Skip to main content

Elements of Cortical Architecture

Hierarchy Revisited

  • Chapter
Extrastriate Cortex in Primates

Part of the book series: Cerebral Cortex ((CECO,volume 12))

Abstract

Extrastriate visual cortex consists of multiple areas. As reviewed elsewhere (Kaas, 1989; Colby and Duhamel, 1991; and several chapters in this volume), there are still many questions concerning specific boundaries and subdivisions, and the criteria for area identification themselves remain under discussion. How areas interact is even less well known and is very much a topic of active research. Is there an overall architecture? Are there patterns of sequential or synchronous coactivation?

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amir, Y., haret, M., and Malach, R., 1993, Cortical hierarchy reflected in the organization of intrinsic connections in macaque monkey visual cortex, J. Coma. Neural. 334: 19–64.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersen, R. A., Asanuma, C., Essick, G., and Siegel, R. M., 1990, Corticocortical connections of anatomically and physiologically defined subdivisions within the inferior parietal lobule, J. Comp. Neurol. 296: 65–113.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, I. C., Martin, K. A. C., and Whitteridge, D., 1993, Form, function, and intracortical projections of neurons in the striate cortex of the monkey Macacus nemestrinus, Cerebral Cortex 3: 412–420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beaulieu, C., Kisvardy, Z., Somogyi, P., Cynader, M., and Cowey, A., 1992, Quantitative distribution of GABA-immunopositive and immunonegativc neurons and synapses in the monkey striate cortex area 17), Cerebral Cortex 2: 295–309.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benevento, L. A., Rezak, M., 1976, The cortical projections of the inferior pulvinar and adjacent lateral pulvinar in the rhesus monkey Macaw mulatta): An autoradiographic study, Brain Res. 108: 1–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blasdel, G. G., and Fitzpatrick, I., 1984, Physiological organization of layer 4 in macaque striate cortex, J. Neurosci. 4: 880–895.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blasdel, G. G., and Lund, I. S., 1983, Termination of afferent axons in macaque striate cortex, J. Neurosci. 3: 1389–1413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonhoeffer, T., Kim, D.-S., Malonek, D., Shoham, I., and Grinvald, A., 1995, Optical imaging of the layout of functional domains in area 17 and across the area 17 J18 border in cat visual cortex, Fur. J. Neurosci. 7: 1973–1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boussaoud, D., Ungerleider, L. G., and Desimone, R., 1990, Pathways for motion analysis: Cortical connections of the medial superior temporal and fundus of the superior temporal visual areas in the macaque, J. Comp. Neurol. 296: 462–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bressler, S. I., 1995, Large-scale cortical networks and cognition, Brain Res. Rev. 20: 288–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bressler, S. L., 1996, Interareal synchronization in the visual cortex, Behay. Brain Res. 76: 37–49.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bugbee, N. M., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 1983, Columnar organization of corticocortical projections in squirrel and rhesus monkeys: Similarity of column width in species differing in cortical volume, J. Comp. Neurol. 220: 355–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullier, J., and Nowak, L. G., 1995, Parallel versus serial processing: New vistas on the distributed organization of the visual system, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 5: 497–503.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bullier, J., Girard, P., and Salin, P. A., 1994, lhe role of area 17 in the transfer of information to extrastriate visual cortex, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 10, Primary Visual Cortex in Primates, A. Peters and K. S. Rockland, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 301–330.

    Google Scholar 

  • Casagrande, V. A., and Kaas, J. H., 1994, The afferent, intrinsic, and efferent connections of primary cortex in primates, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 10, Primary Visual Cortex in Primates A. Peters and K. S. Rockland, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 201–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Celebrini, S., Thorpe, S., Trotter, Y., and Imbert, M., 1993, Dynamics of orientation coding in area VI of the awake primate, Visual Neurosci. 10: 811–826.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colby, C. L., and Duhamel, J. R., 1991, Heterogeneity of extrastriate visual areas and multiple parietal areas in the macaque monkey, Neuropsychologia 29: 517–537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curcio, C. A., and Harting, J. K., 1978, Organization of pulvinar afferents to area 18 in the squirrel monkey: Evidence for stripes, Brain Res. 143: 155–161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cusick, C. G., Steindler, I. A., and Kaas, J. H., 1985, Corticocortical and collateral thalamocortical connections of postcentral somatosensory cortical areas in squirrel monkeys: A double-labeling study with radiolabeled wheatgerm agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, Somalo.sens. Res. 3: 1–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A., 1989,1 he brain binds entities and events by multiregional activation from convergence zones, Neural Comput. 1: 123–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A., and Damasio, H., 1994, Cortical systems for retrieval of concrete knowledge: The convergence zone framework, in: Large-.Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain C. Koch, and J. L. Davis, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 61–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeFelipe, J., and Farinas, L, 1992, lhe pyramidal neuron of the cerebral cortex: Morphological and chemical characteristics of the synaptic inputs, Prog. Neurobiol. 39: 563–607.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Felipe, J., Conley, M., and joues, E. G., 1986, Long-range focal collateralizat ion of axons arising from cortico-cortical cells in monkey sensory-motor cortex, J. Neurosci. 6: 3749–3766.

    Google Scholar 

  • deLima, A. D., Voigt, T., and Morrison, J. H., 1990, Morphology of the cells within the inferior temporal gyrus that project to the prefrontal cortex in the macaque monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 296: 159–172.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Distler, C., Boussaoud, D., Desimone, R., and Ungerleider, L. G., 1993, Cortical connections of inferior temporal area TEO in macaque monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol. 334: 125–150.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doty, R. W., 1983, Nongeuiculate afferents to striate cortex in macaques, J. Comp. Neurol. 218: 159–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felleman, D. J., and Van Essen, I. C., 1991, Distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex, Cerebral Cortex 1: 1–47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzpatrick, I., Usrey, W. M., Shofield, B. R., and Einstein, G., 1994, File sublamin:uorganization of corticogeuiculate neurons in layer 6 of macaque striate cortex, Visual Neurosci. 11:307–3I6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Florence, S. I., and Casagrande, V. A., 1987, The organization of individual afferent axons in layer IV of striate cortex of a primate Galago senegalen.sis), J. Neurosci. 7: 3850–3868.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Florence, S. I., and Casagrande, V. A., 1990, The development of geniculocortiral axon arbors in a primate, Visual Neurosci. 5: 291–311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, T. F., Martin, K. A. C., Soltesz, I., Somogyi, P., and Whitteridge, D., 1989, Arborisation pattern and postsynaptic targets of physiologically identified thalamocortical afferents in striate cortex of the macaque monkey, J. Comp. Neurol. 289: 315–336.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fries, W., and Distel, H., 1983, Large layer VI neurons of monkey striate cortex Meynert cells) project to the superior colliculus, Proc. R. Soc. Loud. Biol.) 219: 53–59.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fries, W., Keizer, K., and Kuypers, H. G. J. M., 1985, I.arge layer VI cells in macaque striate cortex Meynert cells) project to both superior colliculus and prestriate area V5, Exp. Brain Res. 58: 613–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friston, K. J., Frith, C. D., Fletcher, P., Liddle, P. F., and Frackowiak, R. S. J., 1996, Functional topography: Multidimensional scaling and functional connectivity in the brain, Cerebral Cortex 6: 156–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujita, I., and Fujita, T., 1996, Intrinsic connections in the macaque inferior temporal cortex, J. Comp. Neurol. 368: 467–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galen, M. P., and Darian-Smith, I., 1994, Multiple corticospinal neuron populations in the macaque monkey are specified by their unique cortical origins, spinal terminations, and connections, Cerebral Cortex 4: 166–194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaspar, P., Stepuiewska, I., and Kaas, J. H., 1992, Topography and collateralizatiot of the dopaminergic projections to motor and lateral prefrontal cortex in owl monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol. 325: 1–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerfen, C. R., and Sawchenko, P. E., 1984, An anterograde neuroamatomical tracing method that shows the detailed morphology of neurons, their axons and terminals: Immunohistochemical localization of an axonally transported plant lectim. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglut.inin PHA-L), Brain Res. 290: 219–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, C. I., and Wiesel, T. N., 1983, Clustered intrinsic connections in cat visual cortex, J. Neurosci. 3: 1116–1133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman-Rakic, P., I988,Eopography of cognition: Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex, Anon. Rev. Neurosci. 11: 137–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graybiel, A. M., and Berson, I. M., 1981, On the relation between transthalamic and transcortical pathways in the visual system, in: The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex F. O. Schmitt, F. G. Worden, vol F. Dennis, eds.), Mli Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 285–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinvald, A., I.ieke, E. E., Frostig, R. I., and Hildesheim, R., 1994, Cortical point: spread function and long-range lateral interactions revealed by real-time optical imaging of macaque monkey primary visual cortex, J. Neurosci. 14: 2545–2568.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guillery, R. W., 1995, Anatomical evidence concerning the role of the thalamus in corticocortical communication: A brief review, J. Anal. 185: 583–592.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haberly, L. B., and Presto, S., 1986, Ultrastructural analysis of synaptic relationships of intra- cellularly stained pyramidal cell axons in piriform cortex, J. Comp. Neural. 284: 464–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harting, J. K., Updyke, B. V., and Lieshut, I. P. V., 1992, Corticotectal projections in the cat: Anterograde transport studies of twenty-five cortical areas, J. Comp. Neurol. 324: 379–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • I Iashikawa, T., Molinari, M., Rauscll, 1:., and Jones, E. G., 1995, Patchy and laminar terminations of medial geniculate axons in monkey auditory cortex, J. comp. Neurol. 362:195–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilgetag, C.-C., ONeill, M. A., and Young, M. P., 1996, Indeterminate organization of the visual system, Science 271: 776–777.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hof, P. R., and Morrison, J. II., 1995, Neurofilanent protein defines regional patterns of cortical organization in the macaque monkey visual system: A quantitative immunohistochemical analysis, J. ]owp. Neurol. 352: I61–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hof, P., Ungerleider, L., Webster, M., Gattass, R., Adapts, M., Sailstad, I., and Morrison, J., 1996, Neurofilament protein is differentially distributed in subpopulations of corticocortical projection neurons in the macaque monkey visual pathways, J. Comp. Neural. 376: 112–127.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilorikawa, K., and Armstrong, W. E., 1988, A versatile means of intracellular labeling: Injection of biocytin and its detection with avidin conjugates, Neurosci. Meth. 25: 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houzel, J.-C., Milleret, C., and Innocenti, G., 1994, Morphology of callosal axons interconnecting areas 17 and 18 of the cat, Eur. J. Neurosci. 6: 898–917.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innocenti, G. M., Lehmann, P., and Ilouzel, J.-C., 1994, Computational structure of visual callosal axons, Ear. J. Neurosci. 6:9I8–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishai, A., and Sagi, I., 1995, Common mechanisms of visual imagery and perception, Science 268: 1722–1774.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai, E., and Yukie, M., 1987, Antygdalofugal and amygdalopetal connections with modality-specific visual cortical areas in macaques Macaca fùscala, M. mulatta, and M. fascicularis), J. Comp. Neural. 261: 362–387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R. R., and Burkhalter, A., 1996, Microcircuitry of forward and feedback connections within rat visual cortex, J. Camp. Neural. 368: 383–398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. G., 1984, Identification and classification of intrinsic circuit elements in the neocortex, in: Dynamic Aspects of Neorortical Organization G. M. Edelman, W. M. Cowan, and W. E. Gall, eds.), Wiley, New York, pp. 7–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E. G., 1986, Connectivity of the primate sensory-motor cortex, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 5, Sensory-Motor Areas and Aspects of Cortical Connectivity E. G. Jones and A. Peters, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 113–183.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, J. H., 1989, Why does the brain have so many visual areas? J. Cognitive Neurosci. 1: 1211 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaas, J. I I. and Huerta, M. F., 1988, Subcortical visual system of primates, in: Comparative Primate Biology, Volume 4 II. P. Steklis, ed.), Liss, New York, pp. 327–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, H., and Bullier, J., 1985, A double-labeling investigation of the afferent connectivity to cortical areas VI and V2 of the macaque monkey, J Neurosci. 5: 2815–2830.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, M. A., Lewis, P. M., Hunter, B. E., and Walker, D. W., 1989, Biocytin: A versatile anterograde neuroanatomical tract-tracing alternative, Brain Res. 497: 361–367.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kisvardy, Z. F., and Eysel, Y. T, 1992, Cellular organization of reciprocal patchy networks in layer III of cat visual cortex area 17), Neuroscience 46: 275–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch, C., Rapp, M., and Segev, I., 1996, A brief history of time constants), Cerebral Cortex 6:93–101. Kondo, H., Hashikawa, T., Tanaka, K., and Jones, E. G., 1994, Neurochemical gradient along the monkey occipito-temporal cortical pathway, NeuroReport 5: 613–616.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. I., Kim, I. J., and Alpert, N. M., 1995, Topographic representations of mental images in primary visual cortex, Nature 378: 496–498.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krubitzer, L. A., and Kaas, J. H., 1989, Cortical integration of parallel pathways in the visual system of primates, Brain Res. 478: 161–165.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krubitzer, L. A., and Kaas, J. H., 1990, Cortical connections of MT in four species of primates: Areal, modular, and retinotopic patterns, Visual Neurosci. 5: 165–204.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuypers, H. G. J. M., Szwarcbart, M. K., Mishkin, M., and Rosvold, H. E., 1965, Occipitotemporal corticocortical connections in the rhesus monkey, Exp. Neural. 11: 245–262.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lachicha, E. A., Beck, P. D., and Casagrande, V. A., 1992, Parallel pathways in macaque monkey striate cortex: Anatomically defined columns in layer III, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 3566–3570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, J. B., Yoshioka, L, and Lurrd, J. S., 1995, Connections between the pulvinar complex and cytochrome oxidise-defined compartments in visual area V2 of macaque monkey, Exp. Brain Res. 104: 419–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. S., Lund, R. D., Hendrickson, A. E., and Fuchs, A. F., 1975, The origin of efferent pathways from the primary visual cortex, area 17, of the macaque monkey as shown by the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, J. Comp. Neural. 164: 287–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. S., Hendrickson, A. E., Ogren, M. P., and Tobin, E. A., 1981, Anatomical organization of primate visual cortex area VII, J. Comp. Neurol. 202: 19–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. S., Yoshioka, T., and Levitt, J. B., 1993, Comparison of intrinsic connectivity in different areas of macaque monkey cerebral cortex, Cerebral Cortex 3: 148–162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. S., Yoshioka, T., and Levitt, J. B., 1994, Substrates for interlaminar connections in area V I of macaque monkey cerebral cortex, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 10, Primary Visual Cortex in Primates A. Peters and K. S. Rockland, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 37–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lund, J. S., Wu, Q., Hadingham, P. T., and Levitt, J. B., 1995, Cells and circuits contributing to functional properties in area V 1 of macaque monkey cerebral cortex: Bases for neuro-anatomically realistic models, J. Anat. 185: 563–581.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manor, Y., Koch, C., and Segev, I., 1991, Effect of geometrical irregularities on propagation delay in axonal trees, Biophys. J. 60, 1424–1437.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K. A. C., and Whitteridge, D., 1984, Form, function, and intracortical projections of spiny neurons in the striate visual cortex of the cat, J. Physiol. 353: 463–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maunsell, J. H. R., and Gibson, J. R., 1992, Visual response latencies in striate cortex of the macaque monkey, J. Neurophysiol. 68: 1332–1344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maunsell, J. H. R., and Van Essen, D. C., 1983, The connections of the middle temporal visual area MT) and their relationship to a cortical hierarchy in the macaque monkey, J Neurosci. 3: 2563–2586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, B. A., Hornung, J.-P., Gilbert, C. I., and Wiesel, T. N., 1984, Patterns of synaptic input to layer 4 of cat striate cortex, J Neurosci. 4: 3021–3033.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, B. A., Gilbert, C. D., Rivlin, P. K., and Wiesel, T. N., 1991, Targets of horizontal connections in macaque primary visual cortex, J Comp. Neurol. 305: 370–392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McIntosh, A. R., Grady, C. L., Ungerleider, L. G., Haxby, J. V., Rapoport, S. L., and Horwitz, B., 1994, Network analysis of cortical visual pathways mapped with PET, J Neurosci. 14: 655–666

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyashita, Y., 1995, How the brain creates imagery: Projection to primary visual cortex, Science 268: 1719–1720.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, J. H., and Foote, S. L., 1986, Noradrenergic and serotoninergic innervation of cortical, thalamic, and tectal visual structures in Old and New World monkeys, J. Comp. Neural. 243: 117–138.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, P. C., and Sillito, A. M., 1996, Functional morphology of the feedback pathway from area 17 of the cat visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus, J Neurosci. 16: 1180–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamura, H., Gattass, R., Desimone, R., and Ungerleider, I., 1993, The modular organization of projections from areas VI and V2 to areas V4 andIEO in macaques, J. Neurosci. 13: 368I - 3691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, J. I., Salin, P. A., Munk, M., Arzi, M., and Bullier, J., 1992, Spatial and temporal coherence in cortico-cortical connections: A cross-correlation study in areas 17 and 18 in the cat, Visual Neurosci. 9: 21–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, R. B., Friedman, D. P., ONeill, J. B., Mishkin, M., and Routtenberg, A., 1987, Gradients of protein kinase C substrate phosphorylation in primate visual system peak in visual memory storage areas, Brain Res. 416: 387–392.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak, L. G., Munk, M. I 1. J., Girard, P., and Bullier, J., 1995, Visual latencies in areas VI and V2 of the macaque monkey, Visual Neurosci. 12: 371–384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogren, M. P., and Hendrickson, A. E., 1977, The distribution of pulvinar terminals in areas 17 and 18 of the monkey, Brain Res. 137: 343–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojima, H., Honda, C. N., and Jones, E. G., 1991, Patterns of axon collateralization of identified supragranular pyramidal neurons in the cat auditory cortex, Cerebral Cortex 1: 80–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ojima, H., Honda, C. N., and Jones, E. G., 1992, Characteristics of intracellularly injected infragranular pyramidal neurons in cat primary auditory cortex, Cerebral Cortex 2: 197–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • OKusky, J., and Colonnier, M., 1982, A laminar analysis of the number of neurons, glia and synapses in the visual cortex area 17) of adult macaque monkeys, J. Comp. Neural. 210: 291–306.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pandya, D. N., and Sanides, F., 1973, Architectonic parcellat ion of the temporal opercuhun in rhesus monkey and its projection pattern, Z. Artat. Entzaickl.-Cesch. 13: 127–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peters, A., 1987, Number of neurons and synapses in primary visual cortex, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 6, Further Aspects of Cortical Function, Including Hippocampus E. G., Jones and A. Peters, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 267–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitchitpornchai, C., Rawson, J. A., and Rees, S., 1994, Morphology of parallel fibers in the cerebellar cortex of the rat: An experimental light and electron microscopic study with biocytin, J. Comp. Neural. 342: 206–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragsdale, C. W., and Graybiel, A. M., 1990, A simple ordering of neocortical areas established by the compartmental organization of their striatal project ions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 6196–6199.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raiguel, S. E., Lagae, L., Gulyas, B., and Orban, G. A., 1989, Response latencies in macaque areas VI, V2, and V5, Brain Res. 493: 155–159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., 1989, Bistratified distribution of terminal arbors of individual axons projecting from area VI to middle temporal area MT) in the macaque monkey, Visual Neurosci. 3: 155–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., 1992, Configuration, in serial reconstruction, of individual axons projecting from area V2 to V4 in the macaque monkey, Cerebral Cortex 2: 353–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., 1994, The organization of feedback connections from area V2 18) to area V 1 17), in Cerebral Cortex, Volume 10, Primary Visual Cortex in Primates A. Peters and K. S. Rockland, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 261–299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., 1995, Morphology of individual axons projecting from area V2 to MT in the macaque, J. Comp. Neurol. 355: 15–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., 1996, Two types of corticopulvinar terminations: round type 2) and elongate type), J. Comp. Neural., 368: 57–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Douglas, K. L., 1993, Excitatory contacts of feedback connections in layer 1 of area VI: An EM-biocytin study in the macaque, Neurosci. Abstr. 19: 424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Drash, G. W., 1996, Collateralized divergent feedback connections that target multiple cortical areas, J Comp. Neural., 373: 529–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Pandya, I. N., 1979, Laminar origins and terminations of cortical connections of the occipital lobe in the rhesus monkey, Brain Res. 179: 3–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Van Hoesen, G. W., 1994, Direct temporal-occipital feedback connections to striate cortex V1) in the macaque monkey, Cerebral Cortex 4: 300–313.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Virga, A., 1989, Terminal arbors of individual “feedback” axons projecting from area V2 to V 1 in the macaque monkey: A study using immunohistochemistry of anterogradely transported Phaseolus vulgaris Ieucoagglutinin, J. Comp. Neurol. 285: 54–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., and Virga, A., 1990, Organization of individual cortical axons projecting from area V1 area 17) to V2 area 18) in the macaque monkey, Visual Neurosci. 4: 11–28.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rockland, K. S., Saleem, K. S., and Tanaka, K., 1994, Divergent feedback connections from areas V4 and TEO in the macaque, Visual Neurosci. 11: 579–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saleem, K. S., and Tanaka, K., 1996, Divergent projections for the anterior inferotemporal area TE to the perirhinal and entorhinal cortices in the macaque monkey, J Neurosci. 4: 4757–4775.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sateen), K. S., Tanaka, K., and Rockland, K. S., 1993, Specific and columnar projections from area TEO to TE in the macaque inferotemporal cortex, Cerebral Cortex 3: 454–464.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salin, P. A., and Bullier, J., 1995, Corticocortical connections in the visual system: Structure and function, Physiol. Rev. 75: 107–154.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selemon, L. D., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 1985, Longitudinal topography and interdigitatiou of corticostriatal projections in the rhesus monkey, J. Neurosci. 5: 776–794.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selemon, L. I., and Goldman-Rakic, P. S., 1988, Common cortical and subcortical targets of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices in the rhesus monkey: Evidence for a distributed neural network subserving spatially guided behavior, J. Neurosci. 8: 4049–4068.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherman, S. M., and Koch, C., 1986, The control of retinogeniculate transmission in the mammalian lateral geniculate necleus, Exp. Brain Res. 63: 1–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shipp, S., and Zeki, S., 1989a, The organization of connections between areas V5 and VI in macaque monkey visual cortex, Eur. J. Neurosci. 1: 309–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shipp, S., and Zeki, S., 1989b, The organization of connections between areas V5 and V2 in macaque monkey visual cortex, Eur. j. Neurosci. 1: 333–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, W., 1994, Putative functions of the temporal correlations in neocort.ical processing, in: Large-Scale Neuronal Theories of the Brain C. Koch and J. L. Davis, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, PP 201–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, W., 1995, Development and plasticity of cortical processing architectures, Science 270: 758–764.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singer, W., and Gray, C. M., 1995, Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis, Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18: 555–586.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spatz, W. B., 1977, topographically organized reciprocal connections between areas 17 and MT visual area of superior temporal sulcus) in marmoset Callithrix jacchus), Exp. Brain Res. 27: 91–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, J., and Tigges, M., 1984, Subcortical sources of direct projections to visual cortex, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 3, Visual Cortex A. Peters, and E. G. Jones, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 351–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, J., Spatz, W. B., andFigges, M., 1974, Efferent corticocortical fiber connections of area 18 in the squirrel monkey Saimiri), J. Comp. Neu.rol. 158: 219–236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, J., Tigges, M., and Perachio, A. A., 1977, Complementary laminar terminations of afferents to area 17 originating in area 18 and in the lateral geniculate nucleus in squirrel monkey, J. Comp. Neural. 176: 87–100.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tigges, J., Tigges, M., Anschel, S., Cross, N. A., I.etbetter, W. D., and McBride, R. I., 1981, Areal and laminar distribution of neurons interconnecting the central visual cortical areas 17, 18, 19, and MT in squirrel monkey Saimiri), J. Comp. Neurot. 202: 539–560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tombal, T., 1984, 1.ayer VI cells, in: Cerebral Cortex, Volume 4, Association and Auditory Cortices A. Peters and E. G. Jones, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 479–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tononi, G., Sporns, O., and Edelman, G. M., 1992, Reentry and the problem of integrating multiple cortical areas: Simulation of dynamic integration in the visual system, Cerebral Cortex 2: 310–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. II., Mishkin, M., and Knapp, M., 1980, Organization of the amygdalopetal projections from modality-specific cortical association areas in the monkey, J. Comp. Neural. 191: 515–543.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, S., 1995, Sequence seeking and counter streams: A computational model for bidirectional information flow in the visual cortex, Cerebral Cortex 5: 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ungerleider, L. G., and Desimone, R., 1986, Cortical connections of visual area MT in the macaque, J. Comp. Neural. 248: 190–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ungerleider, L. G., and Mishkin, M., 1982, Two cortical visual systems, in: Analysis of Visual Behavior I. J., Ingle, M. A., Goodale, and R. J. W. Mansfield, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 549586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaadia, E., Haalmau, I., Aheles, M., Bergman, H., Prut, Y., Slovin, H., and Aertsen, A., 1995, Dynamics of neuronal interactions in monkey cortex in relation to behavioral events, Nature 373: 515–518.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde, F., 1978, The organization of area 18 in the monkey: A Golgi study, Anat. Emhryol. Berl.) 154: 305–334.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen, D. C., and DeYoe, E. A., 1995, Concurrent processing in the primate visual cortex, in: The Cognitive Neurosciences M. S. Gazzaniga, ed.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 383–4111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen, I. C., and Eckman, D. J., 1996, On hierarchies, Science 271: 777.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen, D. C., Newsome, W. “C., and Bixby, J. L., I982,Ehe pattern of interhemispheric connections and its relationship to extrastriale visual areas in the macaque monkey, J. Neurosci. 2: 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veenman, C. L., Reiner, A., and Honig, M. G., 1992, Biotiuylated dextran amine as an anterograde tracer for single-and double-labeling studies, J. Neurosci. Meth. 41: 239–254.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt Weisenhorn, D. M., Wing, R. B., and Spatz, W. B., 1995, Morphology and connections of neurons in:urea 17 projecting to the extrastriate areas MT and 19 DM and to the superior colliculus in the monkey, Callithrix jacchus, J. Comp. Neurol. 362:233–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Von Bonin, G., and Bailey, I., 1947, The Neocorlex of Macaca mulatla, University of Illinois Press, Urbana, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, M. R., Bachevalier, J., and Ungerleider, L. G., 1994, Connections of inferior temporal areas 1EO and TE with parietal and frontal cortex in macaque monkeys, Cerebral Cortex 4: 470–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weller, R. E., and Kaas, J. H., 1983, Retinotopoic patterns of connections of area 17 with visual areas V-II and MT in macaque monkeys, J. Cornp. Neural. 220: 253–279.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, E. L., 1989, Cortical Circuits, Birkhauser, Boston.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wiser, A. K., and Callaway, E. M., 1996, Contributions of individual layer 6 pyramidal neurons to local circuitry in macaque primary visual cortex, J. Neurosci. 16: 2724–2739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wong-Riley, M. T. T., 1978, Reciprocal connections between striate and prestriate cortex in squirrel monkey as demonstrated by combined peroxidase histochemisty and autoradiography, Brain Res. 147: 159–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeterian, E. H., and Van I loesen, G. W., 1978, Cortico-striate projections in the rhesus monkey: The organization of certain cortico-caudate connections, Brain Res. 139: 43–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshioka, I., Levitt, J. B., and Lund, J. S., 1992, Intrinsic lattice connections of macaque monkey visual cortical arca V4, J. Neurosci. 12: 2785–2802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. P., 1993, The organization of neural systems in the primate cerebral cortex, froc. R. Soc. Pond. B 256: 1327–1331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeki, S., 1990, Parallelism and functional specialization in human visual cortex, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 55: 651–661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeki, S., and Shipp, S., 1988, The functional logic of corticocortical connections, Nature 335: 311–317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zeki, S., and Shipp, S., 1989, Modular connections between areas V2 and V4 of macaque monkey visual cortex, Eue. J. Neurosci. 1: 494–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rockland, K.S. (1997). Elements of Cortical Architecture. In: Rockland, K.S., Kaas, J.H., Peters, A. (eds) Extrastriate Cortex in Primates. Cerebral Cortex, vol 12. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9625-4_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9625-4_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9627-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9625-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics