Abstract
Suicide, whether an act of planned self-destruction or a passive act of allowing one’s demise, has meaning not only for the patient and his or her family but for the therapist as well. Even the most experienced therapist will react with an adrenaline surge when it becomes clear that a patient has placed a time limit on his or her life. The patient might communicate the suicidal intention in any number of ways. The patient might have difficulty controlling impulses: “I can’t stop myself. I sit at the table with the knife pressed to my belly and start pressing in.” The patient may wish to punish someone: “I’m waiting until he graduates, and then, on the night of his party, I’ll kill myself.” Or the patient’s anniversary date might seem an auspicious moment to die: “My husband died a year ago. I’ve been too long without him...” Given the severity of its consequence, it is essential that the therapist have an understanding of the causes, assessment, process, and treatment of suicidal behavior so that effective problem solutions can be initiated immediately.
I’ve thought it through very carefully. I’ve suffered more abuse than I should ever have to suffer. The best thing for me to do is end it all. Then I’ll finally have some peace.
The bastards! How can they be so mean? This will show them. This will fix them. I can just picture their faces when they find me....
It’s a little dangerous, sure. But it feels so good. Have you ever used this stuff? It’s pretty safe it you’re careful; I can be careful.
I’ve been called. The angel Gabriel has asked me to climb upon his wings and fly to heaven. I’m scared. What if I fall off?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Barraclough, B. (1973). Differences between national suicide rates. British Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 247256.
Beck, A. T. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias. New York: Basic Books (1985).
Beck, A. T., Kovacs, M., and Weissman, A. (1979). Assessment of suicidal intention: The Scale for Suicidal Ideation, Journal of Clinical and Consulting Psychology, 47, 343–352.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J. and Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
Beck, R., Morris, J., and Lester, D. (1974). Suicide notes and risk of future suicide. Journal of the American Medical Association, 228, 495–496.
Beck, A. T., Weissman, A., Lester, D., and Trexler, L. (1975). The measurement of pessimism: The Hopelessness Scale. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 861–865.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., and Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford Press.
Binder, R. (1978). Dealing with patients suicide. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 1113.
Bower, S. A., and Bower, G. H. (1976). Asserting yourself. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Brown, H. N. (1987). The impact of suicide on psychiatrists in training. Comprehensive Psychitry, 28, 101–112.
Burns, (1980). Feeling good. New York: Morrow.
Chemtob, C. M., Hamada, R. S., Bauer, G., Kinney, B., and Torigoe, R. Y. (1988). Patients’ suicides: Frequency and impact on psychiatrists. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 224–228.
Christensen, R. (1984). The misdiagnosis of holiday and winter complaints: An unconscious shift in criteria? Psychotherapy, 21, 401.
Diekstra, R. (1974). A social learning theory approach to the prevention of suicidal behavior. Proceedings of the 7th International Congress for Suicide Prevention (pp. 55–66 ). Amsterdam: Swets and Zeitlinger, BV.
Freeman, A. (1981). The use of dreams and imagery in cognitive therapy. In G. Emery, S. D. Hollon, and R. C. Bedrosian (Eds.), New directions in cognitive therapy (pp. 224–238 ). New York: Guilford Press.
Freeman, A. (1988). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. In C. Perris, H. Penis and I. Blackburn. The theory and practice of cognitive therapy. Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
Freeman, A, and Reinecke, M. (1989). Cognitive therapy of suicidal behavior. New York: Springer Publishers.
Garfinkel, B., Froese, A., and Golombek, H. (1979). Suicidal behavior in a pediatric population. Proceedings of the 10th International Congress for Suicide Prevention (pp. 302–312 ). Ottawa: IASP.
Goldstein, L. S., and Buongiorno, P. A. (1984). Psychotherapists as suicide survivors. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 38, 392–398.
Goss, M., and Reed, J. (1971). Suicide and religion. Life Threatening Behavior, 1, 163–177.
Henn, R. F. (1978). Patient suicide as part of psychiatric residency. American Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 745746.
Juel-Nielsen, N., and Videbeck, T. (1970). A twin study of suicide. Acta Genetica. Med. Gemmellol., 19, 307310.
Kramer, M., Pollack, E., Redick, R., and Locke, B. (1972). Mental Disorders/Suicide. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Keith-Spiegel, P., and Spiegel, D. E. Affective states of patients immediately preceding suicide. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 5, 89–93.
Kovacs, M., Beck, A. T., and Weissman, A. (1976). The communication of suicidal intent. Archives of General Psychiatry, 33, 198–201.
Lester, D. (1983). Why people kill themselves. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Lester, D., and Beck, A. (1975). Suicide in the spring. Psychological Reports, 35, 893–894.
Lester, D., Beck, A., and Bruno, S. (1976). Correlates of choice of method for suicide. Psychological Reports, 13, 70–73.
Litman, R. E. (1965). When patients commit suicide. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 19, 570–576. Meichenbaum. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum Press.
Pfeffer, C., Conte, H., Plutchik, R., and Jerret, I. (1979). Suicidal behavior in latency age children. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 18, 679–692. Physicians Desk Reference. ( 1988 ). Ordell, NJ: Medical Economics.
Pokorny, A. (1960). Characteristics of fourty-four patients who subsequently committed suicide. Archives of General Psychiatry, 2, 314.
Robins, E., Gassner, S., Kayes, J., Wilkinson, R. H., and Kayes, J. (1959). Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. American Journal of Public Health, 49, 888.
Rogers, S., and Luenes, A. (1979). A psychometric and behavioral comparison of delinquents who were abused as children with their nonabused peers. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 470–472.
Rogot, E., Fabsitz, R., and Feinleib, M. (1976). Daily variations in USA mortality. American Journal of Epidemiology, 103, 198–211.
Stein, M., Levy, M., and Glasberg, M. (1974). Separations in black and white suicide attempters. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 815–821.
Tsuang, M. (1977). Genetic factors in suicide. Disorders of the Nervous System, 38, 498–501.
Wilson, M. (1981). Suicidal behavior: Toward an explanation of differences in female and male rates. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior, 11, 131–140.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Freeman, A., White, D.M. (1989). The Treatment of Suicidal Behavior. In: Freeman, A., Simon, K.M., Beutler, L.E., Arkowitz, H. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Cognitive Therapy. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9779-4_17
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9781-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9779-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive