Abstract
Replication banding using 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) has traditionally yielded band patterns with extensive cell-to-cell variation, including variation between homologous chromosomes in the same cell. With the discovery that cycling cells can be blocked at the R/G transition (the time at which R-band synthesis is complete and G-band synthesis has yet to begin), either R-bands or G-bands can be selectively substituted with BrdUrd. This new method (named in this review as the “Thymidine-BrdUrd permutation culture method”) coupled with an improved fluorochrome-photolysis-Giemsa (FPG) staining method that reveals only unsubstituted chromatin, provides proparations with replication band patterns as reproducible and with the same resolution as patterns from standard trypsin-Giemsa banding. In this chapter, we will review the basic cell physiology of how R/G transition blocking and replication banding work and compare replication band patterns with classical band patterns.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aghamohammadi, S.Z., and Savage, J.R.K., 1990, BrdU pulse/reverse staining protocols for investigating chromosome replication, Chromosoma 99:76–82.
Alves, P., and Jonasson, J., 1978, New staining method for the detection of sister-chromatid exchanges in BrdU-labelled chromosomes, J. Cell Sci. 32:185–195.
Ambros, P.F., and Sumner, A.T., 1987, Correlation of pachytene chromomeres and metaphase bands of human chromosomes, and distinctive properties of telomeric regions, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 44:223–228.
Angell, R.R., and Jacobs, P.A., 1975, Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin, Chromosoma 51:301–310.
Angell, R.R., and Jacobs, P.A., 1978, Lateral asymmetry in human constitutive heterochromatin: Frequency and inheritance, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30:144–152.
Ashman, C.R., and Davidson, R.L., 1981, Bromodeoxyuridine mutagenesis in mammalian cells is related to deoxyribonucleotide pool imbalance, Mol. Cell. Biol. 1:254–260.
Augenlicht, L., Nicolini, C., and Baserga, R., 1974, Circular dichroism and thermal denaturation studies of chromatin and DNA from BrdU-treated mouse fibroblasts, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59:920–926.
Babu, A., Chemitiganti, S., and Verma, R.S., 1986, Heterochromatinization of human X-chromosomes: Classification of replication profile, Clin. Genet. 30:108–111.
Bernardi, G., 1989, The isochore organization of the human genome, Annu. Rev. Genet. 23:637–661.
Bernardi, G., Olofsson, B., Filipski, J., Zerial, M., Salinas, J., Cuny, G., Meunier-Rotival, M., and Rodier, F., 1985, The mosaic genome of warm-blooded vertebrates, Science 228:953–958.
Bertino, J.R., 1963, The mechanism of action of the folate antagonists in man, Cancer Res. 23:1286–1306.
Bianchi, N.O., Bianchi, M.S., and Cleaver, J.E., 1984, The action of ultraviolet light on the patterns of banding induced by restriction endonucleases in human chromosomes, Chromosoma 90:133–138.
Bianchi, N.O., Morgan, W.F., and Cleaver, J.E., 1985, Relationship of ultraviolet light-induced DNA-protein cross-linkage to chromatin structure, Exp. Cell Res. 156:405–418.
Biemont, M.C., Laurent, C., Couturier, J., and Dutrillaux, B., 1978, Chronologie de la réplication des bandes des chromosomes sexuels dans les lymphocytes de sujets normaux et anormaux, Ann. Génét. 21:133–141.
Bjursell, G., and Reichard, P., 1973, Effects of thymidine on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells, J. Biol. Chem. 248:3904–3909.
Bontemps, J., Houssier, C., and Fredericq, E., 1975, Physico-chemical study of the complexes of “33258 Hoechst” with DNA and nucleohistone, Nucleic Acids Res. 2:971–984.
Bootsma, D., Budke, L., and Vos, O., 1964, Studies on synchronous division of tissue culture cells initiated by excess thymidine, Exp. Cell Res. 33:301–309.
Brown, C.J., Lafrenière, R.G., Powers, V.E., Sebastio, G., Ballabio, A., Pettigrew, A.L., Ledbetter, D.H., Levy, E., Craig, I.W., and Willard, H.F., 1991, Localization of the X inactivation centre on the human X chromosome in Xq13, Nature 349:82–84.
Burkholder, G.D., 1978, Reciprocal Giemsa staining of late DNA replicating regions produced by low and high pH sodium phosphate, Exp. Cell Res. 111:489–492.
Burkholder, G.D., 1979, An investigation of the mechanism of the reciprocal differential staining of BUdR-substituted and unsubstituted chromosome regions, Exp. Cell Res. 121:209–219.
Burkholder, G.D., 1982, The mechanisms responsible for reciprocal BrdU-Giemsa staining, Exp. Cell Res. 141:127–137.
Burkholder, G.D., Latimer, L.J.P., and Lee, J.S., 1988, Immunofluorescent staining of mammalian nuclei and chromosomes with a monoclonal antibody to triplex DNA, Chromosoma 97:185–192.
Buys, C.H.C.M., and Osinga, J., 1981, The role of chromosomal proteins in the induction of a differential staining of sister chromatids by light, Histochem. J. 13:735–746.
Buys, C.H.C.M., and Stienstra, S., 1980, Involvement of sulfhydryl groups of chromosomal proteins in sister chromatid differentiation, Chromosoma 77:325–332.
Buys, C.H.C.M., and van der Veen, A.Y., 1982, Different effects of 33258 Hoechst and DAPI in fluorescent staining of sister chromatids differentially substituted with bromodeoxyuridine, Histochemistry 75:169–177.
Buys, C.H.C.M., Osinga, J., and Stienstra, S., 1981, Rapid irradiation procedure for obtaining permanent differential staining of sister chromatids and aspects of its underlying mechanism, Hum. Genet. 57:35–38.
Buys, C.H.C.M., Osinga, I, and van der Veen, A. Y., 1982, Effects on chromosomal proteins in sister chromatid differentiation by incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine into DNA, Exp. Cell Res. 137:452–455.
Buys, C.H.C.M., Mesa, J., van der Veen, A.Y., and Aten, J.A., 1986, A comparison of the effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine substitution on 33258 Hoechst- and DAPI-fluorescence of isolated chromosomes by bivariate flow karyotyping, Histochemistry 84:462–470.
Camargo, M., and Cervenka, J., 1980, Pattern of chromosomal replication in synchronized lymphocytes I. Evaluation and application of methotrexate block, Hum. Genet. 54:47–53.
Camargo, M., and Cervenka, J., 1982, Patterns of DNA replication of human chromosomes. II. Replication map and replication model, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 34:757–780.
Carnevali, F., and Mariotti, D., 1977, Variations in the length of S-phase related to the time cells are blocked at the G1-S interface, Chromosoma 63:33–37.
Cave, M.D., 1966a, Reverse patterns of thymidine-H3 incorporation in human chromosomes, Hereditas 54:338–355.
Cave, M.D., 1966b, Incorporation of tritium-labeled thymidine and lysine into chromosomes of cultured human leukocytes, J. Cell Biol. 29:209–222.
Cawood, A.H., and Savage, J.R.K., 1985, Uninterrupted DNA synthesis during S-phase in un-transformed diploid hamster fibroblasts, Chromosoma 91:164–166.
Chen, J.F., and Lin, Y.J., 1985, Improved light sources for induction of sister chromatid differentiation, Cytobios 44:73–87.
Cohen, S.S., Flaks, J.G., Barner, H.D., Loeb, M.P., and Lichtenstein, J., 1958, The mode of action of 5-fluorouracil and its derivatives, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 44:1004–1012.
Comings, D.E., 1970, Quantitative autoradiography of heterochromatin replication in Microtus agrestis, Chromosoma 29:434–445.
Comings, D.E., 1975a, Mechanisms of chromosome banding. IV. Optical properties of the Giemsa dyes, Chromosoma 50:89–110.
Comings, D.E., 1975b, Mechanisms of chromosome banding. VIII. Hoechst 33258-DNA interaction. Chromosoma 52:229–243.
Cortés, F., and Andersson, H.C., 1987, Analysis of SCEs in Vicia faba chromosomes by a simple fluorescent plus Giemsa technique, Hereditas 107:7–13.
Couturier, J., Dutrillaux, B., and Lejeune, J., 1973, Etude de fluorescences spécifiques des bandes R et des bandes Q des chromosomes humains, C.R. Séances Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 276:339–342.
Cuny, G., Soriano, P., Macaya, G., and Bernardi, G., 1981, The major components of the mouse and human genomes 1. Preparation, basic properties and compositional heterogeneity, Eur. J. Biochem. 115:227–233.
David, J., Gordon, J.S., and Rutter, W.J., 1974, Increased thermal stability of chromatin containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:2808–2812.
Disney, J.E., Johnson, K.R., Magnuson, N.S., Sylvester, S.R., and Reeves, R., 1989, High-mobility group protein HMG-I localizes to G/Q- and C-bands of human and mouse chromosomes, J. Cell Biol. 109:1975–1982.
Dolbeare, F., Gratzner, H., Pallavicini, M.G., and Gray, J.W., 1983, Flow cytometric measurement of total DNA content and incorporated bromodeoxyuridine, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:5573–5577.
Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1985, Analysis of high-resolution R-bands, obtained by heat-denaturation and Giemsa staining, on human prophase chromosomes, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 27:83–91.
Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1989, High-resolution R-banding at the 1250-band level. II. Schematic representation and nomenclature of human RBG-banded chromosomes, Genome 32:425–439.
Drouin, R., Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1988a, High-resolution R-banding at the 1250-band level I. Technical considerations on cell synchronization and R-banding (RHG and RBG), Cytobios 56:107–125.
Drouin, R., Messier, P.-E., and Richer, C.-L., 1988b, Human chromosome banding specific for electron microscopy, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 47:117–120.
Drouin, R., Messier, P-E., and Richer, C.-L., 1989a, Dynamic G- and R-banding of human chromosomes for electron microscopy, Chromosoma 98:40–48.
Drouin, R., Messier, P-E., and Richer, C.-L., 1989b, DNA denaturation for ultrastructural banding and the mechanism underlying the fluorochrome-photolysis-Giemsa technique studied with anti-5-bromodeoxyuridine antibodies, Chromosoma 98:174–180.
Drouin, R., Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1990, Analysis of DNA replication during S-phase by means of dynamic chromosome banding at high resolution, Chromosoma 99:273–280.
Drouin, R., Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1991a, High-resolution R-banding at the 1250-band level. III. Comparative analysis of morphologic and dynamic R-band patterns (RHG and RBG), Hereditas 114:65–77.
Drouin, R., Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1991b, Chromosome condensation from prophase to late metaphase: Relationship to chromosome bands and their replication time, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57:91–99.
Dutrillaux, B., 1973a, Chromosomal aspects of human male sterility, in: Proc. 23rd Nobel Symposium, Stockholm, (September 25–27, 1972), Nobel Foundation, pp. 205–208, Stockholm and Academic Press, New York.
Dutrillaux, B., 1973b, Nouveau système de marquage chromosomique: Les bandes T., Chromosoma 41:395–402.
Dutrillaux, B., 1975a, Traitements discontinus par le BrdU et coloration par l’acridine orange: obtention de marquages R, Q et intermédiaires, Chromosoma 52:261–273.
Dutrillaux, B., 1975b, Obtention simultanée de plusieurs marquages chromosomiques sur les mêmes préparations, après traitement par le BrdU, Humangenetik 30:297–306.
Dutrillaux, B., 1977, The relationship between DNA replication and chromosome structure, Hum. Genet. 35:247–253.
Dutrillaux, B., and Covic, M., 1974, Etude de facteurs influençant la dénaturation thermique ménagée des chromosomes, Exp. Cell Res. 85:143–153.
Dutrillaux, B., and Fosse, A.-M., 1974, Sur le mécanisme de la segmentation chromosomique induite par le BUDR (5-bromodeoxyuridine), Ann. Génét. 17:207–211.
Dutrillaux, B., and Fosse, A.-M., 1976, Utilisation du BrdU dans l’étude du cycle cellulaire de sujets normaux et anormaux, Ann. Génét. 19:95–102.
Dutrillaux, B., and Lejeune, J., 1971, Sur une nouvelle technique d’analyse du caryotype humain, C. R. Séances Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 272:2638–2640.
Dutrillaux, B., and Viegas-Péquignot, E., 1981, High resolution R- and G-banding on the same preparation, Hum. Genet. 57:93–95.
Dutrillaux, B., Laurent, C., Couturier, J., and Lejeune, J., 1973, Coloration des chromosomes humains par l’acridine orange après traitement par le 5-bromodéoxyuridine, C. R. Séances Acad. Sci. (Paris) D 276:3179–3181.
Dutrillaux, B., Couturier, J., Richer, C.-L., and Viegas-Péquignot, E., 1976, Sequence of DNA replication in 277 R- and Q-bands of human chromosomes using a BrdU treatment, Chromosoma 58:51–61.
Dutrillaux, B., Muleris, M., and Gerbault Seureau, M., 1986, Imbalance of sex chromosomes, with gain of early-replicating X, in human solid tumors, Int. J. Cancer 38:475–479.
Eiberg, H., 1973, G, R and C banding patterns of human chromosomes produced by heat treatment in organic and inorganic salt solutions, Clin. Genet. 4:556–562.
Eidinoff, M.L., and Rich, M.A., 1959, Growth inhibition of a human tumor cell strain by 5-fluoro-2′-deoxyuridine: Time parameters for subsequent reversal by thymidine, Cancer Res. 19:521–524.
Elejalde, B.R., Pleyte, K., and Mercedes de Elejalde, M., 1984, The use of mercaptoethanol to obtain high-resolution RBG-banded chromosomes and a more successful chromosome analysis in humans, Rev. Brasil. Genet. VII 4:767–775.
Ellison, J., Passage, M., Yu, L-C, Yen, P., Mohandas, T.K., and Shapiro, L., 1992, Directed isolation of human genes that escape X inactivation, Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 18:259–268.
Emanuel, B.S., 1978, Compound lateral asymmetry in human chromosome 6: BrdU-dye studies of 6q12→6q14, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 30:153–159.
Epplen, J.T., and Vogel, W., 1975, DNA replication patterns of human C group chromosomes from fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells revealed by a Giemsa staining technique, Humangenetik 30:337–339.
Epplen, J.T., Siebers, J.-W., and Vogel, W., 1975, DNA replication patterns of human chromosomes from fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells revealed by a Giemsa staining technique, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 15:177–185.
Epplen, J.T., Bauknecht, T., and Vogel, W., 1976, DNA replication patterns of the early S phase from amniotic fluid cells as revealed by a Giemsa staining technique, Hum. Genet. 31:117–119.
Fasy, T.M., Cullen, B.R., Luk, D., and Bick, M.D., 1980, Studies on the enhanced interaction of halodeoxyuridine-substituted DNAs with HI histones and other polypeptides, J. Biol. Chem. 255:1380–1387.
Fetni, R., Drouin, R., Lemieux, N., Messier, P-E., and Richer, C- L., 1991, Simultaneous visualization of chromosome bands and hybridization signal using colloidal-gold labeling in electron microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10916–10920.
Fetni, R., Lemieux, N., Malfoy, B., Dutrillaux, B., Messier, R-E., and Richer, C.-L., 1992, Detection of small, single-copy genes on protein-G-banded chromosomes by electron microscopy, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 60:187–189.
Fetni, R., Drouin, R., Richer, C.-L., and Lemieux, N., 1995, Complementary R- and G-band patterns after dynamic banding by blocking the cells at the R-band/G-band transition, Submitted.
Fisher, E.M.C., Beer-Romero, P., Brown, L.G., Ridley, A., McNeil, J.A., Bentley Lawrence, J., Willard, H.F., Bieber, F.R., and Page, D.C., 1990, Homologous ribosomal protein genes on the human X and Y chromosomes: Escape from X inactivation and possible implications for Turner syndrome, Cell 63:1205–1218.
Flamm, W.G., McCallum, M., and Walker, P.M.B., 1967, The isolation of complementary strands from a mouse DNA fraction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 57:1729–1734.
Fox, M.H., Arndt-Jovin, D.J., Jovin, T.M., Baumann, PH., and Robert-Nicoud, M., 1991, Spatial and temporal distribution of DNA replication sites localized by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy in mouse fibroblasts, J. Cell Sci. 99:247–253.
Gagné, R., 1980, Obtention des bandes “R” par incorporation de BUDR et coloration par le Hoescht 33258 et le Giemsa, Union Méd. Canada 109:552–556.
Galloway, S.M., and Evans, H.J., 1975, Asymmetrical C-bands and satellite DNA in man, Exp. Cell Res. 94:454–459.
Gantt, R., Jones, G.M., Stephens, E.V., Baeck, A.E., and Sanford, K.K., 1979, Visible light-induced DNA crosslinks in cultured mouse and human cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 565:231–240.
Gentry, G.A., Morse, P.A., and van Potter, R., 1965, Pyrimidine metabolism in tissue culture cells derived from rat hepatomas. III. Relationship of thymidine to the metabolism of other pyrimidine nucleosides in suspension cultures derived from the Novikoff hepatoma, Cancer Res. 25:517–525.
Ghosh, P.K., Rani, R., and Nand, R., 1979, Lateral asymmetry of constitutive heterochromatin in human chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 52:79–84.
Gibas, Z., and Limon, J., 1978, Isolabeling of the long arm of the human Y chromosome demonstrated by the FPG technique, Chromosoma 69:113–120.
Goldman, M.A., 1988, The chromatin domain as a unit of gene regulation, BioEssays 9:50–55.
Gonzalez-Gil, G., and Navarrete, M.H., 1982, On the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of BrdU-substituted chromatids, Chromosoma 86:375–382.
Gordon, J.S., Bell, G.I., Martinson, H.C., and Rutter, W.J., 1976, Selective interaction of 5′-bromo-deoxyuridine substituted DNA with different chromosomal proteins, Biochemistry 15:4778–4786.
Goto, K., Akematsu, T., Shimazu, H., and Sugiyama, T., 1975, Simple differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids after treatment with photosensitive dyes and exposure to light and the mechanism of staining, Chromosoma 53:223–230.
Goto, K., Maeda, S., Kano, Y., and Sugiyama, T., 1978, Factors involved in differential Giemsastaining of sister chromatids, Chromosoma 66:351–359.
Goyanes, V.J., and Mendez, J., 1981, Karyotyping chromosomes by electron microscopy. Condensation-inhibition of G bands in human and Chinese hamster chromosomes by a BrdU-Hoechst 33258 treatment. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 4:45–51.
Gratzner, H.G., 1982, Monoclonal antibody to 5-bromo- and 5-iododeoxyuridine: a new reagent for detection of DNA replication, Science 218:474–475.
Grzeschik, K.-H., Kim, M.A., and Johannsmann, R., 1975, Late replicating bands of human chromosomes demonstrated by fluorochrome and Giemsa staining, Humangenetik 29:41–59.
Guo, X.-C, Morgan, W.F., and Cleaver, J.E., 1986, Hoechst 33258 dye generates DNA-protein cross-links during ultraviolet light-induced photolysis of bromodeoxyuridine in replicated and repaired DNA, Photochem. Photobiol. 44:131–136.
Hameister, H., and Sperling, K., 1984, Description of a chromosome replication unit in individual prematurely condensed human S-phase chromosomes, Chromosoma 90:389–393.
Han, A., Korbelik, M., and Ban, J., 1975, DNA-to-protein cross-linking in synchronized HeLa cells exposed to ultra-violet light, Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 27:63–74.
Hancock, J.M., and Sumner, A.T., 1982, The role of proteins in the production of different types of chromosome bands, Cytobios 35:37–46.
Hand, R., 1978, Eucaryotic DNA: Organization of the genome for replication, Cell 15:317–325.
Hard, T., Fan, P., and Kearns, D.R., 1990, A fluorescence study of the binding of Hoechst 33258 and DAPI to halogenated DNAs, Photochem. Photobiol. 51:77–86.
Harshman, K.D., and Dervan, P.B., 1985, Molecular recognition of B-DNA by Hoechst 33258, Nucleic Acids Res. 13:4825–4835.
Hartmann, K.-U., and Heidelberger, C., 1961, Studies on fluorinated pyrimidines XIII. Inhibition of thymidylate synthetase, J. Biol. Chem. 236:3006–3013.
Heidelberger, C., 1975, Fluorinated pyrimidines and their nucleosides, in: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (A.C. Sartorelli and D.G. Johns, eds.), pp. 193–231, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Holmquist, G.P., 1987, Role of replication time in the control of tissue-specific gene expression, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 40:151–173.
Holmquist, G., 1988, DNA sequences in G-bands and R-bands, in: Chromosomes and chromatin, Volume II (K.W. Adolph, ed.), pp. 75–121, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Holmquist, G.P., 1989, Evolution of chromosome bands: Molecular ecology of noncoding DNA, J. Mol. Evol. 28:469–486.
Holmquist, G.P., 1990a, Mutational bias, molecular ecology, and chromosome evolution, in: Advances in Mutagenesis Research, Volume 2 (G. Obe, ed.), pp. 95–126, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Holmquist, G.P., 1990b, DNA sequences in G- and R-bands: Evolution and Molecular Ecology, in: Chromosomes Today, Volume 10 (K. Fredga, B.A. Kihlman, and M.D. Bennett, eds.), pp. 21–32, Unwin Hyman, London.
Holmquist, G.P., 1990c, Contents of G- and R-bands defy contemporary paradigms, in: Trends in Chromosome Research (T. Sharma, ed.), pp. 39–52, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Holmquist, G.P., 1992, Chromosome bands, their chromatin flavors, and their functional features, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51:17–37.
Holmquist, G.P., and Motara, M.A., 1987, The magic of cytogenetic technology, in: Cytogenetics: Basic and Applied Aspects (G. Obe and A. Basler, eds.), pp. 30–47, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Holmquist, G, Gray, M., Porter, T., and Jordan, J., 1982, Characterization of Giemsa dark- and light-band DNA, Cell 31:121–129.
Hsu, T.C., 1964, Mammalian chromosomes in vitro XVIII. DNA replication sequence in the Chinese hamster, J. Cell Biol. 23:53–62.
Human Gene, Mapping LL (1991), 1991, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 58:1–2200.
Hutchinson, F., 1973, The lesions produced by ultraviolet light in DNA containing 5-bromouracil, Quart. Rev. Biophys. 6:201–246.
Hutchinson, F., and Köhnlein, W., 1980, The photochemistry of 5-bromouracil and 5-iodouracil in DNA, Prog. Mol. Subcell. Biol. 7:1–42.
Ieshima, A, Yorita, T., and Takeshita, K., 1984, A simple R-banding technique by BrdU-Hoechst treatment and Giemsa staining following heating and ultraviolet exposure, Jpn. J. Hum. Genet. 29:133–138.
ISCN (1985): An International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (D.G. Harden and H.P Klinger, eds.), published in collaboration with Cytogenet. Cell Genet. (Karger, Basel, 1985).
Izumikawa, Y., Naritomi, K., and Hirayama, K., 1991, Replication asynchrony between homologs 15q11.2: Cytogenetic evidence for genomic imprinting, Hum. Genet. 87:1–5.
Jack, E.M., Harrison, C.J., White, G.R.M., Ockey, C.H., and Allen, T.D., 1989, Fine-structural aspects of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in sister chromatid differentiation and replication banding, J. Cell Sci. 94:287–297.
Jan, K.Y., Yang, J.L., and Su, RE, 1984, DNA lysis is involved in the simplified fluorescence plus Giemsa method for differential staining of sister chromatids, Chromosoma 89:76–78.
Jan, K.Y., Su, R-E, and Lee, T.-C, 1985, Reverse differential staining of sister chromatids induced by Hoechst plus black light and endonuclease, Exp. Cell Res. 157:307–314.
Jeppesen, P., and Turner, B., 1992, Immunofluorescence of metaphase chromosomes demonstrates underacetylation of histone H4 in the inactive X-chromosome and other non-transcribed regions, Proceedings of the 11th International Chromosome Conference (August 1992), Edinburgh, Scotland, p. 16.
Jorgenson, K.F., Varshney, U., and van de Sande, J.H., 1988, Interaction of Hoechst 33258 with repeating synthetic DNA polymers and natural DNA, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 5:1005–1023.
Kaluzewski, B., 1982, BrdU-Hoechst-Giemsa analysis of DNA replication in synchronized lymphocyte cultures. Study of human X and Y chromosomes, Chromosoma 85:553–569.
Karube, T., and Watanabe, S., 1988, Analysis of the chromosomal DNA replication pattern using the bromodeoxyuridine labeling method, Cancer Res. 48:219–222.
Kim, M.A., Johannsmann, R., and Grzeschik, K.-H., 1975, Giemsa staining of the sites replicating DNA early in human lymphocyte chromosomes, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 15:363–371.
Kimura, S., Yamazaki, K., and Kato, Y., 1980, Kinetics of DNA replication in the indian muntjac chromosomes as studied by quantitative autoradiography, Chromosoma 77:309–323.
Kitsberg, D., Selig, S., Brandeis, M., Simon, I., Keshet, I., Driscoll, D.J., Nicholls, R.D., and Cedar, H., 1993, Allele-specific replication timing of imprinted gene regions, Nature 364:459–463.
Klevecz, R.R., Keniston, B.A., and Deaven, L.L., 1975, The temporal structure of S phase, Cell 5:195–203.
Knoll, J.H.M., Cheng, S.-D., and Lalande, M., 1994, Allele specificity of DNA replication timing in the Angelman/Prader-Willi syndrome imprinted chromosomal region, Nature Genet. 6:41–46.
Kondra, RM., and Ray, M., 1978, Analysis of DNA replication patterns of human fibroblast chromosomes. The replication map, Hum. Genet. 43:139–149.
Korenberg, J.R., and Freedlender, E.F., 1974, Giemsa technique for the detection of sister chromatid exchanges, Chromosoma 48:355–360.
Kornhauser, A., 1976, UV induced DNA-protein cross-links in vitro and in vivo, Photochem. Photobiol. 23:457–460.
Krasin, F., and Hutchinson, F., 1978, Double-strand breaks from single photochemical events in DNA containing 5-bromouracil, Biophys. J. 24:645–656.
Kuroiwa, T., 1971, Asynchronous condensation of chromosomes from early prophase to late prophase as revealed by electron microscopic autoradiography, Exp. Cell Res. 69:97–105.
Lapeyre, J.-N., and Bekhor, I., 1974, Effects of 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine and dimethyl sulfoxide on properties and structure of chromatin, J. Mol. Biol. 89:137–162.
Latos-Bielenska, A., Hameister, H., and Vogel, W., 1987, Detection of BrdUrd incorporation in mammalian chromosomes by a BrdUrd antibody. III. Demonstration of replication patterns in highly resolved chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 76:293–295.
Latt, S.A., 1973, Microfluorometric detection of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human metaphase chromosomes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 70:3395–3399.
Latt, S.A., 1974, Microfluorometric analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid replication kinetics and sister chromatid exchanges in human chromosomes, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 22:478–491.
Latt, S.A., 1975, Fluorescence analysis of late DNA replication in human metaphase chromosomes, Somatic Cell Genet. 1:293–321.
Latt, S.A., and Wohlleb, J.C., 1975, Optical studies of the interaction of 33258 Hoechst with DNA, chromatin, and metaphase chromosomes, Chromosoma 52:297–316.
Latt, S.A., Davidson, R.L., Lin, M.S., and Gerald, RS., 1974, Lateral asymmetry in the fluorescence of human Y chromosomes stained with 33258 Hoechst, Exp. Cell Res. 87:425–429.
Latt, S.A., Willard, H.F., and Gerald, P.S., 1976, BrdU-33258 Hoechst analysis of DNA replication in human lymphocytes with supernumerary or structurally abnormal X chromosomes, Chromosoma 57:135–153.
Latt, S.A., Barell, E.F., Dougherty, C.P., and Lazarus, H., 1981, Patterns of late replication in X chromosomes of human lymphoid cells, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 3:171–181.
Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1989, Synchronization of cultured retinoblastoma cells for high-resolution chromosomes showing up to 1000 bands, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 40:55–63.
Lemieux, N., and Richer, C.-L., 1990, Chromosome evolution and high-resolution analysis of leucocytes, bone marrow, and tumor cells of retinoblastoma patients, Am. J. Med. Genet. 36:456–462.
Lemieux, N., Richer, C.-L., and Jean, P., 1987, Combined myeloid cell synchronization and chromosome G-banding by bromodeoxyuridine, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 28:229–236.
Lemieux, N., Milot, J., Barsoum-Homsy, M., Michaud, J., Leung, T.-K., and Richer, C.-L., 1989, First cytogenetic evidence of homozygosity for the retinoblastoma deletion in chromosomes 13, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 43:73–78.
Lemieux, N., Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1990, High-resolution dynamic and morphological G-bands (GBG and GTG): A comparative study, Hum. Genet. 85:261–266.
Lemieux, N., Dutrillaux, B., and Viegas-Péquignot, E., 1992, A simple method for simultaneous R- or G-banding and fluorescence in situ hybridization of small single-copy genes, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 59:311–312.
Limoli, C.L., and Ward J.F., 1993, A new method for introducing double-strand breaks into cellular DNA, Radiation Res. 134:160–169.
Lin, M.S., and Alfi, O.S., 1978, Variation in lateral asymmetry of human chromosome 1, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 21:243–250.
Lin, S., and Riggs, A.D., 1974, Photochemical attachment of lac repressor to bromodeoxyuridine-substituted lac operator by ultraviolet irradiation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:947–951.
Lin, M.S., Latt, S.A., and Davidson, R.L., 1974, Microfluorometric detection of asymmetry in the centromeric region of mouse chromosomes, Exp. Cell Res. 86:392–395.
Lin, M.S., Alfi, O.S., and Donnell, G.N., 1976a, Differential fluorescence of sister chromatids with 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 18:545–547.
Lin, S., Lin, D., and Riggs, A.D., 1976b, Histones bind more tightly to bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA than to normal DNA, Nucleic Acids Res. 3:2183–2190.
Lin, C.C., Draper, PN., and De Braekeleer, M., 1985, High-resolution chromosomal localization of the β-gene of the human β-globin gene complex by in situ hybridization, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 39:269–274.
Magaud, J.-P., Rimokh, R., Brochier, J., Lafage, M., and Germain, D., 1985, Chromosomal R-banding with a monoclonal antidouble-stranded DNA antibody, Hum. Genet. 69:238–242.
Manuelidis, L., and Chen, T.L., 1990, A unified model of eukaryotic chromosomes, Cytometry 11:8–25.
Martin, R.F., and Holmes, N., 1983, Use of an 125I-labelled DNA ligand to probe DNA structure, Nature 302:452–454.
Martinson, H.G., Shetlar, M.D., and McCarthy, B.J., 1976, Histone-histone interactions within chromatin. Cross-linking studies using ultraviolet light, Biochemistry 15:2002–2007.
Matthes, E., Fenske, H., Eichhorn, I., Langen, P., and Lindigkeit, R., 1977, Altered histone-DNA interactions in rat liver chromatin containing 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA, Cell Differentiation 6:241–251.
Medrano, L., Bernardi, G., Couturier, J., Dutrillaux, B., and Bernardi, G., 1988, Chromosome banding and genome compartmentalization in fishes, Chromosoma 96:178–183.
Meer, B., Hameister, H., and Cerrillo, M., 1981, Early and late replication patterns of increased resolution in human lymphocyte chromosomes, Chromosoma 82:315–319.
Messier, P.-E., Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1989, Electron microscopy of gold-labeled human and equine chromosomes, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 37:1443–1447.
Meuth, M., and Green, H., 1974, Induction of a deoxycytidineless state in cultured mammalian cells by bromodeoxyuridine, Cell 2:109–112.
Mezzanotte, R., Rossino, R., Orru, S., Mameli, M., and Peretti, D., 1989a, Nuclease activity in human metaphase chromosomes substituted with 5’-bromodeoxyuridine, Chromosoma 97:334–338.
Mezzanotte, R., Peretti, D., Orru, S., Rossino, R., Ennas, M.G., and Gosalvez, J., 1989b, DNA alteration induced by ultraviolet light in human metaphase chromosomes substituted with 5’-bromodeoxyuridine: Monitoring by monoclonal antibodies to double-stranded and single-stranded DNA, Chromosoma 97:356–362.
Mikhailov, M.V., Zasedatelev, A.S., Krylov, A.S., and Gurskii, G.V, 1981, Mechanism of the recognition of AT base pairs in DNA by molecules of the dye Hoechst 33258, Mol. Biol. (USSR, Engl. trans.) 15:541–554.
Miller, O.J., Schnedl, W., Allen, J., and Erlanger, B.F., 1974, 5-Methylcytosine localised in mammalian constitutive heterochromatin, Nature 251:636–637.
Miller, M.R., Heyneman, C., Walker, S., and Ulrich, R.G., 1986, Interaction of monoclonal antibodies directed against bromodeoxyuridine with pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, and DNA, J. Immunol. 136:1791–1795.
Moran, R., Darzynkiewicz, Z., Staiano-Coico, L., and Melamed, M.R., 1985, Detection of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) incorporation by monoclonal antibodies: Role of the DNA denaturation step, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33:821–827.
Morris, N.R., and Fischer, G.A., 1963, Studies concerning the inhibition of cellular reproduction by deoxyribonucleosides I. Inhibition of the synthesis of deoxycytidine by a phosphorylated derivative of thymidine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 68:84–92.
Morris, N.R., Reichard, P., and Fischer, G.A., 1963, Studies concerning the inhibition of cellular reproduction by deoxyribonucleosides II. Inhibition of the synthesis of deoxycytidine by thymidine, deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 68:93–99.
Morstyn, G., Hsu, S.-M., Kinsella, T., Gratzner, H., Russo, A., and Mitchell, J.B., 1983, Bromodeoxyuridine in tumors and chromosomes detected with a monoclonal antibody, J. Clin. Invest. 72:1844–1850.
Muleris, M., Salmon, R.J., and Dutrillaux, B., 1986, Chromosomal study demonstrating the clonal evolution and metastatic origin of a metachronous colorectal carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 38:167–172.
Muleris, M., Dutrillaux, A.-M., Lombard, M., and Dutrillaux, B., 1987a, Noninvolvement of a constitutional heritable fragile site at 10q24.2 in rearranged chromosomes from rectal carcinoma cells, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 25:7–13.
Muleris, M., Salmon, R.-J., Dutrillaux, A.-M., Vielh, P., Zafrani, B., Girodet, J., and Dutrillaux, B., 1987b, Characteristic chromosomal imbalances in 18 near-diploid colorectal tumors, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 29:289–301.
Muleris, M., Salmon, R.-J., Girodet, J., Zafrani, B., and Dutrillaux, B., 1987c, Recurrent deletions of chromosomes 11q and 3p in anal canal carcinoma, Int. J. Cancer 39:595–598.
Müller, W., and Gautier, F., 1975, Interactions of heteroaromatic compounds with nucleic acids. A-T specific non-intercalating DNA ligands, Eur. J. Biochem. 54:385–394.
Müller, U., and Schempp, W., 1982, Homologous early replication patterns of the distal short arms of prometaphasic X and Y chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 60:274–275.
Myllyharju, J., and Nokkala, S., 1992, The role of glycosylated nonhistone proteins in Chinese hamster metaphase chromosome structure, Proceedings of the 11th International Chromosome Conference (August 1992), Edinburgh, Scotland, p. 17.
Nakagome, Y., 1977, Initiation of DNA replication in human chromosomes, Exp. Cell Res. 106:457–461.
Nakamura, H., Morita, T., and Sato, C., 1986, Structural organizations of replicon domains during DNA synthetic phase in the mammalian nucleus, Exp. Cell Res. 165:291–297.
Nakayasu, H., and Berezney, R., 1989, Mapping replicational sites in the eucaryotic cell nucleus, J. Cell Biol. 108:1–11.
Natarajan, A.T., Rotteveel, A.H.M., van Pieterson, J., and Schliermann, M.G., 1986, Influence of incorporated 5-bromodeoxyuridine on the frequencies of spontaneous and induced sister-chromatid exchanges, detected by immunological methods, Mutat. Res. 163:51–55.
Ockey, C.H., 1980, Autoradiographic evidence of differential loss of BUdR-substituted DNA after UV exposure in FPG harlequin staining, Exp. Cell Res. 125:511–514.
Okamoto, E., Miller, DA., Erlanger, B.F., and Miller, O.J., 1981, Polymorphism of 5-methylcytosinerich DNA in human acrocentric chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 58:255–259.
O’Keefe, R.T., Henderson, S.C., and Spector, D.L., 1992, Dynamic organization of DNA replication in mammalian cell nuclei: Spatially and temporally defined replication of chromosome-specific alpha-satellite DNA sequences, J. Cell Biol. 116:1095–1110.
Pai, G.S., and Thomas, G.H., 1980, A new R-banding technique in clinical cytogenetics, Hum. Genet. 54:41–45.
Painter, R.B., 1982, A replication model for sister chromatid exchange, in: Sister chromatid exchange, Progress and Topics in cytogenetics, Volume 2 (A.A. Sandberg, ed.), pp. 115–121, Alan R. Riss, New York.
Pardue, M.L., and Gall, J.G., 1970, Chromosomal localization of mouse satellite DNA, Science 168:1356–1358.
Perry, P., and Wolff, S., 1974, New Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids, Nature 251:156–158.
Petersen, A.J., 1964, DNA synthesis and chromsomal asynchrony, J. Cell Biol. 23:651–654.
Pinkel, D., Thompson, L.H., Gray, J.W., and Vanderlaan, M., 1985, Measurement of sister chromatid exchanges at very low bromodeoxyuridine substitution levels using a monoclonal antibody in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Cancer Res. 45:5795–5798.
Pjura, PE., Grzeskowiak, K., and Dickerson, R.E., 1987, Binding of Hoechst 33258 to the minor groove of B-DNA, J. Mol. Biol. 197:257–271.
Priest, J.H., Heady, J.E., and Priest, R.E., 1967, Synchronization of human diploid cells by fluorodeoxyuridine. The first ten minutes of synthesis in female cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 38:61–72.
Prieur, M., Dutrillaux, B., and Lejeune, X, 1973, Planches descriptives des chromosomes humains (Analyse en bandes R et nomenclature selon la Conférence de Paris 1971), Ann. Génét. 16:39–46.
Qu, J.Y., Dallaire, L., Lemieux, N., Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1989, Synchronization of amniotic fluid cells for high resolution cytogenetics, Prenat. Diagn. 9:49–56.
Rahn, R.O., and Sellin, H.G., 1992, Hoechst 33258 photosensitization of 5-iododeoxyuridine-substituted DNA to 365 nm light: Dependence of dehalogenation on the dye-to-nucleotide ratio, Photochem. Photobiol. 55:309–312.
Raposa, T., and Natarajan, A.T., 1974, Fluorescence banding pattern of human and mouse chromosomes with a benzimidazol derivative (Hoechst 33258), Humangenetik 21:221–226.
Raza, A., Kempski, M., Preisler, H.D., and Block, A.W., 1985, A permanent method of detecting SCE by immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti-BrdU antibodies, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 15:187–189.
Reddy, K.S., Savage, J.R.K., and Papworth, D.G., 1988, Replication kinetics of X chromosomes in fibroblasts and lymphocytes, Hum. Genet. 79:44–48.
Reichard, P., 1988, Interactions between deoxyribonucleotide and DNA synthesis, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57:349–374.
Richer, C.-L., and Drouin, R., 1990, Dynamic banding for high-resolution analysis of chromosomes and assignment of DNA replication times, in: Advances in Mutagenesis Research, Volume 2 (G. Obe, ed.), pp. 55–94, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Richer, C.-L., Murer-Orlando, M., and Drouin, R., 1983a, R-banding of human chromosomes by heat denaturation and Giemsa staining after amethopterin-synchronization, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 25:261–269.
Richer, C.-L., Drouin, R., Murer-Orlando, M., and Jean, R 1983b, High-resolution idiogram of Giemsa R-banded human prophase chromosomes, Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 25:642–650.
Richer, C.-L., Senécal-Quevillon, M., and Duquette, P., 1987, Analysis of low concentrations of 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine on sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes, Genome 29:165–168.
Romagnano, A., Drouin, R., and Richer, C.-L., 1987, Idiograms of horse chromosomes at prometaphase, early metaphase, and midmetaphase after R-banding by BrdU incorporation followed by the fluorochrome-photolysis-Giemsa technique, Genome 29:674–679.
Rønne, M., 1983, Simultaneous R-banding and localization of dA-dT clusters in human chromosomes, Hereditas 98:241–248.
Rønne, M., 1984a, Fluorouracil synchronization of human lymphocyte cultures. Induction of high resolution R-banding by simultaneous in vitro exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst 33258, Hereditas 101:205–208.
Rønne, M., 1984b, Fluorouracil synchronization of human bone marrow cultures. In vitro induction of high resolution R-banding by simultaneous exposure to 5-bromodeoxyuridine/Hoechst 33258, Anticancer Res. 4:279–281.
Rønne, M., 1985, Double synchronization of human lymphocyte cultures: Selection for high-resolution banded metaphases in the first and second division, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 39:292–295.
Rønne, M., 1992, Synchronization, banding and in situ hybridization. A short laboratory manual, In vivo 6:49–57.
Rosenstein, B.S., Setlow, R.B., and Ahmed, FE., 1980, Use of the dye Hoechst 33258 in a modification of the bromodeoxyuridine photolysis technique for the analysis of DNA repair, Photochem. Photobiol. 31:215–222.
Rueckert, R.R., and Mueller, G.C., 1960, Studies on unbalanced growth in tissue culture. I. Induction and consequences of thymidine deficiency, Cancer Res. 20:1584–1591.
Saccone, S., De Sario, A., Wiegant, J., Raap, A.K., Delia Valle, G., and Bernardi, G., 1993, Correlations between isochores and chromosomal bands in the human genome, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:11929–11933.
Safronov, V.V., Ivanova, Z.I., and Makarov, V.B., 1981, Autoradiographical analysis of the molecular mechanism of differential staining of sister chromatids, Tsitologiia 23:94–98.
Sakanishi, S., and Takayama, S., 1977, A simple Giemsa method for the differential staining of sister chromatids with a note on the presumptive mechanism involved, Proc. Japan Acad. 53:143–146.
Sakanishi, S., and Takayama, S., 1978, Reverse differential staining of sister chromatids after substitution with BUdR and incubation in sodium phosphate solution, Exp. Cell Res. 115:448–451.
Saunders, G.F., 1974, Human repetitious DNA, Adv. Biol. Med. Phys. 15:19–46.
Savage, J.R.K., 1990, Bromodeoxyuridine and chromosome “banding”, Clin. Cytogenet. Bull. 4:63–67.
Savage, J.R.K., and Prasad, R., 1988, Generalized blocking in S phase by methotrexate, Mutat. Res. 201:195–201.
Savary, J.B., Vasseur, F., Lai, J.L., Daudignon, A., and Deminatti, M., 1991, Routine cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis using dynamic banding (RBG-GBG): A highly reproducible method for amniocytes, fetal cord blood, and chorionic villus investigations, Prenat. Diagn. 11:883–891.
Savary, J.B., Daudignon, A., Vasseur, F., and Deminatti, M.M., 1992, BrdU related direct revelation of typical dynamic R- and G-banding with the use of monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody, Ann. Génét. 35:27–32.
Scheid, W., 1976, Mechanism of differential staining of BUdR-substituted Vicia faba chromosomes, Exp. Cell Res. 101:55–58.
Schempp, W., 1980, Asynchrony in late replication between homologous autosomes in primary cultures of Chinese hamster fibroblasts, Chromosoma 79:199–206.
Schempp, W., and Meer, B., 1983, Cytologic evidence for three human X-chromosomal segments escaping inactivation, Hum. Genet. 63:171–174.
Schempp, W., and Müller, U., 1982, High resolution replication patterns of the human Y chromosome. Intra- and interindividual variation, Chromosoma 86:229–237.
Schempp, W., and Schmid, M., 1981, Chromosome banding in Amphibia VI. BrdU-replication patterns in Anura and demonstration of XX/XY sex chromosomes in Rana esculenta, Chromosoma 83:697–710.
Schempp, W., and Vogel, W., 1978, Decrease of DNA synthesis in amniotic fluid cells during the middle part of S-phase revealed by differential chromosome staining after incorporation of BrdU, Chromosoma 67:193–199.
Schempp, W., and Vogel, W., 1979, Difference between diploid and aneuploid Chinese hamster cells in replication at mid-S-phase, Chromosoma 73:109–115.
Schempp, W., Sigwarth, I., and Vogel, W., 1978, Demonstration of replication patterns corresponding to G- and R-type banding of chromosomes after partial synchronization of cell cultures with BrdU or dT surplus, Hum. Genet. 45:199–202.
Scheres, J.M.J.C., Merkx, G.E.M., and Hustinx, T.W.J., 1982, Prometaphase banding of human chromosomes with basic fuchsin, Hum. Genet. 61:8–11.
Schiaffonati, L., Tsutsui, Y., Chang, S.-D., and Baserga, R., 1978, Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on deoxyribonucleic acid-protein adducts induced by ultraviolet light on chromatin cells, Lab. Invest. 38:58–66.
Schildkraut, C.L., and Maio, J.J., 1969, Fractions of HeLa DNA differing in their content of guanine and cytosine, J. Mol. Biol. 46:305–312.
Schmid, W., and Leppert, M.F., 1969, Rates of DNA synthesis in heterochromatic and euchromatic segments of the chromosome complements of two rodents, Cytogenet. 8:125–135.
Schmidt, M., 1980, Two phases of DNA replication in human cells, Chromosoma 76:101–110.
Schmidt, M., and Stolzmann, W.M., 1984, Replication variants of the human inactive X chromosome. II. Frequency and replication rate relative to the other chromosomes of the complement, Chromosoma 89:68–75.
Schmidt, M., Stolzmann, W.M., and Baranovskaya, L.I., 1982, Replication variants of the human inactive X chromosome. I. Variability within lymphocytes of single individuals, Chromosoma 85:405–412.
Schollmayer, E., Schäfer, D., Frisch, B., and Schleiermacher, E., 1981, High resolution analysis and differential condensation in RBA-banded human chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 59:187–193.
Schreck, R.R., Erlanger, B.F., and Miller, O.J., 1974, The use of antinucleoside antibodies to probe the organization of chromosomes denatured by ultraviolet irradiation, Exp. Cell Res. 88:31–39.
Schwartz, S.A., 1977, Rat embryo nonhistone chromosomal proteins: Interaction in vitro with normal and bromodeoxyuridine-substituted DNA, Biochemistry 16:4101–4108.
Schwartz, S.A., and Kirsten, W.H., 1974, Distribution of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in the DNA of rat embryo cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3570–3574.
Schwartz, S., and Palmer, C.G., 1984, High-resolution chromosome analysis: 1. Applications and limitations, Am. J. Med. Genet. 19:291–299.
Schweizer, D., 1977, R-banding produced by DNase I digestion of chromomycin-stained chromosomes, Chromo soma 64:117–124.
Schwemmle, S., Mehnert, K., and Vogel, W., 1989, How does inactivation change timing of replication in the human X chromosome? Hum. Genet. 83:26–32.
Selig, S., Okumura, K., Ward, D.C., and Cedar, H., 1992, Delineation of DNA replication time zones by fluorescence in situ hybridization, EMBO J. 11:1217–1225.
Severin, E., and Ohnemus, B., 1982, UV dose-dependent increase in the Hoechst fluorescence intensity of both normal and BrdU-DNA, Histochemistry 74:279–291.
Shafer, D.A., Selles, W.D., and Brenner, J.F., 1982, Computer image analysis of variance between human chromosome replication sequences and G-bands, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 34:307–321.
Sheldon, S., and Nichols, W.W., 1981, Comparison of the patterns of chromosomal late replication I. Human renal epithelium and lung fibroblasts in vitro, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 29:40–50.
Shiraishi, Y., and Ohtsuki, Y., 1987, SCE levels in Bloom-syndrome cells at very low bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) concentrations: Monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody, Mutat. Res. 176:157–164.
Simpson, R.T., and Seale, R.L., 1974, Characterization of chromatin extensively substituted with 5-bromodeoxyuridine, Biochemistry 13:4609–4616.
Speit, G., 1984, Considerations on the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of BrdU-substituted chromosomes, Hum. Genet. 67:264–269.
Speit, G., and Haupter, S., 1985, On the mechanism of differential Giemsa staining of bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromosomes. II. Differences between the demonstration of sister chromatid differentiation and replication patterns, Hum. Genet. 70:126–129.
Speit, G., and Vogel, W., 1986, Detection of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in mammalian chromosomes by a bromodeoxyuridine antibody. II. Demonstration of sister chromatid exchanges, Chromosoma 94:103–106.
Stampe Villadsen, I., and Zeuthen, E., 1970, Synchronization of DNA-synthesis in Tetrahymena populations by temporary limitation of access to thymidine compounds, Exp. Cell Res. 61:302–310.
Steffen, J.A., and Stolzmann, W.M., 1969, Studies on in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in cultures synchronized by the inhibition of DNA synthesis I. Variability of S plus G2 periods of first generation cells, Exp. Cell Res. 56:453–460.
Stetten, G., Latt, S.A., and Davidson, R.L., 1976, 33258 Hoechst enhancement of the photosensitivity of bromodeoxyuridine- substituted cells, Somat. Cell Genet. 2:285–290.
Stokke, T., and Steen, H.B., 1985, Multiple binding modes for Hoechst 33258 to DNA, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33:333–338.
Stokke, T., and Steen, H.B., 1986, Binding of Hoechst 33258 to chromatin in situ, Cytometry 7:227–234.
Stubblefield, E., and Gay, M., 1970, Quantitative tritium autoradiography of mammalian chromosomes II. The kinetics of DNA synthesis in individual chromosomes of Chinese hamster fibroblasts, Chromosoma 31:79–90.
Sugiyama, T., Goto, K., and Kano, Y., 1976, Mechanism of differential Giemsa method for sister chromatids, Nature 259:59–60.
Sumner, A.T., 1990, Chromosome Banding, 1st ed., Unwin Hyman, London.
Takagi, N., and Sandberg, A.A., 1968, Chronology and pattern of human chromosome replication VIII. Behavior of the X and Y in early S-phase, Cytogenet. 7:135–143.
Takayama, S., and Sakanishi, S., 1977, Differential Giemsa staining of sister chromatids after extraction with acids, Chromosoma 64:109–115.
Takayama, S., and Sakanishi, S., 1978, Differential staining of sister chromatid in BrdU-substituted chromosomes after incubation in alkalified NaCl solution, Proc. Japan Acad. 54:628–633.
Takayama, S., and Sakanishi, S., 1979, Sister chromatid differential staining by direct staining in Na2HPO4-Giemsa solution and the mechanism involved, Chromosoma 75:37–44.
Takayama, S., and Tachibana, K., 1980, Two opposite types of sister chromatid differential staining in BUdR-substituted chromosomes using tetrasodium salt of EDTA, Exp. Cell Res. 126:498–501.
Takayama, S., and Taniguchi, T., 1986, Light and scanning electron microscopic observations on the two contrasting types of sister chromatid differential staining after ultraviolet light irradiation, Chromosoma 93:404–408.
Taylor, J.H., 1977, Increase in DNA replication sites in cells held at the beginning of S phase, Chromosoma 62:291–300.
Teng, M., Usman, N., Frederick, C.A., and Wang, A.H.-J., 1988, The molecular structure of the complex of Hoechst 33258 and the DNA dodecamer d(CGCGAATTCGCG), Nucleic Acids Res. 16:2671–2690.
Ten Hagen, K.G., Gilbert, D.M., Willard, H.F., and Cohen, S.N., 1990, Replication timing of DNA sequences associated with human centromeres and telomeres, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6348–6355.
Tsukahara, M., and Kajii, T., 1985, Replication of X chromosomes in complete moles, Hum. Genet. 71:7–10.
Tucker, J.D., Christensen, M.L., Strout, C.L., and Carrano, A.V., 1986, Determination of the baseline sister chromatid exchange frequency in human and mouse peripheral lymphocytes using monoclonal antibodies and very low doses of bromodeoxyuridine, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 43:38–42.
van Duijn, P., van Prooijen-Knegt, A.C., and van der Ploeg, M., 1985, The involvement of nucleosomes in Giemsa staining of chromosomes. A new hypothesis on the banding mechanism, Histochemistry 82:363–376.
Vanderlaan, M., Watkins, B., Thomas, C., Dolbeare, F., and Stanker, L., 1986, Improved high-affinity monoclonal antibody to iododeoxyuridine, Cytometry 7:499–507.
Viegas-Péquignot, E., and Dutrillaux, B., 1978, Une méthode simple pour obtenir des prophases et des prométaphases, Ann. Génét. 21:122–125.
Vogel, W., and Speit, G., 1986, Cytogenetic replication studies with short thymidine pulses in bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromosomes of different mouse cell lines, Hum. Genet. 72: 63–67.
Vogel, W., Schempp, W., and Sigwarth, I., 1978, Comparison of thymidine, fluorodeoxyuridine, hydroxyurea, and methotrexate blocking at the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle, studied by replication patterns, Hum. Genet. 45:193–198.
Vogel, W., Boldin, S., Reisacher, A., and Speit, G., 1985, Characterization of chromosome replication during S-phase with bromodeoxyuridine labelling in Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cells, Chromosoma 92:363–368.
Vogel, W., Autenrieth, M., and Speit, G., 1986, Detection of bromodeoxyuridine-incorporation in mammalian chromosomes by a bromodeoxyuridine-antibody. I. Demonstration of replication patterns, Hum. Genet. 72:129–132.
Vogel, W., Autenrieth, M., and Mehnert, K., 1989, Analysis of chromosome replication by a BrdU antibody technique, Chromosoma 98:335–341.
Vogel, W., Mehnert, K., and Pentz, S., 1990, Demonstration of chromosome replication by BrdU antibody technique and electron microscopy, Hum. Genet. 84:237–240.
von Kiel, K., Hameister, H., Somssich, I.E., and Adolph, S., 1985, Early replication banding reveals a strongly conserved functional pattern in mammalian chromosomes, Chromosoma 93:69–76.
Wall, W.J., and Butler, L.J., 1989, Classification of Y chromosome polymorphisms by DNA content and C-banding, Chromosoma 97:296–300.
Wall, W.J., Clark, M.S., and Coates, P., 1988, Structural complexity of Y chromosome hetero-chromatin, Cytobios 56:17–22.
Wang, J.C., Passage, M.B., Ellison, I, Becker, M.A., Yen, P.H., Shapiro, L.J., and Mohandas, T.K., 1992, Physical mapping of loci in the distal half of the short arm of the human X chromosome: Implications for the spreading of X-chromosome inactivation, Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 18:195–200.
Webber, L.M., and Garson, O.M., 1983, Fluorodeoxyuridine synchronization of bone marrow cultures. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 8:123–132.
Webber, L.M., Brasch, J.M., and Smyth, D.R., 1981, DNA extraction during Giemsa differentiation of chromatids singly and doubly substituted with BrdU, Chromosoma 81:691–700.
Weintraub, H., 1973, The assembly of newly replicated DNA into chromatin, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 38:247–256.
Werkheiser, W.C., 1963, The biochemical, cellular, and pharmacological action and effects of the folic acid antagonists, Cancer Res. 23:1277–1285.
Wiles, M.V., Alexander, C.M., and Goodfellow, P.N., 1988, Isolation of an abundantly expressed sequence from the human X chromosome by differential screening, Somat. Cell Mol. Genet. 14:31–39.
Wilkinson, Y.A., and McKenna, P.G., 1989, The effects of thymidine on deoxyribonucleotide pool levels, cytotoxicity and mutation induction in friend mouse erythroleukaemia cells, Leukemia Res. 13:615–620.
Willard, H.F., 1977, Tissue-specific heterogeneity in DNA replication patterns of human X chromosomes, Chromosoma 61:61–73.
Willard, H.F., and Latt, S.A., 1976, Analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid replication in human X chromosomes by fluorescence microscopy, Am. J. Hum. Genet. 28:213–227.
Wolff, S., and Bodycote, J., 1977, The production of harlequin chromosomes by chemical and physical agents that disrupt protein structure, in: Molecular human cytogenetics, ICN-UCLA Symposia on Molecular and Cellular Biology, Volume 7 (R.S. Sparkes, D.E. Comings, and C.F. Fox, eds.), pp.335–340, Academic Press, New York.
Xeros, N., 1962, Deoxyriboside control and synchronization of mitosis, Nature 194:682–683.
Yunis, J.J., 1976, High resolution of human chromosomes, Science 191:1268–1270.
Yunis, J.J., 1981, Mid-prophase human chromosomes. The attainment of 2000 bands, Hum. Genet. 56:293–298.
Yunis, J.J., and Chandler, M.E., 1978, High-resolution chromosome analysis in clinical medicine, Prog. Clin. Pathol. 7:267–288.
Zakharov, A.E., and Egolina, N.A., 1972, Differential spiralization along mammalian mitotic chromosomes I. BUdR-revealed differentiation in Chinese hamster chromosomes, Chromosoma 38:341–365.
Zakharov, A.F., Baranovskaya, L.I., Ibraimov, A.I., Benjusch, V.A., Demintseva, VS., and Oblapenko, N.G., 1974, Differential spiralization along mammalian mitotic chromosomes II. 5-bromodeoxyuridine and 5-bromodeoxycytidine-revealed differentiation in human chromosomes, Chromosoma 44:343–359.
Zeuthen, E., 1968, Thymine starvation by inhibition of uptake and synthesis of thymine compounds in Tetrahymena, Exp. Cell. Res. 50:37–46.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Drouin, R., Holmquist, G.P., Richer, CL. (1994). High-Resolution Replication Bands Compared with Morphologic G- and R-bands. In: Harris, H., Hirschhorn, K. (eds) Advances in Human Genetics. Advances in Human Genetics, vol 22. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9062-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9062-7_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-9064-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-9062-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive