Abstract
Zinc supplementation studies first performed in Egypt demonstrated reversible growth retardation in zinc-deficient human subjects (Prasad, 1966; Sandstead et al., 1967). Following zinc supplementation, the average increment in height in male subjects between the ages of 14 and 20 (average 17 years) was 5.0 inches per year. Biochemical studies were consistent with the concept that the growth retardation in these subjects was the result of deficiency of zinc.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbasi, A. A., Prasad, A. S., Ortega, J., Congco, E., and Oberleas, D., 1976. Gonadal function abnormalities in sickle cell anemia: Studies in adult male patients, Ann. Intern. Med. 85: 601.
Aihara, K., Nishi, Y., Hatano, S., Kihara, M., Yoshimutsu, K., Takeichi, N., Ito, T., Ezaki, H., and Usui, T., 1984. Zinc, copper, manganese and selenium metabolism in thyroid disease, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 40: 26.
Aihara, K., Nishi, Y., Hatano, S., Kihara, M., Ohta, M., Sakoda, K., Uozumi, T., and Usui, T., 1985. Zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium metabolism in patients with human hormone deficiency or acromegaly, J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 4: 610.
Arquilla, E., Packer, S., Tarmas, W., and Miyamoto, S., 1978. The effect of zinc on insulin metabolism, Endocrinology 103: 1440.
Baraldi, M., Caselgrandi, E., and Sauti, M., 1984. Reduction of withdrawal symptoms in morphine-dependent rats by zinc: Behavioral and biochemical studies, Neurosci. Lett. Suppl. 18: 5371.
Berkenbush, F., Oers, J. V., Rey, A. D., Tilders, F., and Besdedoksy, H., 1987. Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1, Science 238: 524.
Bernton, E. S., Beach, J. E., Holaday, J. W., Smallridge, R. C., and Fein, H. G., 1987. Release of multiple hormones by a direct action of interleukin-1 on pituitary cells, Science 238: 519.
Bjorndahl, L., and Kvist, U., 1982. Importance of zinc for human sperm head—tail connection, Acta Physiol. Scand. 116: 51.
Bolze, M. S., Reeves, R. D., Lindbeck, F. E., and Elders, M. J., 1987. Influence of zinc on growth, somatomedin, and glycosaminoglycan metabolism in rats, Am. J. Physiol. 252: E2 I.
Bremner, W. F., and Fell, G. S., 1977. Zinc metabolism and thyroid status, Postgrad. Med. J. 53: 143.
Butrimovitz, G. P., and Purdy, W. C., 1978. Zinc nutrition and growth in a childhood population, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31: 1409.
Castro-Magana, M., Collipp, P. J., Chen, S. Y., Cheruvanky, T., and Maddaiah, V. T., 1981. Zinc nutritional status, androgens, and growth retardation, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 135: 322.
Cavdar, A. O., Arcasoy, A., Cin, S., and Gumus, H., 1980. Zinc deficiency in geophagia in Turkish children and response to treatment with zinc sulphate, Haematologica 65: 403.
Chan, W., Bates, J. M., Chung, K. W., and Rennert, O. M., 1986. Abnormal zinc metabolism in unilateral maldescended testis of mutant rat strain, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 182: 549.
Chang, C., Kokontis, J., and Liao, S., 1988a. Molecular cloning of human and rat complementary DNA encoding androgen receptors, Science 240: 324.
Chang, C., Kokontis, J., and Liao, S., 1988b. Structural analysis of complementary DNA and amino acid sequences of human and rat androgen receptors, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA 85: 7211.
Cherry, F. F., Sandstead, H. H., Rojas, P., Johnson, L. K., Batson, H. K., and Wang, X. B., 1989. Adolescent pregnancy. Associations among body weight, zinc nutriture, and pregnancy out-come, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 50: 945.
Cheruvanky, T., Castro-Magana, M., Chen, S. Y., Collipp, P. J., and Ghavami-Maibodi, Z., 1982. Effect of growth hormone on hair, serum, and urine zinc in growth hormone-deficient children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35: 668.
Chester, J. K., 1978. Biochemical functions of zinc in animals, World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 32: 135.
Chung, K. W., Kim, S. Y., Chan, W., and Rennert, O. M., 1986. Androgen receptors in ventral prostate glands of zinc deficient rats, Life Sci. 38: 351.
Collip, P. J., Castro-Magana, M., Petrovic, M., Thomas, J., and Cheruvanky, T., 1982. Zinc deficiency: Improvement in growth and growth hormone levels with oral zinc therapy, Ann. Nutr. Metab. 26: 287.
Colvard, D. S., and Wilson, E. M., 1984. Zinc potentiation of androgen receptor binding to nuclei in vitro, Biochemistry 23: 3471.
Coulston, L., and Dandone, P., 1980. Insulin-like effect of zinc on adipocytes, Diabetes 29: 665.
Cunnane, S. C., 1981, Inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism in the uteri of zinc deficient parturient rats, Proc. Nutr. Soc. 40: 78A.
Cunnane, S. C., Majid, E., Senior, J., and Mills, C. F., 1983. Utero-placental dysfunction and prostaglandin metabolism in zinc-deficient pregnant rats, Life Sci. 32: 2471.
Cunningham, B. C., Bass, S., Fuh, G., and Wells, J. A., 1990. Zinc mediation of the binding of human growth hormone to the human prolactin receptor, Science 250: 1709.
Disteche, C. M., Casanova, M., Saal, H., Friedman, C., Sybert, V., Graham, J., Thuline, H., Page D. C., Fellovs M., 1986. Small deletions of the short arm of the Y chromosome in 46, XY females, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 83: 7841.
Dunn, M. A., Blalock, T. L., and Cousins, R. J., 1987. Metallothionein, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 185: 107.
Engelbart, K., and Kief, H., 1970. Uber das funktionelle Verhalten von Zinc und Insulin in den B-Zellen des rathen Pankreas, Virchows Arch. B 4: 294.
Erickson, R. P., and Verga, V., 1989. Mini review: Is zinc-finger y the sex-determining gene ? Am. J. Hum. Genet. 45: 671.
Floersheim, G. L., Bianchi, L., Probst, A., Chiodetti, N., and Haneggen, C. G., 1984. Influence of zinc-d-penicillamine and oxygen on poisoning with Amantia phalloides: Zinc accelerates liver regeneration and prevents the depletion of brain noradrenaline caused by the mushroom, Agents Actions 14: 124.
Ghavami-Maibodi, S. Z., Collip, P. J., Castro-Magana, M., Stewart, C., and Chen, S. Y., 1983. Effect of oral zinc supplements on growth, hormonal levels, and zinc in healthy short children, Ann. Nutr. Metab. 27: 214.
Gibson, R. S., Vanderkooy, P. D. S., MacDonald, A. C., Goldman, A., Ryan, B. A., and Berry, M., 1989. A growth-limiting mild zinc deficiency syndrome in some South Ontario boys with low weight percentiles, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 49: 1266.
Gold, G., and Grodsky, G. M., 1984. Kinetic aspects of compartmental storage and secretion of insulin and zinc, Experientia 40: 1105.
Gordon, J., Morlet, J. E., and Hershman, J. M., 1979. Thyroid function and zinc deficiency, Clin. Res. 27: 20A.
Gourmelen, M., Pham-Huu-Trung, M. T., and Girard, F., 1979. Transient partial hGH deficiency in prepubertal children with delay of growth, Pediatr. Res. 13: 221.
Grant, P. T., Coombs, T. L., and Frank, B. H., 1972. Differences in the nature of the interaction of insulin and proinsulin with zinc, Biochem. J. 126: 433.
Guigliano, R., and Millward, D. J., 1987. The effects of severe zinc deficiency on protein turnover in muscle and thymus, Br. J. Nutr. 57: 139.
Gunn, S. A., Gould, T. C., and Anderson, W. A. D., 1965. The effect of growth hormone and prolactin preparations on the control by interestitial cell-stimulating hormone of uptake of zinc-65 by the rat dorsolateral prostate, J. Endocrinol. 32: 205.
Hager, M. H., 1986. Zinc deficiency compromises the adrenal response to sodium deprivation in rats, Nutr. Rep. Int. 34: 141.
Halsted, J. A., Ronaghy, H. A., Abadi, P., Haghshenass, M., Amirhakemi, G. H., Barakat, R. M., and Reinhold, J. G., 1972. Zinc deficiency in man: The Shiraz experiment, Am. J. Med. 53: 277.
Hambidge, K. M., and Walravens, P. A., 1976. Zinc deficiency in infants and preadolescent children, in Trace Elements in Human Health and Disease ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), Academic Press, New York, p. 21.
Harper, M. E., Danutra, V., Chanduer, J. A., and Griffith, K., 1976. The effect of 2-bromo-alphaergocryptine (CB 154) administration on the hormone levels, organ weights, prostatic morphology and zinc concentrations in the male rat, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 83: 211.
Hartome, T. R., Sotaniemi, E. A., and Maatanen, J., 1979. Effect of zinc on some biochemical indices of metabolism, Nutr. Metab. 23: 294.
Henkin, R. I., 1974a. On the role of adrenocorticosteroids in the control of zinc and copper metabolism, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, Volume 2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W., Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 647.
Henkin, R. I., 1974b. Growth hormone-dependent changes in zinc and copper metabolism in man, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, Volume 2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 653.
Henkin, R. I., 1984. Zinc in taste function: A critical review, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 6: 263.
Herrington, A. C., 1985. Effect of zinc on insulin binding to rat adipocytes and hepatic membranes and to human placental membranes and IM-9 lymphocytes, Horm. Metab. Res. 17: 328.
Judd, A. M., Macleod, R. M., and Login, I. S., 1984. Zinc may regulate pituitary prolactin secretion, in The Neurobiology of Zinc, Part A (C. J. Fredrickson, G. A. Howell, and E. J. Kasarskis, eds.), Liss, New York, p. 91.
Kinlaw, W. B., Levine, A. S., Morley, J. E., Silvis, S. E., and McClain, C. J., 1983. Abnormal zinc metabolism in type II diabetes mellitus, Am. J. Med. 75: 273.
Kirchgessner, M., and Roth, H. P., 1980. Biochemical changes of hormones and metalloenzymes in zinc deficiency, in Zinc in the Environment, Part II (J. O. Nriagu, ed.), Wiley, New York, p. 72.
Kurtoglu, S., Patiroglu, T. E., and Karakas, S. E., 1987. Effect of growth hormone in epiphyseal growth plates in zinc deficiency, Tokai J. Clin. Med. 12: 325.
Kvist, U., 1982. Spermatozoal thiol-disulphide interaction: A possible event underlying physiological sperm nuclear chromatin decondensation, Acta Physiol. 115: 503.
Leake, A., Chisholm, G. D., and Habib, F. K., 1984. The effect of zinc on the 5-alpha-reduction of testosterone by the hyperplastic human prostate gland, J. Steroid Biochem. 20: 651.
Lee, H. H., Prasad, A. S., Brewer, G. J., and Owyang, C., 1989. Zinc absorption in human small intestine, Am. J. Physiol. 256: G87.
Lei, K. Y., Abbasi, A. A., and Prasad, A. S., 1976. Function of pituitary-gonadal axis in zinc-deficient rats, Am. J. Physiol. 230: 1730.
Levine, A. S., McClain, C. J., Handwerger, B. S., Brown, D. M., and Morley, J. E., 1983. Tissue zinc status of genetically diabetic and streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 37: 382.
Login, I. S., Thorner, M. O., and Macleod, P. M., 1983. Zinc may have a physiological role in regulating pituitary prolactin secretion, Neuroendocrinology 37: 317.
Lubahn, D. B., Joseph, R. D., Sullivan, P. M., Willard, H. F., French, F. S., and Wilson, E. M., 1988. Cloning of human androgen receptor complementary DNA and localization to the X chromosome, Science 240: 327.
Ludvigsen, C., McDaniel, M., and Lacy, P. E., 1979. The mechanism of zinc uptake in isolated islets of Langerhans, Diabetes 28: 570.
McClain, C. J., Gavaler, J. S., and VanThiel, D. H., 1984. Hypogonadism in the zinc-deficient rat: Localization of the functional abnormalities, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 104: 1007.
McConnell, R. J., Blair-Stanek, C. S., and Rivlin, R. S., 1977. Decreased intestinal transport of zinc in hypothyroidism, Clin. Res. 25: 658A.
Mahajan, S. K., Abbasi, A. A., Prasad, A. S., Rabbani, P., Briggs, W. A., and McDonald, F. D., 1982. Effect of oral zinc therapy on gonadal function in hemodialysis patients. A double-blind study, Ann. Intern. Med. 97: 357.
Mahajan, S. K., Hamburger, R. J., Flamenbaum, W., Prasad, A. S., and McDonald, F. D., 1985. Effect of zinc supplementation on hyperprolactinemia in uremic men, Lancet 2: 750.
Malette, L. E., and Henkin, R. I., 1976. Altered copper and zinc metabolism in primary hyper-parathyroidism, Am. J. Med. Sci. 272: 167.
Meftah, S. P., Prasad, A. S., DuMouchelle, E., Cossack, Z. T., and Rabbani, P., 1984. Testicular androgen binding protein in zinc-deficient rats, Nutr. Res. 4: 437.
Morley, J. E., Gordon, J., and Hershman, J. M., 1980. Zinc deficiency, chronic starvation and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33: 1767.
Morley, J. E., Russell, R. M., Reed, A., Carney, E. A., and Hershman, J. M., 1981. The interrelationship of thyroid hormones with vitamin A and zinc nutritional status in patients with chronic hepatitis and gastrointestinal disorders, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34: 1489.
Nagamine, C. M., Chan, K., Kozak, C. A., and Lau, Y. F., 1989. Chromosome mapping and expression of a putative testis determining gene in mouse, Science 243: 80.
Neggers, Y. H., Cutter, R., Acton, R. T., Alvarez, J. O., Bonner, J. L., Goldenberg, R. L., Go, R. C. P., and Roseman, J. M., 1990. A positive association between maternal serum zinc concentration and birth weight, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 51: 678.
Neill, H. B., Leach, B. E., and Kraus, A. P., 1979. Zinc metabolism in sickle cell anemia, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242: 2686.
Nishi, Y., Hatano, S., Aihara, K., Fujie, A., and Kihara, M., 1989. Transient partial growth hormone deficiency due to zinc deficiency, J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 8: 93.
Page, D. C., 1988. Is ZFY the sex-determining gene on the human Y chromosome? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London 322: 155.
Page, D. C., Mosher, R., Simpson, E. M., Fisher, E. M. C., Mardon, G., Pollack, J., and McGillivray, B., 1987. The sex-determining region of the human Y chromosome encodes a finger protein, Cell 51: 1091.
Pai, L. H., and Prasad, A S, 1988. Cellular zinc in patients with diabetes mellitus, Nutr. Res. 8: 889.
Park, J. H. Y., Grandjean, C. T., Hart, M. H., Erdman, S. H., Pour, P., and Vanderhof, J. A., 1986. Effect of pure zinc deficiency on glucose tolerance and insulin and glucagon levels, Am. J. Physiol. 251: E273.
Prasad, A. S., 1966. Metabolism of zinc and its deficiency in human subjects, in Zinc Metabolism ( A. S. Prasad, ed.), Thomas, Springfield, Ill., p. 250.
Prasad, A. S., 1981. Zinc deficiency and effects of zinc supplementation on sickle cell anemia subjects, in The Red Cell: Fifth Ann Arbor Conference ( G. J. Brewer, ed.), Liss, New York, p. 99.
Prasad, A. S., and Cossack, Z. T., 1984. Zinc supplementation and growth in sickle cell disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 100: 367.
Prasad, A. S., Halsted, J. A., and Nadimi, M., 1961. Syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, he patosplenomegaly, hypogonadism, dwarfism and geophagia, Am. J. Med. 31: 532.
Prasad, A. S., Miale, A., Farid, Z., Sandstead, H. H., Schulert, A. R., and Darby, W. J., 1963a. Biochemical studies on dwarfism, hypogonadism and anemia, Arch. Intern. Med. 111: 407.
Prasad, A S., Miale, A., Farid, Z., Schulert, A., and Sandstead, H. H., 1963b. Zinc metabolism in patients with the syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 61: 537.
Prasad, A. S., Oberleas, D., Wolf, P., and Horwitz, J. P., 1969. Effect of growth hormone on nonhypophysectomized rats, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 73: 486.
Prasad, A. S., Schoomaker, E. B., Ortega, J., Brewer, G. J., Oberleas, D., and Oelschlegel, F. J., 1975. Zinc deficiency in sickle cell disease, Clin. Chem. 21: Washington, D.C., 582.
Prasad, A. S., Fernandez-Madrid, F., and Ryan, J. F., 1979. Deoxythymidine kinase activity of human implanted sponge connective tissue in zinc deficiency, Am. J. Physiol. 263 (3): E272.
Prasad, A. S., Abbasi, A. A., Rabbani, P., and DuMouchelle, E., 1981. Effect of zinc supplementation on serum testosterone level in adult male sickle cell anemia subjects, Am. J. Hematol. 19: 119.
Quarterman, J., 1974. The effects of zinc deficiency or excess on the adrenals and the thymus of the rat, in Trace Element Metabolism in Animals, Volume 2 ( W. G. Hoekstra, J. W. Suttie, H. E. Ganther, and W. Mertz, eds.), University Park Press, Baltimore, p. 742.
Reeves, P. G., Frissell, S. G., and O’Dell, B. L., 1977. Response of serum corticosterone to ACTH and stress in the zinc deficient rat, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 156: 500.
Rillema, J. A., 1979. Effect of zinc ions on the actions of prolactin on RNA and casein synthesis in mouse mammary gland explants, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 162: 464.
Robinson, L. K., and Hurley, L. S., 1981. Effect of maternal zinc deficiency of food restriction on rat fetal pancreas, J. Nutr. 111: 869.
Roth, H., and Kirchgessner, M., 1981. Zinc and insulin metabolism, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 3: 13.
Sandstead, H. H., Prasad, A. S., Schulert, A. R., Farid, Z., Miale, A., Bassilly, S., and Darby, W. J., 1967. Human zinc deficiency, endocrine manifestations and response to treatment, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 20: 422.
Sapolsky, R., Rivier, C., Yamamoto, G., Plotsky, P., and Vale, W., 1987. Interleukin- I stimulates the secretion of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor, Science 238: 522.
Scott, D. A., 1934. Crystalline insulin, Biochem. J. 28: 1592.
Scott, D. A., and Fisher, A. M., 1938. The insulin and zinc content of normal and diabetic pancreas, J. Clin. Invest. 17: 725.
Simmer, K., Khanum, S., Carlsson, L., and Thompson, R. P., 1988. Nutritional rehabilitation in Bangladesh: The importance of zinc, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 47: 1036.
Solomons, N. W., Rosenfeld, R. L., Jacob, R. A., and Sandstead, H. H., 1976. Growth retardation and zinc nutrition, Pediatr. Res. 10: 923.
Stalvey, J. R. D., and Erickson, R. P., 1987. Inheritance of the sex-determining factor in the absence of a complete Y chromosome in 46, XX human males, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 513: 505.
Stengaard-Pederson, K., 1982. Inhibition of enkephalin binding to opiate receptors by zinc ions: Possible physiological importance for the brain, Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol. 50: 213.
Stengaard-Pederson, K., Fredens, K., and Larsson, L. I., 1981. Enkephalin and zinc in the hip-pocampal mossy fibre system, Brain Res. 212: 230.
Stengaard-Pederson, K., Larsson, L. I., Fredeno, K., and Rehfeld, J. F., 1984. Modulation of cholecystokinin concentrations in the rat hippocampus by chelation of heavy metals, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 5876.
Wallwork, J. C., Botnen, J. H., and Sandstead, H. H., 1982. Effect of dietary zinc on rat brain catecholamines, J. Nutr. 112: 514.
Walravens, P. A., Hambidge, K. M., and Koepfer, D. M., 1989. Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: A double-blind controlled study, Pediatrics 83: 532.
Warth, J. A., Prasad, A S., Zwas, F., and Frank, R. N., 1981. Abnormal dark adaptation in sickle cell anemia, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 98: 189.
Watanabe, T., Salo, F., and Endo, A., 1983. Cytogenetic effects of zinc deficiency on oogenesis and spermatogenesis in mice, Yamagata Med. J. 1: 13.
Xue-Cun, C., Tai-An, Y., Jin-Sheng, H., Qiu-Yan, M., Zhi-Min, H., and Li-Xiang, L., 1985. Low levels of zinc in hair and blood pica, anorexia, and poor growth in Chinese preschool children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42: 694.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Prasad, A.S. (1993). Zinc and Hormones. In: Biochemistry of Zinc. Biochemistry of the Elements, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9444-1_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9444-1_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9446-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9444-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive