prospective, in: Current Ornithology, Vol. 7 (D. M. Power, ed.), Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessel, B., 1976, Winter activity patterns of Black-capped Chickadees in interior Alaska, Wilson Bull. 88: 36–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and King, J. R., 1977, Metabolic and behavioral responses to fasting in the White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii), Physiol. Zool. 50: 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ketterson, E. D., and Nolan, V., Jr., 1983, The evolution of differential bird migration in: Current Ornithology, Vol. 1 (R. F. Johnston, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 357–401.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. R., 1972, Adaptive periodic fat storage by birds, in: Proceedings 15th International Ornithological Congress, pp. 200–217.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. R., and Farner, D. S., 1966, The adaptive role of winter fattening in the White-crowned Sparrow with comments on its regulation, Am. Nat. 100: 403–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J. R., and Mewalt, L. R., 1981, Variation in body weight in Gambel’s White-crowned Sparrow in winter and spring: latitudinal and photoperiodic correlates, Auk 98: 752–764.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koivula, K., 1994, Social dominance in Willow Tit (Parus montanus) flocks, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kontogiannis, J. E., 1967, Day and night changes in body weight of the White-throated Sparrow, Zonotrichia albicollis, Auk 84: 390–395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, J. R., Clayton, N. S., Healy, S. D., Cristol, D. A., Patel, S. N., and Jolliffe, A. R., 1996, The ecology of the avian brain: food-storing memory and hippocampus, Ibis 138: 34–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, L., 1958, On regional movements and body weight of Black-capped Chickadees in winter, Auk 75: 415–443.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehikoinen, E., 1987, Seasonality of the daily weight cycle in wintering passerines and its consequences, Omis Scand. 18: 216–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, S. L., 1986, Predation risk and unpredictable feeding conditions: determinants of body mass in birds, Ecology 67: 377–385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lima, S. L., Weibe, K. L., and Dill, L. M., 1987, Protective cover and the use of space by finches: is closer better? Oikos 50: 225–230.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, J. R., 1994, Regulation of cache stores and body mass in Carolina Chickadees (Parus carolinensis), Behay. Ecol. 5: 171–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, J. R., and Walter, L. R., 1991, When should chickadees hoard food? Theory and experimental results, Anim. Behay. 41: 579–601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas, J. R., Peterson, L. J., and Boudinier, R. L., 1993, The effects of time constraints and changes in body mass and satiation on the simultaneous expression of caching and diet-choice decisions, Anim. Behay. 45: 639–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ludescher, F.-B., 1980, Fressen and Verstecken von Samereien bei der Weidenmeise Parus montanus im Jahreslauf under konstanten Ernährungsbedingungen, Okol. Vogel 2: 135–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marples, B. J., 1945, Zosterops lateralis at Dunedin, New Zealand, Emu 44: 277–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, J. M., 1990, The starvation-predation trade-off and some behavioral and ecological consequences, in: Behavioral Mechanisms of Food Selection ( R. N. Hughes, ed.), Springer, Berlin, pp. 39–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, J. M., and Houston, A. I., 1990, The value of fat reserves and the trade-off between starvation and predation. Acta Biotheoret. 38: 37–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, J. M., Houston, A. I., and Krebs, J. R., 1990, Why hoard? The economics of food storing in tits, Parus spp. Behay. Ecol. 1: 12–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, J. M., Houston, A. I., and Lima, S. L., 1994, Foraging routines of small birds in winter: a theoretical investigation, J. Avian Biol. 25: 287–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Metcalfe, N. B., and Ure, S. E., 1995, Diurnal variation in flight performance and hence potential predation risk in small birds, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 261: 395–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morton, M. L., 1967, Diurnal feeding patterns in White-crowned Sparrows, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii. Condor 69: 491–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, H., and Wako, Y., 1988, Food storing behavior of the Willow Tit Parus montanus. J. Yamashina Inst. Ornithol. 20:21–36 [cited by Brodin (1994c)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton, I., 1969, Winter fattening in the Bullfinch, Physiol. Zool. 42: 96–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsson, J.-A., Källander, H., and Persson, 0., 1993, A prudent hoarder: effects of longterm hoarding in the European Nuthatch, Sitta europaea, Behay. Ecol. 4: 369–373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan, V., Jr., and Ketterson, E. D., 1983, An analysis of body mass, wing length and visible fat deposits of Dark-eyed Juncos wintering at different latitudes, Wilson Bull. 95: 603–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norberg, U. M., 1990, Vertebrate Flight, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Odum, E. P., 1942, Annual cycle of the Black-capped Chickadee, Auk 59: 499–531.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owen, D. F., 1954, The winter weights of titmice, Ibis 96: 299–309.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., 1983, Tits’ feeding rate during winter in northern taiga, Vestn. Leningr. Univ. 21: 16–22 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., 1984, The storage of food by the Siberian Jay Perisoreus infaustus (Passeriformes, Corvidae) in spring, Zool. Zh. 63: 950–953 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., 1985, Search for and storage of food by Parus cinctus lapponicus and P.montanus borealis (Paridae), Zool. Zh. 64: 1036–1043 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., 1986, Individual differences in foraging and storing behavior in Siberian Tit Parus cinctus Bodd. and Willow Tit Parus montanus Bald, Ekologia 4: 60–64 [in Russian].

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., and Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1997, Management of fat reserves and food-caches in Tufted Titmice (Parus bicolor) in relation to unpredictable food supply, Behay. Ecol. 8: 332–339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pravosudov, V. V., Pravosudova, E. V., and Zimireva, E. Y., 1996, The diet of nestling Eurasian Nuthatches, J. Field Ornithol. 67: 114–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinertsen, R. E., and Haftorn, S., 1983, Nocturnal hypothermia and metabolism in the Willow Tit Parus montanus at 63°N. J. Comp. Physiol. 151: 109–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reinertsen, R. E., and Haftorn, S., 1984, The effect of short-time fasting on metabolism and nocturnal hypothermia in the Willow Tit Parus montanus, J. Comp. Physiol. B 154: 23–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinertsen, R. E., and Haftorn, S., 1986, Different metabolic strategies of northern birds for nocturnal survival, J. Comp. Physiol. B 156: 655–663.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. C., 1979, The evolution of food-storing behavior, Am. Nat. 114: 418–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. M., 1987, Predation risk and fasting capacity: do wintering birds maintain optimal body mass? Ecology 68: 1051–1061.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. M., and Rogers, C. J., 1990, Seasonal variation in daily mass amplitude and minimum body mass: a test of a recent model, Omis Scand. 21: 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. M., and Smith, J. N., 1993, Life-history theory in the nonbreeding period: tradeoffs in avian fat reserves? Ecology 74: 419–426.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. M., Nolan, V., Jr., and Ketterson, E. D., 1993, Geographic variation in winter fat of Dark-eyed Juncos: displacement to a common environment, Ecology 74: 1183–1190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, C. M., Nolan, V., Jr., and Ketterson, E. D., 1994, Winter fattening in the Dark-eyed Junco: plasticity and possible interaction with migration trade-offs, Oecologia 97: 526–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, K. J., 1984, Dominance, predation, and optimal foraging in White-throated Sparrow flocks, Ecology 65: 1820–1827.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., 1982, Food storage, memory, and Marsh Tits, Anim. Behay. 30: 631–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., 1984a, Food storage by Black-capped Chickadees: memory for the location and contents of caches, Anim. Behay. 32: 451–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., 19846, What food-storing birds remember, Can. J. Psychol. 38: 302–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., 1989, Food storing in Paridae, Wilson Bull. 101: 289–304.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., Krebs, J. R., and Cowie, R. J., 1981, Memory for the location of stored food in Marsh Tits, Anim. Behay. 29: 1260–1266.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., Avery, M., and Stevens, A., 1982, The spacing of stored food by Marsh Tits, Z. Tierpsychol. 58: 153–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherry, D. F., Vaccarino, A. L., Buckenham, K., and Hertz, R. S., 1989, The hippocampal complex of food-storing birds, Brain Behay. Evol. 34: 308–317.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shettleworth, S. J., and Krebs, J. R.,1982, How Marsh Tits find their hoards: the roles of site reference and spatial memory, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behay. Processes 8: 354–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shettleworth, S. J., and Krebs, J. R., 1986, Stored and encountered seeds: a comparison of two spatial memory tasks in Marsh Tits and chickadees, J. Exp. Psychol. Anim. Behay. Processes 12: 248–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shettleworth, S. J., Hampton, R. R., and Westwood, R. P., 1995, Effects of season and photoperiod on food storing by Black-capped Chickadees, Parus atricapillus, Anim. Behay. 49: 989–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stapanian, M. A., and Smith, C. C., 1984, Density-dependent survival of scatterhoarded nuts: an experimental approach, Ecology 65: 1387–1396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, T. A., and Krebs, J. R., 1986, Retrieval of stored seeds by Marsh Tits Parus palustris in the field, Ibis 128: 513–525.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuebe, M. M., and Ketterson, E. D., 1982, A study of fasting in Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea) and Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis): ecological implications, Auk 99: 299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suhonen, J., and Inki, K., 1992, Recovery of Willow Tit food caches by other Willow Tits and by Great Tits, Anim. Behay. 44: 180–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vander Wall, S. B., 1990, Food Hoarding in Animals, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhulst, S., and Hogstad, 0., 1996, Social dominance and energy reserves in flocks of Willow Tits, J. Avian Biol. 27: 203–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., 1988, A field test of density-dependent survival of simulated Gray Jay caches, Condor 90: 247–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., 1990, Effects of caching supplemental food on induced feather regeneration in wintering Gray Jays Perisoreus infaustus: a ptilochronology study, Omis Scand. 21: 122–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., 1991, Nocturnal hypothermia in Gray Jays Perisoreus infaustus wintering in interior Alaska, Omis Scand. 22: 107–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., 1992a, Social hoarding and a load size-distance relationship in Gray Jays, Condor 94: 995–998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., 19926, Winter fattening in Gray Jays: seasonal, diurnal and climatic correlates, Omis Scand. 23: 499–503.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Grubb, T. C., Jr., 1988, Diurnal caching rhythm in captive White-breasted Nuthatches Sitta carolinensis, Omis Scand. 19: 68–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Reeve, J. D., 1992a, Caching behavior in the Gray Jay and the sourcedeparture decision for rate maximizing scatterhoarders, Behavior 120: 51–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Reeve, J. D., 1992b, Gray Jay scatterhoarding behavior, rate maximization, and the effect of local cache density, Omis Scand. 23: 175–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Reeve, J. D., 1993, Food storage in Gray Jays: source type and cache dispersion, Ethology 93: 326–336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Reeve, J. D., 1994, Cache dispersion by Gray Jays sequentially exploiting adjacent sources, Anim. Behay. 47: 1232–1234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Reeve, J. D., 1995, Source-use decisions by hoarding Gray Jays: effects of local cache density and food value, J. Avian Biol. 26: 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Ydenberg, R. C., 1994a, What currency do scatter-hoarding Gray Jays maximize? Behay. Ecol. Sociobiol. 34: 43–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, T. A., and Ydenberg, R. C., 1994b, Shift towards efficiency maximizing by Gray Jays hoarding in winter, Anim. Behay. 48: 1466–1468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, M. S., and Cuthill, I. C., 1993, The ecological costs of avian fat storage, Phil. Trans. H. Soc. Lond. B 340: 93–125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, M. S., and Swaddle, J. P., 1995, Dominance, competition, and energetic reserves in the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Behay. Ecol. 6: 343–348.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, M. C., Cuthill, I. C., and Bonser, R. H. C., 1994, Experimental investigations of mass-dependent predation risk in the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris, Anim. Behay. 48: 201–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter, M. S., Swaddle, J. P., and Cuthill, I. C., 1995, Periodic food availability and strategic regulation of body mass in the European Starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Funct. Ecol. 9: 568–574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woodrey, M. S., 1991, Caching behavior in free-ranging White-breasted Nuthatches: the effects of social dominance, Omis Scand. 22: 160–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ydenberg, R. C., Welham, C. V. J., Schmid-Hempel, R., Schmid-Hempel, P., and Beauchamp, G., 1994, Time and energy constraints and the relationships between currencies in foraging theory, Behay. Ecol. 5: 28–34.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Behavioral Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1293, USA

    Vladimir V. Pravosudov & Thomas C. Grubb Jr.

Authors
  1. Vladimir V. Pravosudov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Thomas C. Grubb Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA

    Val Nolan Jr.  & Ellen D. Ketterson  & 

  2. Illinois State University, Normal, Illinois, USA

    Charles F. Thompson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Pravosudov, V.V., Grubb, T.C. (1997). Energy Management in Passerine Birds during the Nonbreeding Season. In: Nolan, V., Ketterson, E.D., Thompson, C.F. (eds) Current Ornithology. Current Ornithology, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9915-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9915-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9917-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9915-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation