Abstract
Previously (Uneo, 1983; Dashek et al., 1985; Lacey, 1985) reviewed the evidence regarding the alleged utilization of certain trichothecenes as biological warfare agents and the biological effects and chemistry of the trichothecenes as well as the fungi which produce them. The agricultural commodities which have been reported to contain trichothecenes have been summarized (Dashek et al., 1985). The structures of certain trichothecenes which are known to occur in the commodities are depicted in Figure 1. Of these, the preeminent trichothecene appears to be T-2 toxin.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adler, F.L. and Liu, C.T. (1971). Detection of morphine by hemagglutination-inhibition. J. Immunol., 106, 1684–1685.
Castegnaro, M., Friesen, M., Michelson, J., and Walker, E.A. (1981). Problems related to the use of sodium hypochlorite in the detoxification of aflatoxin B1. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 42, 398–401.
Castro, A. and Malkus, H. (1977). Radioimmunoassays of drugs of abuse in humans: a review. Res. Comm. Path. Pharm., 16, 291–309.
Chu, F.S., Grossman, S., Wei, R.D. and Mirocha, C.J. (1979). Production of antibody against T-2 toxin. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 37, 104–108.
Cohen, H. and Lapointe, M. (1980). Capillary gas-liquid Chromatographic determination of vomitoxin in cereal grains. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 65, 1429–1434.
Collins, G.J. and Rosen, J.D. (1979). Gas-liquid chromatographic/mass spectrometric screening method for T-2 toxin in milk. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 62, 1274–1280.
Dashek, W.V., Mayfield, J.E., Llewellyn, G.C., O’Rear, C.E. and Bata, A. (1985). Trichothecenes and yellow rain: possible biological warfare agents. Bioessays, 4, 27–30.
Elwing, H., Nilsson, L. and Ouchterlony, O. (1976). Visualization principles in thin-layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces. Int. Arch. Allerg. Appl. Immunol., 51, 757–762.
Elwing, H., Nilsson, L. and Ouchterlony, O. (1977a). A simple spot technique for thin-layer immunoassays (TIA) on plastic surfaces. J. Immunol. Methods, 17, 131–145.
Elwing, H., Nilsson, L. and Ouchterlony, O. (1977b). A precipitate adsorption on surface technique: a combination of immunodiffusion and thin-layer immunoassay. Int. Arch. Allerg. Appl. Immunol., 55, 82–85.
Fredenburg, M.E. and Lappas, N.T. (1982). The detection of opiates in urine by means of thin-layer immunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol., 6, 127–130.
Illus, T., Niku-Poavola, M.L. and Enari, T.M. (1981). Chromatographic analysis of Fusarium toxins in grain samples. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 11, 244–247.
Jeansson, S., Elwing, H. and Nilsson, L. (1979). Thin-layer immunoassay for determination of antibodies to Herpes simplex virus. J. Clin. Microbiol., 9, 317–322.
Kamimura, H., Nishijima, M., Yasada, K., Saito, K., Ibe, A., Nagayama, T., Ushiyama, H. and Naoi, Y. (1981). Simultaneous detection of several Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals, grains, and foodstuffs. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 64, 1067–1073.
Kuroda, H., Mori, T., Nishioka, C., Okasaki, H. and Takogi, M. (1979). Studies on gas Chromatographie determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in food. J. Food Hyg. Soc. Japan, 20, 137–142.
Lacey, J. (1985). Trichothecenes and Other Mycotoxins. John Wiley and Sons, London.
Lappas, N.T. (1980). The identification of human bloodstains by means of thin-layer immunoassay: a preliminary report. J. Forensic Sci. Soc., 21, 301–305.
Lappas, N.T. and Fredenburg, M.E. (1981). The identification of human bloodstains by means of a micro-thin-layer immunoassay procedure. J. Forensic Sci. Soc., 26, 564–569.
Leute, R.K., Velman, G.F., Goldstein, A. and Horzenberg, L.A. (1971). Spin immunoassay technique for determination of morphine. Nature, 236, 93–94.
Leute, R.K., Ullman, E.F. and Goldstein, A. (1972). Spin immunoassay of opiate narcotics in urine and saliva. J. Amer. Med. Assoc., 221, 1231–1234.
Mirocha, C.J., Pathre, S.V. and Behrens, J. (1976). Substances interfering with the gas-liquid Chromatographic determination of T-2 mycotoxin. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 59, 221–223.
Pons, W.A. and Franz, A.O. (1977). High performance liquid chromatography of aflatoxins in cottonseed products. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 60, 89–95.
Protection Against Trichothecene Mycotoxins. (1983). National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C. 227 pp.
Romer, T.R., Boling, T.M. and MacDonald, J.L. (1978). Gas-liquid Chromatographie determination of T-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol in corn and mixed feeds. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 61, 801–808.
Rubenstein, K.E., Schneider, R.S. and Ullman, E.F. (1972). Homogeneous enzyme immunoassay: a new immunochemical technique. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 47, 846–851.
Sano, A., Asabe, Y., Takitani, S. and Ueno, Y. (1982). Fluorodensitometric determination of trichothecene mycotoxins with nicotinamide and 2-acetylpyridine on a silica gel layer. J. Chromatogr., 235, 257–265.
Scheifer, H.B. (1982). Study of the Possible Use of Chemical Warfare Agents in Southeast Asia. A Report to the Department of External Affairs, Canada. Toxicology Group, University of Saskatchewan, Sask., Canada. 47 pp.
Scott, P.M. (1982). Assessment of quantitative methods for determination of trichothecenes in grains and grain products. J. Assoc. Offic. Anal. Chem., 65, 876–883.
Shugart, L.C. and Lappas, N.T. (1983). The detection of opiates in blood by means of thin-layer immunoassay. J. Anal. Toxicol., 7, 209–211.
Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1956). Statistical Methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.
Spector, S. and Parker, C.W. (1970). Morphine: radioimmunoassay. Science, 168, 1347–1348.
Takitani, S., Asabe, Y., Kato, T., Suzuki, M. and Ueno, Y. (1979). Spectrodensitometric determination of trichothecene mycotoxins with 4-(p-nitro benzyl)pyridine on silica gel thin-layer chromatograms. J. Chromatogr., 172, 335–342.
Ueno, Y. (1983). Trichothecenes-Chemical, Biological and Toxicological Aspects. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Whitehead, E.M., Fredenburg, M.E. and Lappas, N.T. (1983). The detection of fetal hemoglobin in bloodstains by means of thin-layer immunoassay. J. Forensic Sci. Soc., 28, 888.
Yamamoto, K.J. (1975). Method for determination of mycotoxins. Determination of aflatoxin B1, sterigmatocystin, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol and T-2 toxin. Nara Med. Assoc., 26, 245–255.
Yang, C.Y. (1972). Comparative studies on the detoxification of aflatoxins by sodium hypochlorite and commercial bleaches. Appl. Microbiol., 24, 885–890.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
O’Rear, C.E., Lappas, N.T., Dashek, W.V., Llewellyn, G.C. (1990). A Proposed Immunoassay for T-2 Toxin. In: Llewellyn, G.C., O’Rear, C.E. (eds) Biodeterioration Research. Biodeterioration Research, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9453-3_13
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9455-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9453-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive