Skip to main content

A Review of the Stratified Charge Engine Concept

  • Chapter
Book cover Automotive Engine Alternatives

Abstract

This paper presents an overview of stratified charge combustion engines and ties together recent advances with past achievements. A brief historical literature survey of the stratified charge engine concept is first presented. Selected stratified charge engine designs are then presented which represent the varied methods devised to achieve stratified charge combustion. Advantages and disadvantages of the stratified charge concept are then presented. Various topic areas pertinent to the subject are then discussed including hydrocarbon analysis, emissions, alternative fuel operation, modifications to conventional Diesel and rotary engines, and modeling of stratified charge combustion systems are also discussed. This overview summarizes with the current efforts underway to achieve successful stratification. This review is meant to augment existing reviews as well as focus on recent developments in the area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Cummins. C. Lyle Jr., Internal Fire, Carnot Press, Oregon, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Stratified Charge Engines, Ricardo News, 1975, No. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Voinoff, A. N., “Combustion Processes in High-Speed Piston- Engines,” (Russ.), Moscow, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gruden, D., U. Markovac and H. Lorcher, “Development of the Porsche SKS Engine,” IMechE, C243 /76, pp. 21–28, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Eberan-Eberhorst, R., D. Gruden and G. Schwarzbauer, “Statistische Analyse der Schwankungen von Arbeitszyklen im Ottomotor,” Automobil-Industrie, 1973, 4.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Schwarzbauer, G., “Verbrennungsablauf und Stickoxidbildung im Ottor,” MTZ 34, 1973, 3.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Schwarzbauer, G. and D. Gruden, “Die Stickoxidbidlung im Ottomotor,” FISITA-Krongreb, London, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Gruden, D., Th. F. Brachert and W. Wurster, “Porsche One, Six and Eight Cylinder Stratified Charge Engine with Divided Combustion Chamber (SKS-Engine),” IMechE, C396 /80, pp. 55–62, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Newhall, H. K. and El-Messin, “A Combustion Chamber Concept for Control of Engine Exhaust Air Pollutant Emissions,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Date, T., S. Yagi, A. Ishizuya and I. Fujii, “Research and Development of the Honda CVCC-Engine,” SAE Paper 740605, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Decker, G. and W. Brandstatter, “Results from the VW-Stratified- Charge-Process,” MTZ 34, 1973, No. 10.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gussak, L. A., “High Chemical Activity of Incomplete Combustion Products and a Method of Pre-chamber Torch Ignition for Avalanche Activation of Combustion in Internal Combustion Engines,” SAE Paper No. 750890, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rhodes, K. H., “Project Stratofire,” SAE Paper 660094, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bracco F.V., “Stratified Charge Engine,” Collection of papers published in Combustion Science and Technology. (Volume 8. Nos. 1 and 2 ) 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lewis, J.M., “United Parcel Service Applies Texaco Stratified Charge Engine Technology to Power Parcel Delivery Vans, Progress Report,” SAE Transaction Vol. 89, SAE Paper No. 801429, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Lewis, J. M., “UPS Multifuel Stratified Charge Engine Development Program - Field Test,” SAE Paper No. 860067, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  17. General Motors Public Interest Reports 1975–1986, General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Jones, C., “A Progress Report on Curtiss-Wright’s Rotary Stratified Charge Engine Development,” SAE Paper No. 741206, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Jones, C., “Advanced Development of Rotary Stratified Charge 750 and 1500 hp Military Multi-fuel Engines at Curtiss-Wright,” SAE paper No. 840460, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Jones, C., “An Update of Applicable Automotive Engine Rotary Stratified Charge Development,” SAE Paper No. 820347, International Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Jones, C., J.R. Mack, and M.J. Griffith, “Advanced Rotary Engine Developments for Naval Applications,” SAE Paper No. 851243, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Shih, T. I-P., S.L. Yang, and H.J. Schock, “A Two-Dimensional Numerical Study of the Flow Inside the Combustion Chamber of a Motored Rotary Engine,” SAE Paper No. 860615, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Schock, Harold J., “A Review of Internal Combustion Engine Combustion Chamber Process Studies at NASA Lewis Research Center,” Paper No. AIAA-84–1316.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Peters, B. D. and A. A. Quader, “Wetting the Appetite of Spark Ignition Engines for Lean Combustion,” General Motors Research Laboratories Research Publication GMR-2586R, F L-645, February 27, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Quader, A.A., “The Axially-Stratified-Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol 91, SAE Paper No. 82131, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Peters, B.D., “Fuel Droplets Inside the Cylinder of a Spark Ignition Engine with Axial Stratification,” SAE Transaction Vol. 91, SAE Paper No. 820132, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  27. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “ A Study of Stratified Charge for Light Duty Power Plants,” EPA–460/3–74–011A, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Baranescu, G. S., “Some characteristics of Spark Assisted Direct Injection Engine,” SAE Paper No. 830589, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Haslett, R.A., M.L. Monaghan, and J.J. McFadden, “Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 760755, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Uyehara, O. A., P. S. Myers, E. E. Marsh and G. E. Cheklich, “A Classification of Reciprocating Engine Combustion Systems,” SAE Paper 741156, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Choma, M. A., P. H. Haystad, A. O. Simko and W. F. Stockhausen, “Fuel Tolerance Tests with the Ford PROCO Engine,” IMechE, C398 /80, pp. 41–48, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Barber E.M., Reynolds B. and Tierney W., “The Elimination of Combustion Knock - Texaco Combustion Process,” SAE preprint 473. June 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Davis C.W., Barber E.M. and Mitchell E., “Fuel Injection and Positive Ignition: A Basis for Improved Efficiency and Economy,” SAE preprint 190A. June 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Barber E.M., Reynolds B. and Tierney W.T., “Texaco Combustion Process Gives Knock-Free Operation,” SAE Journal, September 1950.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Tierney W.T., Mitchell E. and Alperstein M., “The Texaco Controlled Combustion System. A Stratified Charge Engine Concept Review and Current Status,” I. Mech.E. London Conference “Power plants and future fuels,” January 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Mitchell, E., J.M. Cobb, and R.A. Frost, “Design and Evaluation of a Stratified Charge Multifuel Military Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 77, SAE Paper No. 680042, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Mitchell, E., M. Alperstein, J.M. Cobb, and C.H. Faist, “Stratified Charge Multifuel Military Engine - A Progress Report,” SAE Paper No. 720051, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Alperstein, M., G.H. Schafer, and F.J. Villforth, III, “Texaco’s Stratified Charge Engine - Multifuel, Efficient, Clean, and Practical,” SAE Paper No. 740563, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Witze, P. 0., “Influence of Air Motion on the Performance of a Direct-Injection Stratified-Charge Engine,” Stratified Charge Automotive Engines Conference, London, 25–26 November, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Witze, P.O., “Influence of Air Motion Variation on the Performance of a Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine,” Sandia Laboratories Report No, SAND79–8756, September 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Jain, B.C., Rife, J.M., and Keck, J.C., “A Performance Model for the Texaco Controlled Combustion Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transactions Vol. 85 (1976), SAE Paper No. 760116, Automotive Engineering Congress, February 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Finsterwalder, G., “A New Deutz Multi-fueled System,” SAE Paper No. 720103.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Jones, C., H.D. Lamping, D.M. Myers, and R.W. Loyd, “An Update of the Direct Injected Stratified Charge Rotary Combustion Engine Developments at Curtiss-Wright,” SAE Transaction Vol. 86, SAE Paper No. 770044, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Obert, E. F., Internal Combustion Engines.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Purins, E.A., “Pre-chamber Stratified Charge Engine Combustion Studies,” SAE Transaction Vol. 83, SAE Paper No. 741159, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Sakai, Y., K. Kunii, S. Tsutsumi, and Y. Nakagawa, “Combustion Characteristics of the Torch Ignited Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 83, SAE Paper No. 741167, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Davis, G.C., R.B. Krieger, and R.J. Tabaczynski, “Analysis of the Flow and Combustion Processes of a Three-valve Stratified Charge Engine with a Small Prechamber,” SAE Transaction Vol. 83, SAE Paper No. 741170, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Date, T., and S. Yagi, “Research and Development of Honda CVCC Engine,” SAE Paper No. 740605, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Yagi S., Date T., and Inoue K., “NOx Emission and Fuel Economy of the Honda CVCC Engine,” SAE 741158.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Peters, B. D., “Fuel Droplets Inside the Cylinder of a Spark Ignition Engine with Axial Stratification,” SAE Paper 820132, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Chang, M., M.P. Nolan, J.H. Rillings, and A.A. Quader, “The Axially Stratified-charge Engine: Control, Calibration, and Vehicle Implementation,” SAE Paper No. 851674, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Jones, C., “A Progress Report on Curtiss-Wright’s Rotary Stratified Charge Engine Development,” SAE Paper No. 741206, Presented at SAE International Stratified Charge Engine Conference, October, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Jones, C. and H. Lamping, “Curtiss-Wright’s Development Status of the Stratified Charge Rotating Combustion Engine,” SAE Transactions 1971, Vol. 80, Paper No. 710582.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Lloyd, R. W., “Curtiss-Wright Stratified Charge Rotary Combustion Engine Development,” Combustion Science and Technology, 1976, Vol. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Bentele, M., “Curtiss-Wright’s Developments on Rotating Combustion Engine,” SAE Transactions, Vol. 69 (1961), Paper 288-B.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Jones, C., “The Curtiss-Wright Rotating Combustion Engines Today,” SAE Transactions 1965, Vol. 73, Paper No. 886d.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Jones, C., “New Rotating Combustion Powerplant Development,” SAE Transactions 1966, Vol. 74, Paper No. 640723.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Jones, C., “The Rotating Combustion Engine - Compact, Lightweight Power for Aircraft,” SAE Transactions 1966, Vol. 76, Paper No. 670194.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Cole, D. E. and C. Jones, “Reduction of Emissions from the Curtiss-Wright Rotating Combustion Engine with an Exhaust Reactor,” SAE Transactions 1970, Vol. 79, Paper No. 70074.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Bracco F.V., “Theoretical Analysis of Stratified, Two-Phase Wankel Engine Combustion,” Combustion Science and Technology, 1973, Vol. 8p. 69–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Willis, E. A., “Development Potential of Intermittent Combustion (IC) Aircraft Engines for Commuter Transport Applications,” SAE Paper No. 820718, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Bracco, F.V., “Modeling of Engine Sprays,” SAE Paper No. 850394, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Personal communication with representatives at John Deere International Technologies.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Wong, V.W., J.M. Rife, and M.K. Martin, “Experiments in Stratified Combustion with a Rapid Compression Machine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 87, SAE Paper No. 780638.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Wong, V. W., “A Photographic Performance Study of Stratified Combustion Using a Rapid Compression Machine,” Thesis, MIT, June, 1976 (see also reference 66).

    Google Scholar 

  66. Evers, L.W., R.D. Fleming, and R.W. Hurn, “Efficiency and Emissions of a Stratified Charge Engine Optimized for Various Fuels,” SAE Paper No. 780236, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Baranescu, G. S. (see reference no. 28).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Chmela, F. G., “High Compression Stratified Charge Engines and Their Suitability for Conventional and Alternative Fuels,” Conference on Stratified Charge Automotive Engines, Londonw, Nov. 1980, Paper C400/80.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Neitz, A. and F. Chmela, “M.A. N. FM Process to Enable Diesel Engines to Burn Methanol,” First International Automotive Fuel Economy Research Conference, Arlington, Virginia, USA, Oct. 31 - Nov. 2, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Neitz, A. and F. Chmela, “Results of MAN FM Diesel Engines Operating on Straight Alcohol Fuels,” IV International Symposium of Alcohol Fuels Technology, Guaruja-SP, Brazil, Oct. 5 - Oct. 8, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Nietz, A. and F. Chmela, “The M.A.N. Methanol Engine Powering City Buses,” Fifth International Alcohol Fuel Technology Symposium, Auckland, New Zealand, May 13–18, 1982, Paper C2–23.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Needham, J. R., S. R. Norris-Jones and B. M. Cooper, “An Evaluation of Unthrottled Combustion System Options for Future Fuels,” SAE Technical Paper No. 830374, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Heldt, P. M., “High-Speed Diesel Engines,” P.M. Heldt, Nyack, NY, 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Lange, K. and W. Spindler, “Investigation of Local Mixture Strength and Flame Propagation with Aided and Unaided Ignition,” Proc. Instn. Mech. Engrs., Vol. 184, Paper 11, pp. 109–121, 1969–70.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Phatak, R. G. and K. Komiyama, “Investigation of a Spark-Assisted Diesel Engine,” SAE Paper 830588, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Borman, G., J. Cramer, H. Y. Wang, R. Sowls and P. Myers, “An Investigation of the Combustion Characteristics and Performance of a Spark-Ignited Diesel Using Alternative Fuels,” U.S. Army TACOM Report No. DAAE-07–82-C-4057, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Abata, D. L., S. Fritz, and B. Stroia, “A Photographic Study of Low Cetane Fuels in a Diesel Engine With Spark Assist,” SAE Paper No. 860066, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Giovanetti, A. J., J. A. Ekchian, E. F. Fort and J. B. Heywood, “Analysis of Hydrocarbon Mechanisms in a Direct Injection Spark-Ignition Engine,” SAE Paper No. 830587, SAE Transactions Vol. 2, p. 925 (1983).

    Google Scholar 

  79. Balles, E.N., J.A. Ekchain, and J.B. Heywood, “Fuel Injection Characteristics and Combustion Behavior of a Direct-injection Stratified-charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 93, SAE Paper No. 841379, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Wood, C.D., “Unthrottled Open-chamber Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 780341, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Lancaster, D. R., “Diagnostic Investigation of Hydrocarbon Emissions from a Direct-Injection Stratified-Charge Engine with Early Injection,” General Motors Research Laboratories Report No. GMR-3344. November 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Johnston, S. C., “Precombustion Fuel/Air Distribution in a Stratified Charge Engine Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy,” SAE Paper No. 790433, Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sinnamon, J. F., Lancaster, D. R., and Stiener, J. C., “An Experimental and Analytical Study of Engine Fuel Spray Trajectories,” SAE Paper No. 800135, Congress and Exposition, Detroit, MI, February 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Witze, P. 0., “Influence of Air Motion Variation on the Performance of a Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine,” Sandia Laboratories Report No. SAND79–8756, September 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Foster, D., “An Overview of Zero Dimensional Thermodynamic Models for IC Engine Data Analysis,” SAE Paper No. 852070, (1970).

    Google Scholar 

  86. Poulos, S. G. and Heywood, J. B., “The Effect of Chamber Geometry on Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion,” SAE Paper 830334, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Bracco, F. V., editor, “Stratified Charge Engines,” Combustion Science and Technology, Vol$18, Nos. 1 and 2, (October 1973) pp. 1–100.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Sirignano, W. A. “One-Dimensional Analysis of Combustion in a Spark-Ignition Engine,” Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 3 (May 1973), pp. 99–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Rosentweig-Bellan, J., “A Theory of Turbulent Combustion and Nitric Oxide Formation for Dual-Carbureted Stratified-Charge Engines,” Ph.D. Thesis No. 1172-T, Dept. of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, N.J., August 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Bracco, F. V. and W. A. Sirignano, “Theoretical Analysis of Wankel Engine Combustion,” Combustion Science and Technology Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 109–123, May 1973. Originally presented at the 7th IECE Conference in Sept. 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Bracco, F. V., “Theoretical Analysis of Stratified, Two-Phase Wankel Engine Combustion,” Combustion Science and Technology, V.l. 8, Nos. 1 and 2 (October 1973), pp. 69–84.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Bracco, F.V., “Introducing a New Generation of More Detailed and Informative Combustion Models,” SAE Paper No. 741174, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Rivard, W. C., O. A. Farmer, and T. D. Butler, “RICE: A Computer Program for Multi-Component Chemically Reactive Flows at All Speeds,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories Report LA-5812, March 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Butler, T. D., L. D. Cloutman, J. K. Dukowicz, and J. C. Ramshaw, “CONCHAS: An Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Computer Code for Multi-component Chemically Reactive Fluid Flow at All Speeds,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories Report LA-8129-MS, November 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Cloutman, L. D., J. K. Dukowicz, J. D. Ramshaw, and A. A. Amsden, “CONCHAS-Spray: A Computer Code for Reactive Flows with Fuel Sprays.”

    Google Scholar 

  96. Los Alamos National Labs, Los Alamos, NM 87545, “KIVA - A Computer Program for Two and Three Dimensional Fluid Flows with Chemical Reactions and Fuel Sprays,” Reprint LA-10245-MS (February 1985), update LA-10534-MS (October 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Westbrook, C.K., “Fuel Motion and Pollutant Formation in Stratified Charge Combustion,” SAE Paper No. 790248, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Westbrook, C, K., “A Generalized ICE Method for Chemically Reactive Flows in Combustion Systems,” J. Computational Physics.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Westbrook, C. K. and L. L. Chase, “A One-Dimensional Combustion Model,” University of California Lawrence Livermore Laboratory report UCRL-52297, July 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Diwalkar, R., “Multidimensional Modeling Applied to the Direct- Injection Stratified-Charge Engine-Calculation Versus Experiment,” SAE Paper No. 810225, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Tauschek, M. J., “Spark-ignition Engine of Tomorrow,” SAE Paper No. 650478 (SP-270), 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  102. Gay, E. J., “Commercial and Industrial Power-Plants-Future Prospects and Applications,” SAE Paper NO.650631, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Witzky, J. E. and J. M. Clark, Jr., “Study of the Swirl Stratified Combustion Principle,” SAE Transaction Vol. 75 SAE Paper No. 660092, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Willis, D. A., W. E. Meyer and C. Bimie, Jr., “Mapping of Air Flow Patterns in Engines with Induction Swirl,” SAE Transaction Vol. 75, Paper No. 660093, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Rhodes, K. H., “Project Stratofire- Development of a Stratified Charge Combustion System for Automotive Engines,” SAE Paper No. 660094, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Bascunana, J. L. and L. D. Conta, “Conversion of Propane-burning Stratified Charge Combustion System for Automotive Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 75, SAE Paper No. 660095, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Adams, W. E. and R. V. Kerley, “Next Decade for Piston Engines, with Particular Reference to Air Pollution Problems,” SAE Transaction Vol. 76, SAE Paper No. 670685, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Bishop, I. N. and A. Simko, “Ford Stratified-charge Engine has Fuel-injection System and Other Features That Provide High Thermal Efficiency Using Gasoline,” SAE Transaction Vol. 77, SAE Paper NO. 680041, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  109. Bolt, J. A., “Air Pollution and Future Automotive Powerplants,” SAE Paper No. 680191, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Yui, S. and S. Ohnishi, “New Concept of Stratified-charge Two-stroke Engine Combustion Process,” SAE Paper No. 690468, 1969.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Simko, A., M. A. Choma, and L. L. Repko, “Exhaust Emission Control by the Ford Programmed Combustion Process-PROCO,” SAE Transaction Vol. 82, SAE Paper No. 720052, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Miyake, M., “Developing a New Stratified-charge Combustion System With Fuel Injection for Reducing Exhaust Emissions in Small Farm and Industrial Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 81, SAE Paper No. 720196, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Jones, C., “Survey of Curtiss-Wright’s 1958–1971 Rotating Combustion Engine Technological Developments,” SAE Paper No. 720468, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Emery, D. B., “An Evaluation of the Performance and Emissions of a CFR Engine Equipped with a Prechamber,” SAE Transaction Vol. 82, SAE Paper No. 730474, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Peart, J. R., and T. V. Huber, “Urban Vehicle Design Competition - A Practice in Design,” SAE Paper No. 730508, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Jessel, A. J., O. A. Uyehara, and P. S. Myers, “A Spark Ignition Engine with an In-cylinder Thermal Reactor,” SAE Transaction Vol. 82, SAE Paper No 730634, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Johnson, P. R., S. L. Genslak, and R. C. Nicholson, “Vehicle Emission Systems Utilizing a Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 741157, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Varde, K. S., and M. J. Lubin, “The Roll of Connecting Nozzle and the Flame Initiation Point in the Performance of a Dual Chamber Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 741161, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Pischinger, F. F. and K. J. Klocher, “Single-cylinder Study of Stratified Charge Process with Prechamber-injection,” SAE Transaction Vol. 83, SAE Paper No. 741162, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Tabaczynski, R. J. and E. D. Klomp, “Calculated Nitric Oxide Emissions of an Unthrottled Spark Ignited, Stratified Charge Internal Combustion Engine,” SAE Paper No. 741171, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Evers, L. W., P. S. Myers, and O. A. Uyehara, “A Search for a Low Nitric Oxide Engine,” SAE Paper No. 741172, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Brandstetter, W. R., G. Decker, H. J. Schafer, and D. Steinke, The Volkswagen PCI Stratified Charge Concept. Results from the 1.6 Liter Air Cooled Engine,“ SAE Paper No. 741173, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Watfa, M., D. E. Fuller, and H. Daneshyar, “The Effects of Charge Stratification on Nitric Oxide Emission from Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Paper No. 741175, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  124. Hurter, D. A. and W. D. Lee, “A Study of Technological Improvements in Automobile Fuel Consumption,” SAE Paper No. 750005, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Ferguson, C. R., G. A. Danieli, J. B. Heywood, and J. C. Keck, “Time Resolved Measurements of Exhaust Composition and Flow Rate in a Wankel Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 750024, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Olikara, C. and G. L. Borman, “A Computer Program for Calculating Properties of Equilibrium Combustion Products with Some Applications to I.C. Engines,” SAE Paper No. 750468, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Tierney, W. T., E. M. Johnson, and N. R. Crawford, “Energy Conservation: Optimization of the Vehicle-fuel-refinery System,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 750673, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Brandstetter, W. R., G. Decker, and K. Reichel, “The Water-cooled Volkswagen PCI-stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 750869, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Gruden, D., “Combustion and Exhaust Emission of an Engine Using the Porsche-Stratified-Charge-Chamber-System,” SAE Paper No. 750888, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Siewert, R. M. and S. R. Turns, “The Staged Combustion Compound Engine (SCCE); Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Economy Potential,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 750889, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Newhall, H. K., “Combustion Process Fundamentals and Combustion Chamber Design for Low Emissions,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 751001 (SP-396), 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Turkish, M. C., “Prechamber and Valve Gear Design for 3-valve Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 84, SAE Paper No. 751004 (SP-396), 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Hires, S. D., A. Ekchian, J. B. Heywood, R. J. Tabaczynski and J.C. Wall, “Performance and NOx Emissions Modeling of a Jet Ignition Prechamber Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 85, SAE Paper No. 760161, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Boekhaus, K. L. and L. C. Copeland, “Performance Characteristics of Stratified Charge Vehicles with Conventional Fuels and Gasoline Blended with Alcohol and Water,” SAE Paper No. 760197 (SP-403), 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Johnson, R. T., R. K. Riley, and M. D. Dalen, “Performance of Methanol-Gasoline Blends in a Stratified Charge Engine Vehicle,” SAE Paper No. 760546, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Heywood, J. B., and R. J. Tabaczyniski, “Current Developments in Spark-ignition Engines,” SAE Paper No. 760606 (SP-409), 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Ciccarone, A., C. Antonini, and U. Virgilio, “Fuel Consumption in European Passenger Cars Powered by Gasoline, Diesel, and Direct Injection Stratifed Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 760796, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  138. Evers, L. W., P. W. Myers, and O. A. Uyehara, An Experimental Study of the Delayed Mixing Stratified Charge Engine Concept,“ SAE Paper No. 770042, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Ekchian, A., J. B. Heywood, and J. M. Rife, “Time Resolved Measurements of the Exhaust from a Jet Ignition Prechamber Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 86, SAE Paper No. 770043, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Gabele, P. A., J. N. Braddock, and R. L. Bradow, “A Characterization of Exhaust Emissions from Lean Burn, Rotary, and Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 770301, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  141. O’Neill, E. B., and D. W. Taylor, “Landing Vehicle Assault (LVA),” SAE Paper No. 770340.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Ciccarone, A., “Possible Advances in European Passenger Cars Fuel Economy,” SAE Paper No. 770846, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Novak, J. M., “Simulation of the Breathing Processes and Air-fuel Distribution Characteristics of Three-valve, Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 770881, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Haselman, L. C., and C. K. Westbrook, “A Theoretical Model for Two-Phase Fuel Injection in Stratified Charge Enginers,” SAE Paper No. 780318, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Asanuma, T., M.K.G. Babu, and S. Yagi, “Simulation of Thermodynamic Cycle of Three-valve Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol, 87, SAE Paper No. 780319, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Wall, J. C., J. B. Heywood, and W. A. Woods, “Parametric Studies of Performance and NOx Emissions of the Three-value Stratified Charge Engine Using a Cycle Simulation,: SAE Transaction Vol. 87, SAE Paper No. 780320, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Kerimov, N. A. and R. I. Mektiev, “Engines with Stratified Charge,” SAE Paper No. 780342, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Hull, W. L. and S. C. Sorenson, “Research on a Dual-chamber Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 780488, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  149. McKee, D. E., F. C. Ferris, and R. E. Goebora, “Unregulated Emissions from a PROCO Engine Powered Vehicle,” SAE Paper No. 780592 (SP-431), 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Hillyer, B. J. and W. R. Wade, “Single-cylinder PROCO Engine Studies - Fuel and Engine Calibration Effects on Emissions, Fuel Economy and Octane Number Requirements,” SAE Paper No. 780593 (SP-431), 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Baudino, J. H. and L. C. Copeland, “Atypical Fuel Volatility Effects on Driveability, Emissions, and Fuel Economy of Stratified Charge and Conventionally Powered Vehicles,” SAE Paper No. 780610 (SP431), 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Bechtold, R. L., “Performance, Emissions, and Fuel Consumption of the White L-163-S Stratified-charge Engine Using Various Fuels,” SAE Paper No. 780641.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Scussel, J., A. O. Simko, and W. R. Wade, “The Ford PROCO Engine Update,” SAE Transaction Vol. 87, SAE Paper No. 780699, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Hayden, A.C.S., “The Effects of Technology on Automobile Fuel Economy Under Canadian Conditions,” SAE Paper No. 780935, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wall, J. C. and J. B. Heywood, “The Influence of Operating Variables and Prechamber Size on Combustion in a Prechamber Stratified-charge Engine,” SAE paper 780966, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Johnston, S. C., C. W. Robinson, W. S. Rorke, J. R. Smith, and P. O. Witze, “Application of Laser Diagnostics to an Injected Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 88, SAE Paper No.790092, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Syed, S. A. and F. V. Bracco, “Further Comparisons of Computed and Measured Divided-chamber Engine Combustion,” SAE Paper No. 790247, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Davis, G. C. and J. C. Kent, “Comparison of Model Calculations and Experimental Measurements of the Bulk Cylinder Flow Processes in a Motored PROCO Engine,” SAE Paper No. 790290, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Sorenson, S. C. and S. S. Pan, “A One-dimensional Combustion Model for a Dual Chamber Stratified Charge Spark Ignition Engine,” SAE Paper No. 790355, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Johnston, S. C., “Precombustion Fuel/Air Distribution in a Stratified Charge Engine Using Laser Raman Spectroscopy,” SAE Transaction Vol. 88, SAE Paper No. 790433, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Wood, C. D., “Performance of a Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 790434, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Dimick, D. L., S. L. Genslak, R. E. Greig, and M. J. Malik, “Emissions and Economy Potential of Prechamber Stratified Charge Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 88, SAE Paper No. 790436, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Sinnamon, J. F. and D. E. Cole, “The Influence of Overall Equivalence Ratio and Degree of Stratification on the Fuel Consumption and Emissions of a Prechamber, Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 88, SAE Paper No. 790438, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Yagi, S., I. Fugii, M. Nishikawa, and H. Shirai, “A New Combustion System in the Three-valve Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 790439, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Reitz, R. D. and F. B. Bracco, “On the Dependence of Spray Angle and Other Spray Parameters on Nozzle Design and Operating Conditions,” SAE Paper No. 790494, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Gussak, L. A., V. P. Karpov, and Y. V. Tikhonov, “The Application of Lag-process in Prechamber Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 88, SAE Paper No. 790692, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Rysiewski, R. R., R. B. Katnik, and H. D. Albers, “An Interactive Computer Graphics Finite Element Modeling and Evaluation program,” SAE Paper No. 790995 (P-83), 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Hiraki, H. and J. M. Rife, “Performance and NOx Model of a Direct Injection Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 89, SAE Paper No. 800050, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Sorenson, S. C., J. J. Bruckhauer, and G. R. Gehrke, “Mixing and Charge Preparation Effects in a Dual Chamber Stratifed Charge Spark Ignition Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 89, SAE Paper No. 800107, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Sinnamon, J. F., D. R. Lancaster, and J. C. Steiner, “An Experimental and Analytical Study of Engine Fuel Spray Trajectories,” SAE Transaction Vol. 89, SAE Paper No. 800135, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Johnston, S. C., “Raman Spectroscopy and Flow Visualization Study of Stratified Charge Engine Combustion,” SAE Transaction Vol. 89, SAE Paper No. 800136, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Sod, G. A., “Automotive Engine Modeling with a Hybrid Random Choice Method, II,” SAE Paper No. 800288, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Yagi, S., I. Fujii, M. Nishikawa, and H. Shirai, “A Newly- Developed 1.5L CVCC Engine for Some 1980 Models,” SAE paper No. 800321, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Komiyama, K. and I. Hashimoto, “Spark-assisted Diesel for Multifuel Capability,” SAE Transaction Vol. 90, SAE Paper No. 810072, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Furukawa, J. and T. Gomi, “On the Propagation of Turbulent Jet-flame in a Closed Vessel,” SAE Paper No. 810777, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Kuo, T. and F. V. Bracco, “On the Scaling of Transient Laminar, Turbulent, and Spray Jets,” SAE Paper No. 820038, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Diwalker, R., “Direct-injection Stratified-charge Engine Computations with Improved Submodels for Turbulence and Wall Heat Transfer,” SAE Paper No. 820039, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kuo, T., and F. V. Bracco, “Computations of Drop Sizes in Pulsating Sprays and of Liquid-core Length in Vaporizing Sprays,” SAE Transaction Vol. 91, SAE Paper No. 820133, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Hugelman, R. D., “Recent Developments in Swirl Induced Turbulent Mixing for 4-stroke Cycle Engines,” SAE Paper No. 820157, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Ingham, M.C., P.S. Myers and O.A. Uyehara, “In-cylinder Sampling of Hydrocarbons in a Texaco L-141 TCP Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 91, SAE Paper No. 820361, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Freeman, L.E., R.J. Roby, and G.K. Chui, “Performance and Emissions of Non-petroleum Fuels in a Direct-injection Stratified Charge SI Engine,” SAE paper No. 821198 (SP-527), 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Lewis, J.M., and T.K. McBride, “UPS Multifuel Stratified Charge Engine Development-Progress Report,” SAE Transaction Vol. 92, SAE Paper No. 831782, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Duggal, V.K., and T. Kuo, and F. Lux, “Review of Multi-fuel Engine Concepts and Numerical Modeling of In-cylinder Flow Processes in Direct Injection Engines,” SAE Transaction Vol. 93, SAE Paper No. 840005, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Onishi, S., S. Hong Jo, P.Do Jo, and S. Kato, “Multi-layer Stratified Scavening (MULS)A New Scavenging Method for Two-Stroke Engine,” SAE Transaction Vol. 93, SAE Paper No. 840420, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Clarke, B.C., and T. Canup, “EPIC - An Ignition System for Tomorrow’s Engines,” SAE Paper No. 840913 (SP-556), 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Kuzak, DM, R C Belaire, S. Le, and D.R. Brigham, “Parametric Simulation of the Fuel Consumption Effects of Engine Design Variation with Advanced Transmission Powertrains,” SAE Transaction Vol. 93, SAE paper No. 841243, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Gatowski, J.A., EnN. Balles, K.M. Chun, F.E. Nelson, J.A. Ekchian, and J.B. Heywood, “Heat Release Analysis of Engine Pressure Data,” SAE Transaction Vol. 93, SAE Paper No. 841359, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Evers, L.W. and O. Baasch, “Quantum Combustion Chamber for the Digital Engine,” SAE Paper No. 850033, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Sierens, R., and W. Verdonck, “Development of a Natural Gas Stratified Charge Rotary Engine,” SAE Paper No. 850034, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Primus, R.J. and V.W. Wong, “Performance and Combustion Modeling of Heterogeneous Charge Engines,” SAE Paper No. 850343, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Amsden, A.A., Butler, T.D., P.J. O’Rourke, and J.D. Ramshaw, “KIVA-A Comprehensive Model for 2-D and 3-D Engine Simulations,” SAE Paper No. 850554, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Kimbara, Y., K. Shinoda, H. Koide, and N. Kobayashi, “NOx Reduction is Compatible with Fuel Economy Through Toyota’s Lean Combustion System,” SAE Paper No. 851210, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Foster, D.E., “An Overview of Zero-dimensional Thermodynamic Models for IC Engine Data Analysis,” SAE paper No. 852070, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Kim, C., and D.E. Foster, “Aldehyde and Unburned Fuel Emission Measurements from a Methanol-fueled Texaco Stratified Charge Engine,” SAE Paper No. 852120 (SP-638), 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Witsky J.E., “Stratification and Air Pollution,” Institution of Mechanical Engineers. 21st June 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Witsky J.E., “Stratified Charge Engines,” A.S.M.E. 1st March 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Anonymous, “ The Hesselman Spark Ignited Oil Engine with Fuel Spray and Low Compression,” Diesel Power, September 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Heller A., “The Hesselman Oil Engine for Motor Vehicles,” Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 52, No. 12. December 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  199. The Hesselman Spark-ignited Oil Engine with Fuel Spray and Low Compression. Diesel Power Vol. 8. No. 9. September 1930.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Starr A.M., “Fuel Injection Engine with Spark Ignition,” SAE Journal, September 1947.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Collins D, “Windsor-Smith Stratified Charge Combustion System,” Ricardo Report SN. 17994.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Eisele E., Hiereth H. and Charzinski P., “A Study of a Charge Stratification System for Heavy Commercial Vehicle Engines,” I.Mech. E. C91/75.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Meurer J.S., “Towards Stratified Charge,” Automobile Engineer, February 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Meurer J.S. and Urlaub A., “Development and Operational Results of the MAN-FM Combustion System,” SAE 690255.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Urblaub A. and Chmela F.G., “High Speed, Multi-Fuel Engine: L9204 FMV,” SAE 740122.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Conta L.D. and Durbetaki P., “A Method of Change Stratification for Four Stroke-Cycle Spark Ignition Engines,” ASME No. 58-OGP- 5, 1958.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Conta L.D. and Durbetaki P., “Research on Charge Stratification of Spark Ignition Engines,” ASME 60-WA-314, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Baudry J. et al., “Stratified Charge Systems for Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE Journal Vol. 69 No. 9, September 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  209. Conta L.D. et al., “Stratified Charge Operation of Spark Ignition Engines,” SAE 3758B, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  210. Newhall H.K. and El Missiri I.A., “A Combustion Chamber Designed for Minimum Engine Exhaust Emissions,” SAE 700491.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Newhall H.K. and El Missiri I.A., “A Combustion Chamber Concept for Control of Engine Exhaust Air Pollutant Emissions,” Combustion Flame. February 1970. Vol. 14 No. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Breisacher P., Nichols R.J., and Hicks W.A., “Exhaust Emission Reduction Through Two-Stage Combustion,” Combustion science and technology 1972 Vol. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Date T. Yagi S. Ishizuya A. and Fujii I., “Research and Development of the Honda CVCC Engine, ” SAE 740605.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Kuck H.A. and Brandstetter W.R., “Investigations on a Single Cylinder Stratified Charge Engine with a Scavenged Pre-chamber,” I.M.E. C92/75.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Turkish M.C., “3-valve Stratified Charge Engines: Evolvement, Analysis and Progression”, SAE 741163.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Rhodes K.H., “Project Stratofire,” SAE 660094.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Yamagishi G., Satio T. and Iwasa H., “A Study of Two-Stroke Cycle Fuel Injection Engines for Exhaust Gas Purification,” SAE 720195.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Kataoka K. and Hirako Y., “Improvements of Combustion and Clean Exhaust Gas of a Two-cycle Gasoline Engine with Charge Stratification,” I.Mech.E. C93/75.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Beale N.R. and Hodgetts D., “The Cranfield - Kushul Engine,” I.Mech.E. C90/75.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Hussman A.W., Kahoun F. and Taylor R.A., “Charge Stratification by Fuel Injection into Swirling Air,” SAE Transactions, Vol. 71, 1963, p. 421–444.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Uyehara, O. A., “A Classification of Reciprocating Engine Combustion Systems”, SAE 741156.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Heywood J.B. et. al., “ Automotive Spark Ignition Engine Emission Control Systems to Meet the Requirements of the 1970 Clean Air Amendments,” National academy of Sciences. May 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  223. Bellan, J. R. and W. A. Sirignano, “A Theory of Turbulent Flame Development and Nitric Oxide Formation in Stratified Charge Internal Combustion Engines,” Combustion Science and Technology Vol. 8. 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  224. Witsky, J. E. and J. M. Clark Jr., “Stratification and Combustion in Reciprocating Engines,” A.S.M.E. 68-DGP-4.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Schweitzer, P. H. and L. J. Grunder, Hybrid Engines, SAE Translation 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Newhall, H. K., “Combustion Process Fundamentals and Combustion Chamber Design for Low Emissions,” SAE Paper 751001.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Eisele, Hiereth, and Charzinski, “Stratification System for Heavy Commercial Vehicle Engines,” Institution of Mechanical Engineers Publication No. C91 /75, pp. 97–103, March 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  228. Delichatsios, M.D., “A Model of Fuel Spray Formation and Evaporation in the Ford PROCO Stratified Charge Engine- A Photographic and Analytic Study,” Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T., Cambridge, MA, February 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  229. Miyake, M., Okada, S., Dawahara, Y., and Asai, K., “A New Stratified Charge Combustion System (MCP) for Reducting Exhaust Emissions,” Combustion Science and Technology, Vol. 12, pp. 29–46, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  230. Miyake, M., “Recent Development of Mitsubishi’s Stratified Charge Engine MCP,” Institution of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication No. C259/76, Automobile Division and the Combustion Engine Group, November 1976.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Abata, D. (1987). A Review of the Stratified Charge Engine Concept. In: Evans, R.L. (eds) Automotive Engine Alternatives. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9348-2_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9348-2_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9350-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9348-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics