Abstract
In order to obtain finer and specialized results from the basic theory of martingales, we introduce a new tool called the stopping time or optional transformation and investigate various properties of martingales under the effect of these mappings. A number of technical (measure theoretical) problems arise when such families are considered, and we present a detailed analysis of these processes together with their structure and limit theory. Both the directed and linearly ordered index sets of the (sub-) martingales are considered. A consequence here is the culmination of a proof of the existence of projective limits of certain systems and the associated class (D) martingales. The study leads to several decompositions of processes that are useful in applications.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Bibliography
Alloin, C. “Processus prévisibles optimaux associés à un processus stochastique.” Cahiers centre Etud. Rech. Opér. 11 (1969) 92–103.
Ambrose,W. “On measurable stochastic processes.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 47 (1940) 66–79.
Andersen, E.S., and Jessen, B. “Some limit theorems on integrals in an abstract set.”Danske Vid. Selsk. Mat.-Fys. Medd. 22 (14) (1946) 29 pp.
Andersen, E.S., and Jessen, B. “On the introduction of measures in infinite product sets.” ibid 25 (4) (1948) 8 pp.
Anderson, R.F. “Diffusions with second order boundary conditions, Parts I–II.” Indiana Univ. Math. J. 25(1976) 367–395; 403–441.
Auslander, L., and MacKenzie, R. E. Introduction to Differential Manifolds. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1963.
Austin, D. G. “A sample function property of martingales.” Ann. Math. Statist. 37 (1966) 1396–1397.
Bartle, R. G. “A bilinear vector integral.” Studia Math. 15 (1956) 337–352.
Bell, D. R. The Malliavin Calculus. Pitman Math. Mono. 34 London, 1987.
Belopol’skaya, Ya. I., and Dalecky, Yu. L. Stochastic Equations and Differential Geometry. Kluwer Acad. Publ. Boston, MA 1990.
Bichteler, K. “Stochastic integration and LP-theory of semimartingales.” Ann. Prob. 9 (1981) 49–89.
Bismut, J.-M. “Martingales, the Malliavin calculus, and hypoellipticity under general Hörmander conditions.” Z. Wahrs. 56 (1981) 469–505.
Bismut, J.-M. Large Deviations and the Malliavin Calculus. Birkhauser, 1984.
Blake, L. H. “A generalization of martingales and two consequent convergence theorems.” Pacific J. Math. 35 (1970) 279–283.
Blumenthal, R. M., and Getoor, R. K. Markov Processes and Potential Theory. Academic press. New York, 1968.
Bochner, S. “Stochastic processes.” Ann. Math. 48 (2) (1947) 1014–1061.
Bochner, S. Harmonic Analysis and the Theory of Probability. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley, CA, 1955.
Bochner, S. “Partial ordering in the theory of martingales.” Ann. Math. 62 (2) (1955) 162–169.
Bochner, S. “Stationarity, boundedness, almost periodicity of random valued functions.” Proc. Third Berkley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 2 (1956) 7–27.
Bonami, A., Karoui, N., Roynette, B., and Reinhard, H. “Processus de diffusion associé à un operateur elliptique dégénéré.” Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, 7 (1971) 31–80.
Borchers, D. R. Second Order Stochastic Differential Equations and Related Itô processes. Ph.D. thesis, Carnegie-Mellon Univ. Pittsburgh, 1964.
Bourbaki, N. Elenents de Mathématique VI. Chapitre IX (also Chaps. 3–5 ). Hermann, Paris. 1969.
Brennan, M. D. “Planar semimartingales.” J. Multivar. Anal. 9 (1979) 465–486.
Brennan, M. D. “Riemann-Stieltjes quasimartingale integration.” J. Multivar. Anal. 10 (1980) 517–538.
Brooks, J. K., and Dinculeanu, N. “Stochastic integration in Banach spaces.” Seminar on Stochastic Processes, Birkhauser, Basel, (1991) 27–115.
Burkholder, D. L. “Distribution function inequalities for martingales.” Ann. Prob. 1 (1973) 19–42.
Burkholder, D. L., Davis, B. J., and Gundy, R. F. “Integral inequalities for convex functions of operators on martingales.” Proc. Sixth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob., Univ. of Calif. Press, 2 (1972) 223–240.
Cabana, E. M. “Stochastic integration in separable Hilbert spaces.” Montevideo Publ. Inst. Mat. Estad. 4 (1966) 1–27.
Cairoli, R. “Une inéqualité pour martingales à indices multiples et ses applications.” Lect. Notes Math. 124 (1970) 49–80.
Cairoli, R. “Décomposition de processus à indices double.” ibid 191 (1971) 37–57.
Cairoli, R., and Walsh, J. B. “Stochastic integrals in the plane.” Acta Math. 134(1975) 111183.
Carmona, R.A., and Nualart, D. Nonlinear Stochastic Integrators, Equations and Flows. Gordon and Breach, New York, 1990.
Cartan, H. Elementary Theory of Analytic Functions of One or Several Complex Variables. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA 1963.
Cartier, P. “Introduction à l’étude des movements browniens à plusieurs parameters.” Lect. Notes Math. 191 (1971) 58–75.
Chacón, R.V. “A`stopped’ proof of convergence.” Adv. Math. 14 (1974) 365–368.
Chang, D. K., and Rao, M. M. “Bimeasures and nonstationary processes.” in Real and Stochastic Analysis, Wiley, New York, (1986) 7–118.
Choksi, J. R. “Inverse limits of measure spaces.” Proc. London Math. Soc. 8 (3) (1958) 321–342.
Choquet, G. “Ensembles K-analytiques et 1C-sousliniens, cas général et cas métrique.” (et autrer articles)
Chow, Y. S. “Martingales in a a-finite measure space indexed by directed sets.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 97 (1960) 254–285.
Chow, Y. S. “A martingale inequality and the law of large numbers.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 11 (1960) 107–111.
Chow, Y. S. “Convergence of sums of squares of martingale differences.” Ann. Math. Statist. 39 (1968) 123–133.
Chow, Y. S. “Convergence theorems for martingales.” Z. Wahrs. 1(1963) 340346.
Chung, K. L., and Doob, J. L. “ Fields, optimality and measurability.” Am. J. Math. 87 (1965) 397–424.
Clarkson, J. A., and Adams, C. R. “On definitions of bounded variation for functions of two variables.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 35 (1933) 824–854.
Coddington, E.A. and Levinson, N. Theory of Ordinary Differential Equations. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955.
Cornea, A., and Licea, G. “General optional sampling of super martingales.” Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl. 10 (1965) 1379–1367.
Courrège, P., and Prioret, P. “Temps d’arrét d’une fonction aléatoire.” Publ. Inst. Statist. Univ. Paris, 14 (1965) 245–274.
Cramér, H. Mathematical Methods of Statistics. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1946.
Cuculescu, I. “Spectral families and stochastic integrals.” Rev. Roum. Math. Pures appl. 15 (1970) 201–221.
Dalecky, Yu. L. “Infinite dimensional elliptic operators and parabolic equations connected with them.” Russian Math. Surveys, 22 (4) (1967) 153.
Dambis, K. E. “On the decomposition of continuous submartingales.” Th. Prob. Appl. 10 (1965) 401–410.
Darling, R.W.R. Constructing Nonlinear Stochastic Flows. Memoirs Am. Math. Soc., 376, (1987), 1–97.
Davis, B. J. “On the integrability of the martingale square function.” Israel J. Math. 8 (1970) 187–190.
Davis, M. Applied Nonstand Analysis. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1977.
de la Vallée Poussin, C.J. “Sur l’integrale de Lebesgue.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 16 (1915) 435–501.
Dellacherie, C. Capacités et Processus Stochastiques. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1972.
Dellacherie, C. “ Un survol de la théorie de l’integrale stochastique.” Lect. Notes Math. 794 (1980) 368–395.
Dinculeanu, N. Vector Measures. Pergamon Press, London, 1967.
Dinculeanu, N. “Conditional expectations for general measure spaces.” J. Multi-var. Anal. 1 (1971) 347–364.
Dinculeanu, N. “Vector valued stochastic processes, I—V.” I,J. Th. Prob. 1(1988) 149–169; II, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 102 393–401; III, Sem. Stoch. Processes, Birkhauser (1988) 93–132; IV, J. Math. Anal. 142(1989) 144–161; V, Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 104 (1988) 625–631.
Dinculeanu, N. “Linear operators on spaces of totally measurable functions.” Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl. 10 (1965) 1493–1524.
Dinculeanu, N., and Rao, M. M. “Contractive projections and conditional expectations.” J. Multivar. Anal. 2 (1972) 362–381.
Doléans-Dade, C. (=Doléans, C.) “Variation quadratique des martingales continue à droit.” Ann. Math. Statist. 40 (1969) 284–289.
Doléans-Dade, C. (=Doléans, C.) “Quelques applications de la formule de changement de variables pour les semimartingales. ” Z. Wahrs. 16 (1970) 181–194.
Doléans-Dade, C. (=Doléans, C.) “Existence du processus croissant natural associé à un potentiel de la class (D). ” Z. Wahrs. 9 (1968) 309–314.
Doléans-Dade, C. (=Doléans, C.) “On the existence and unicity of solutions of stochastic integral equations. ” Z. Wahrs. 36 (1976) 93–101.
Doléans-Dade, C., and Meyer, P. A. “Intégrales stochastique par rapport aux martingales locales.” Lect. Notes Math. 124 (1970) 77–104.
Doob, J. L. Stochastic Processes. Wiley, New York, 1953.
Doob, J. L. “Notes on martingale theory.” Proc. Fourth Berkley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 2 (1961) 95–102.
Doob, J. L. Classical Potential Theory and its Probabilistic Counterpart. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1984.
Dozzi, M. Stochastic Processes with a Multidimensional Parameter. Res.Notes Math. Pitman, London, 1989.
Dubins, L. E. “Conditional probability distributions in the wide sense.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 8 (1957) 1088–1092.
Dubins, L. E., and Schwarz, G. “On continuous martingales.” Proc. Nat’l. Acad. Sci. 53 (1965) 913–916.
Dunford, N., and Schwartz, J. T. Linear Operators, Part I: General Theory. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1958.
Dym, H. “Stationary measures for the flow of a linear differential equation driven by white noise.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 123(1966) 130164.
Dynkin, E. B. Foundations of the Theory of Markov Process. Pergamon Press, London, 1960.
Dynkin, E. B. Markov Process ( 2 Vols.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 1965.
Eberlein, W. F. “Abstract ergodic theorems and weak almost periodic functions.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 67 (1949) 217–240.
Edgar, G. A., and Sucheston, L. “Amarts: a class of asymptotic martingales.”J. Multivar. Anal. 6(1976) 193–221, 572–591.
Edgar, G. A., and Sucheston, L. Stopping Times and Directed Processes. Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1993.
Emery, M. Stochastic Calculus in Manifolds. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989.
Fefferman, C. L. “Characterization of bounded mean oscillation.” Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 77 (1971) 587–588.
Fefferman, C. L., and Stein, E. M. “7-IP-spaces of several variables.” Acta. Math. 129 (1972) 137–193.
Feldman, J. “Equivalence and perpendicularity of Gaussian processes.” Pacific J. Math. 8 (1959) 699–708.
Feller, W. Theory of Probability and its Applications. Vol. 2, Wiley, New York, 1966.
Feller, W. “Non-Markovian processes with the semigroup property.” Ann. Math. Statist. 30 (1959) 1252–1253.
Feller, W. “The parabolic partial differential equations and the associated semigroup of transformations.” Ann. Math. 55 (2) (1952) 468–519.
Fillmore, P. A. “On topology induced by measure.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 17 854–857.
Finlayson, H. C. “Measurability of norm proved by Haar functions.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 53 (1975) 334–336.
Finlayson, H. C. “Two classical examples of Gross’ abstract Wiener measure.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 53 (1975) 337–340.
Finlayson, H. C. “Gross’ abstract Wiener measure on C[0, oo].” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 57 (1976) 297–298.
Fisk, D. L. “Quasi-martingales.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 120 (1965) 369–389.
Fisk, D. L. “Sample quadratic variation of sample continuous second order martingales.” Z. Wahrs. 6 (1966) 273–278.
Flanders, H. Differential Forms with Applications to Physical Sciences. Dover, New York, 1989.
Föllmer, H. “On the representation of semimartingales.” Ann. Prob. 1 (1973) 580–589.
Föllmer, H. “Stochastic holomorphy.” Math. Ann. 207 (1974) 245–255.
Föllmer, H. “Quasimartingales à deux indices.” C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, Ser. A, 288 (1979) 61–64.
Freidlin, M. Functional Integration and Partial Differential Equations. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1985.
Gangolli, R. Positive definite kernels on homogeneous spaces and certain stochastic processes related to Lévy’s Brownian motion. “ Ann. Inst. H. Poincré, 3 (1967) 121–225.
Garsia, A. M. “The Burgess Davis inequalities via Fefferman’s inequality.” Ark. Math. 11 (1973) 229–237.
Garsia, A. M. Martingale Inequalities. Benjaman, Inc., Reading, MA, 1973.
Garsia, A. M. “A convex function inequality for martingales.” Ann. Prob. 1 (1973) 171–174.
Gel’fand, I. M., and Vilenkin, N. Ya. Generalized Functions, Vol. 4, Acad. Press, New York, 1964.
Getoor, R. M., and Sharpe, M. J. “Conformal martingales.” Invent. Math. 16 (1972) 271–308.
Gikhman, I. I., and Skorokhod, A. V. Introduction to the Theory of Random Processes. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, 1969.
Gikhman, I. I., and Skorokhod, A.V. “On the densities of probability measures in function spaces.” Russian Math. Surveys, 21(6) 83–156.
Girsanov, I. V. “On transforming a certain class of stochastic processes by absolutely continuous substitution of measures.” Th. Prob. Appl. 5 285–301.
Girshick, M. A., and Savage, L. J. “Bayes and minimax estimates for quadratic loss.” Proc. Second Berkely Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. (1951) 285–301.
Goldberg, S. I. Curvature and Homology. Dover, New York, 1982.
Goldstein, J. A. “ Abstract evolution equations.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 141 (1969) 159–185.
Goldstein, J. A. “Second order Itô processes.” Nagoya Math. J. 36 (1969) 27–63.
Goldstein, J. A. “An existence theorem for linear stochastic differential equations.” J. Diff. Eq. 3 (1967) 78–87.
Gould, G. G. “Integration over vector-valued measures.” Proc. London Math. Soc. 15 (3) (1965) 193–225.
Green, M. L. Multiparameter Semimartingale Integrals and Boundedness Principles. Ph. D. thesis, Univ. Calif., Riverside, 1995.
Gross, L. “Measurable functions on a Hilbert space.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 105 (1962) 372–390.
Gross, L. “Abstract Wiener spaces.” Proc. Fifth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 2 (1967) 31–42.
Gross, L. “Potential theory on Hilbert space.” J. Funct. Anal. 1(1967) 123181.
Guggenheimer, H. W. Differential Geometry. Dover, New York, 1977.
Gundy, R. F. “A decomposition for L’-bounded martingales.” Ann. Math. Statist. 39 (1968) 134–138.
Hâjek, J. “On a property of normal distribution of any stochastic process.” Cech. Math, J, 8 (2) (1958) 610–618.
Hâjek, J., and Rényi, A. “Generalization of an inequality of Kolmogorov.” Acta Math. Acad. Sci., Hung. 6 (1955) 281–283.
Halmos, P. R. Measure Theory. Van Nostrand. Princeton, NJ, 1950.
Hardy, G. H., Littlewood, J. E., and Pólya, G. Inequalities. Cambridge Univ. Press, London, 1934.
Hays, C. A., and Pauc, C. Y. Derivation and Martingales. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1970.
Herz, C. S. “Bounded mean oscillation and related martingales.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 193 (1974) 199–215.
Hida, T., and Nomoto, H. “Gaussian measures on the projective limit space of spheres.” Proc. Japan Acad. 40 (1964) 301–304.
Hida, T., and Nomoto, H. “Finite dimensional approximation to band limited white noise.” Nagoya Math. J. 29 (1967) 211–216.
Hille, E., and Phillips, R. S. Functional Analysis and Semi-Groups. Am. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ., Providence, RI, 1958.
Hörmander, L. “Hypoelliptic second order differential equations.” Acta Math. 119 (1967) 147–171.
Hunt, G. A. Martingales et Processus de Markov. Dunad, Paris. 1966.
Hürzeler, H. E. “Stochastic integration on partially ordered sets.” J. Multivar. Anal. 17 (1985) 279–303.
Ikeda, N., and Watanabe, S. Stochastic Differential Equations and Diffusion Processes, North-Holland, Amsterdam, (2nd ed.) 1989.
Ionescu Tulcea, A., and Ionescu Tulcea, C. Topics in the Theory of Lifting. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1969. Ionescu
Tulcea, C. “Mesures dans les espaces produits.” Att Acad. Naz. Lincei Rend. cl. Sci. Fis. Mat. Nat. 7(8)(1949/50) 208–211.
Isaac, R. “A proof of the martingale convergence theorem.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 16 (1965) 842–844.
Isaacson, D. “Stochastic integrals and derivatives.” Ann. Math. Statist. 40 (1969) 1610–1616.
Itô, K. “On a formula concerning stochastic differentials.” Nagoya math. J. 3 (1951) 55–66.
Itô, K. “On stochastic differential equations.” Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 4 (1951) 51 pp.
Itô, K. “Stochastic differentials.” Appl. Math. Opt. 1 (1975) 374–381.
Itô, K. “Multiple Wiener integral.” J. Math. Soc. Japan, 3 (1951) 157169.
Itô, K., and Watanabe, S. “Transformation of Markov processes by multiplicative function-als.” Ann. Inst. Fourier Grenoble, 15 (1965) 13–30.
Itô, K., and Watanabe, S. “Introduction to stochastic differential equations.” Proc. Internat. Symp. Stoch. Diff. Eq. Kyoto, (1978) i-xxv.
John, F., and Nirenberg, L. “On functions of bounded mean oscillation.” Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 14 (1961) 785–799.
Johansen, S., and Karush, J. “On the semimartingale convergence.” Ann. Math. Statist. 37 (1966) 680–694.
Johnson, G., and Helms, L. L. “Class (D) supermartingales.” Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 69 (1963) 59–62.
Kailath, T., and Zakai, M. “Absolute continuity and Radon-Nikodÿm derivatives for certain measures relative to Wiener measure.” Ann. Math. Statist. 42 (1971) 130–140.
Kakutani, S. “Concrete representation of abstract (M) spaces.” Ann. Math. 42 (2) (1941) 994–1024.
Kampe de Fériet, J. “Sur un probléme d’algébre abstrait posé par la définition de la moyenne dans la théorie de la turbulence.” An. Soc. Sci. Bruxelles, 63 (1949) 156–172.
Kampe de Fériet, J. “Problémes mathématiques posés par la mécanique statistique de la turbulence.” Proc. Internat. Cong. Math. 3 (1954) 237–242.
Kaneko, H., and Taniguchi, S. A stochastic approach to Silov boundary.“ J. Functional Anal. 74 (1987) 415–429.
Karhunen, K. “Uber lineare Methoden in der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung.” Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn. AI. Math. 37 (1947) 3–79.
Kazamaki, N. “Changes of time, stochastic integrals and weak martingales.” Z. Wahrs. 22 (1972) 25–32.
Kazamaki, N. “Note on a stochastic integral equation.” Lect. Notes Math. 258 (1972) 105–108.
Kingman, J. F. C. “Additive set functions and the theory of probability.” Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. 63 (1967) 767–775.
Knight, F. B. “A reduction of continuous square integrable martingales to Brownian motion.” Lect. Notes Math. 190 (1971) 19–31.
Kolmogorov, A. N. Grundbegriffe der Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnung. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. 1933. [Foundations of the Theory of Probability, (Translation) Chelsea Publishing Co. New York, 1956.]
Krasnosel’skii, M. A., and Rutickii, Ya. B. Convex Functions and Orlicz Spaces. Noordhoff, Groningen, The Netherlands, 1961.
Krinik, A. “Diffusion processes in Hilbert space and likelihood ratios.”in Real and Stochastic Analysis, Wiley, New York, (1986)168–210.
Kunita, H. Stochastic Flows and Stochastic Differential Equations. Camb. Univ. Press, London, 1990.
Kunita, H., and Watanabe, S. “On square integrable martingales.” Nagoya Math. J. 30 (1967) 209–245.
Kuo, H. H. “Stochastic integrals in abstract Wiener spaces.” Pacific J. Math. 41 (1972) 469–483.
Lamb, C. W. “Representation of functions as limits of martingales.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 188 (1974) 395–405.
Lévy, P. Processus Stochastiques et Mouvement Brownien.(2nd ed.) Gauthier- Villars, Paris, 1965.
Lindenstrauss, J., and Pelczynski, A. “Absolutely summing operators in LP-spaces and applications.” Studia Math. 29 (1968) 275–326.
Lloyd, S. P. “Two lifting theorems.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 42 (1974) 128–134.
Loève, M. Probability Theory. (3rd ed.) Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1963.
Loomis, L. H. Introduction to Abstract Harmonic Analysis. Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ, 1953.
Maisonneuve, B. “Quelques martingales remarkables associées à une martingale continue.” Publ. Inst. Statist., Univ. Paris, 17 (1968) 13–27.
Malliavin, P. “Stochastic calculus of variation and hypoelliptic operators.” Proc. Intern. Symp. Stoch. Diff. Eq., Kyoto, (1978) 195–263.
Mallory, D. J., and Sion, M. “Limits of inverse systems of measures.” Ann. Inst. Fourier Grenoble, 21 (1971) 25–57.
McKean,jr., H. P. Stochastic Integrals. Academic Press, New York, 1969.
McShane, E. J. Order Preserving Maps and Integration Processes. Ann. Math. Studies, 31, Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1953.
McShane, E. J. “Families of measures and representations of algebras of operators.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 102 (1962) 328–345.
McShane, E. J. Stochastic Calculus and Stochastic Models. Academic Press, New York, 1974.
McShane, E. J. “Stochastic differential equations.” J. Multivar. Anal. 5 121–177.
Mertens, J.-F. “ Théorie des processus stochastiques généraux et surmartingales.” Z. Wahrs. 22 (1972) 45–68.
Métivier, M. Semimartingales, W. de Guyter, Berlin, 1982.
Métivier, M. Pellaumail, J. “On Doléans-Föllmer measure for quasimartingales.” Ill. J. Math. 19 (1975) 491–504.
Métivier, M. Pellaumail, J. Stochastic Integrals, Academic Press, New York, 1980.
Meyer, P. A. Probability and Potentials. Blaisdell Co., Waltham, MA, 1966.
Meyer, P. A. Martingales and Stochastic Integrals. Lect. Notes Math. 284 (1972) 89 pp.
Meyer, P. A. “A decomposition theorem for supermartingales.” Ill. J. Math. 6(1962) 193–205; “Uniqueness,” ibid 7 (1963) 1–17.
Meyer, P. A. “Stochastic integrals.” Lect. Notes Math. 39 (1967) 72–162.
Meyer, P. A. Processus de Markov. Lect. Notes Math. 26 190 pp.
Meyer, P. A. “Une cours sur les intégrales stochastiques.” Lect. Notes Math. 511 (1976) 245–400.
Meyer, P. A. “Geometrie differential stochastiques.” Astérisque, 131(1985) 107113.
Millar, P. W. “Transforms of stochastic processes.” Ann. Math. Statist. 39 (1968) 372–376.
Millar, P. W. “Martingale integrals.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 133(1968) 145166.
Millington, H., and Sion, M. “Inverse systems of group valued-measures.” Pacific J. Math. 44 637–650.
Minlos, R. A. “Generalized random processes and their extension to a measure.” Trudy Moscow Mat. Obsc. 8(1959) 497–518. [IMS-AMS Translation No. 3(1963) 291–313.]
Molchan, G. M. “Some problems connected with the Brownian motion of Lévy.” Th. Prob. Appl. 12 (1967) 682–690.
Morse, M., and Transue, W. “C-bimeasures and their integral extensions.” Ann. Math. 64 (2) (1956) 480–504.
Moy, S.-C. “Characterizations of conditional expectation as a transformation on function spaces.” Pacific J. Math. 4 (1954) 47–64.
Nelson, E. “Regular probability measures on function spaces.” Ann. Math. 69 (2) (1959) 630–643.
Neveu, J. Mathematical Foundations of the Calculus of Probabilities. Holden-Day, San Francisco, CA, 1965.
Neveu, J. Processus Aléatoires Gaussiens. Univ. Montreal Press, 1968.
Neveu, J. “Théorie des semi-groupes de Markov.” Univ. Calif. Publ. Statist. 2 (1958) 319–394.
Norris, J. “Simplified Malliavin calculus.” Lect. Notes Math. 1204 (1986) 101–130.
Nualart, D., and Pardoux, E. “Stochastic calculus with anticipating integrands.” Prob. Th. Rel. Fields, 78 (1988) 535–581.
Olson, M. P. “A characterization of conditional probability.” Pacific J. Math. 15 (1965) 971–983.
Orey, S. “Conditions for absolute continuity of two diffusions.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 193 (1974) 413–426.
Orey, S. “F-processes.” Proc. Fifth Berkeley Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 2 (1958) 301–313.
Paley, R. E. A. C., Wiener, N., and Zygmund, A. “Notes on random functions.” Math. Z. 37 (1929) 647–668.
Pellaumail, J. “Sur l’intégrale stochastique et la décomposition de Doob-Meyer.” Astérisque No. 9 (1973) 1–125.
Petersen, K. E. Brownian Motion, Hardy Spaces and Bounded Mean Oscillation. London Math. Soc. Lect. Notes 28, 1977.
Pitcher, T. S. “Parameter estimation for stochastic processes.” Acta Math. 112 (1964) 1–40.
Postnikov, M. M. The Variational Theory of Geodesics. ( Translation) Dover, New York, 1983.
Prokhorov, Yu. V. “Convergence of random processes and limit theorems in probability.” Th. Prob. Appl. 1 (1956) 157–214.
Prokhorov, Yu. V. “The method of characteristic functionals.” Proc. Fourth Berkely Symp. Math. Statist. Prob. 2 (1961) 403–419.
Protter, P. E. “On the existence, uniqueness, convergence and explosions of solutions of stochastic integral equations.” Ann. Prob. 5(1977) 243261
Protter, P. E. “Right continuous solutions of systems of stochastic integral equations.” J. Multivar. Anal. 7 (1977) 204–214.
Protter, P. E. Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations: A New Approach. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1990.
Radó, T. Subharmonic Functions. Chelsea, New York, 1949.
Rao, K. M. “On decomposition theorems of Meyer.” Math. Scand. 24 (1969) 66–78.
Rao, K. M. “Quasimartingales.” ibid 24 (1969) 79–92.
Rao, K. M. “On modification theorems.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 167 (1972) 443–450.
Rao M. M. “Conditional expectations and closed projections.” Proc. Acad. Sci., Amsterdam, Ser. A, 68 (1965) 100–112.
Rao M. M. “Inference in stochastic processes,I-VI.” I, Th. Prob. Appl. 8(1963) 282–298; II, Z. Wahrs. 5(1966) 317–335; III, ibid.8(1967) 49–72; IV, Sankhyd, Ser. A, 36(1974) 63–120; V, ibid.37(1975) 538–549; VI, Multivariate Analysis-IV(1977) 311–334.
Rao M. M. “Conditional measures and operators.” J. Multivar. Anal. 5 (1975) 330–413.
Rao M. M. “Two characterizations of conditional probability.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 59 (1976) 75–80.
Rao M. M. “Abstract nonlinear prediction and operator martingales.” J. Multivar. Anal. 1(1971) 129–157, and 9 614.
Rao M. M. “Extensions of stochastic transformations.” Trab. Estad. 26 (1975) 473–485.
Rao M. M. “Conjugate series, convergence and martingales.” Rev. Roum. Math. Pures Appl. 22 (1977) 219–254.
Rao M. M. “Interpolation, ergodicity and martingales.” J. Math. Mech. 16 (1966) 543–568.
Rao M. M. “Covariance analysis of nonstationary time series.” Developments in Statist. Academic Press, New York, 1 (1978) 171–225.
Rao M. M. “Stochastic processes and cylindrical probabilities.” Sankhyd, Ser. A, 43 (1981) 149–169.
Rao M. M. Measure Theory and Integration. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1987.
Rao M. M. Probability Theory with Applications. Academic Press, New York, 1984.
Rao M. M. Conditional Measures and Applications. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993.
Rao M. M. “Non L 1 -bounded martingales.”Lect. Notes Control Inf. Sci. 16 (1979) 527–538.
Rao M. M. “Stochastic integration: a unified approach.” C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sér I, 314 (1992) 629–633.
Rao M. M. “An approach to stochastic integration.” in Multivariate Analysis: Future Directions, Elsivier, New York, (1993) 347–374.
Rao M. M. “L2’2-boundedness, harmonizability and filtering.” Stoch. Anal. Appl. 10 (1992) 323–342.
Rao M. M. Stochastic Processes and Integration. Sijthoff and Noordhoff, Alphen ann den Rijn, The Netherlands, 1979.
Rao, M. M., and Ren, Z. D. Theory of Orlicz Spaces. Marcel Dekker, New York, 1991. Rao, M. M., and Sazonov, V. V.
Rao, M. M., and Ren, Z. D. “A projective limit theorem for probability spaces and applications.” Th. Prob. Appl. 38 307–315.
Raoult J.-P. “Sur un généralization d’un théorèm d’Ionescu Tulcea.” C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. A, Paris, 259 (1964) 2769–2772.
Raoult J.-P. “ Limites projectives de mesures o-finites et probabilités conditionnelles.” ibid 260(1965) 4893–4896.
Rényi, A. “On a new axiomatic theory of probability.” Acta Math. Sci. Hung. 6 (1955) 285–333.
Rényi, A. Foundations of Probability. Holden-Day, San Francisco, CA, 1970.
Revuz, D., and Yor, M. Continuous Martingales and Brownian Motion. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1991.
Riesz, F., and Sz.-Nagy, B. Functional Analysis. F. Unger, New York, 1955.
Royden, H. L. Real Analysis. (2nd ed.) Macmillan and Co., New York, 1969. Ryan, R.
Royden, H. L. “Representative sets and direct sums.” Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 15 (1964) 387–390.
Saks, S. Theory of the Integral. (2nd ed.) Hefner Publishing Co., New York, 1937.
Sazonov, V. V. “On perfect measures.” Translations of Am. Math. Soc. 48 (2) (1965) 229–254.
Schatten, R. A Theory of Cross Spaces. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1959.
Schreiber, B. M., Sun, T. C., and Bharucha-Reid, A. T. “Algebraic models for probability measures associated with stochastic processes.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 158 (1971) 93–105.
Schwartz, L. Radon Measures on Arbitrary Topological Spaces and Cylindrical Measures. Tata Institute, Bombay, 1973.
Schwartz, L. “Prorobabilités cylindriques et applications radonifiantes.” J. Fac. Sci. Univ. Tokyo, 18 (1971) 139–286.
Schwartz, L. “Sur martingales régulière à valeurs mesures et désintégrations régulières d’une mesure.” J. Anal. Math. 26 (1973) 1–168.
Schwartz, L. Semi-Martingales sur des Variétés, et Martingales Conformes sur des Variétés Analytiques Complexes. Lect. Notes Math. 780 (1980) 132 pp.
Segal, I. E. “Abstract probability spaces and a theorem of Kolmogoroff.” Am. J. Math. 76 (1954) 721–732.
Segal, I. E. “Equivalence of measure spaces.” ibid.73 275–313.
Shale, D. “Invariant integration over the infinite dimensional orthogonal group and related spaces.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 124(1966) 148157.
Sierpinski, W. Theorie des Ensembles. Warsaw, 1951.
Sion, M. Introduction to the Methods of Real Analysis. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1968.
Sion, M. A Theory of Semi-Group Valued Measures. Lect. Notes Math. 355 (1973) 140 pp.
Snell, J. L. “Applications of martingale system theorems.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 73 (1952) 293–312.
Stein, E. M. Topics in Harmonic Analysis. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1970.
Strassen, V. “The existence of probability measures with given marginals.” Ann. Math. Statist. 36 (1965) 423–439.
Stricker, C. “Mesure de Föllmer en théorie des quasi-martingales.” Lect. Notes Math. 485 (1975) 408–419.
Stricker, C. “Une caracterisation des quasi-martingales.” ibid 485(1975) 420424.
Stroock, D. W. “Malliavin calculus: a functional analytic approach.” J. Funct. Anal. 44 (1981) 212–257.
Stroock, D. W., and Varadhan, S. R. S. “Diffusion process with continuous coefficients.” Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 22 345–400, 479–530.
Stroock, D. W., and Varadhan, S. R. S. Multidimensional Diffusion Processes. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1979.
Subrahmanian, R. “On a generalization of martingales due to Blake.” Pacific J. Math. 48 (1973) 275–278.
Sudderth, W. D. “A`Fatou equation’ for randomly stopped variables.” Ann. Math. Statist. 42 (1971) 2143–2146.
Taniguchi, S. “Malliavin’s stochastic calculus of variations for manifold-valued Wiener functionals and its applications.” Z. Wahrs. 65 (1983) 269–290.
Traynor, T. “An elementary proof of the lifting theorem.” Pacific J. Math. 53 (1974) 267–272.
Walsh, J. B. “An introduction to stochastic partial differential equations.” Lect. Notes Math. 1180 (1986) 265–439.
Walsh, J. B. “Martingales with a multidimensional parameter and stochastic integrals in the plane.” Lect. Notes Math. 1215 (1986) 329–491.
Wiener, N. “Differential space.” J. Math. Phy. MIT, 2 (1923) 131–174. Wong, E., and Zakai, M.
Wiener, N. “Martingales and stochastic integrals for processes with a multidimensional parameter.” Z. Wahrs. 29 (1974) 109–122.
Wright, J. D. M. “Stone algebra valued measures and integrals.” Proc. London Math. Soc. 19 (3) (1969) 108–122.
Yaglom, A. M. “Some classes of random fields in n-dimensional space related to stationary random processes.” Th. Prob. Appl. 2(1957) 273–320. Yamasaki, Y.
Yaglom, A. M. “Projective limit of Haar measures on 0(n).” Publ. Res. Inst. M.th. Sci., Kyoto Univ. 8 (1973) 141–149.
Yeh, J. “Wiener measure in a space of functions of two variables.” Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 95 (1960) 433–450.
Yeh, J. “Two parameter stochastic differential equations.” in Real and Stochastic Analysis, Wiley, New York, (1986) 249–344. Ylinen, K.
Yeh, J. “On vector bimeasures.” Ann. Mat. Pura Appl. 117 (4) (1978) 115–138.
Yor, M. “Existence et unicité de diffusion à valuers dans un space de Hilbert.” Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré, 10 (1974) 55–88.
Yor, M. “Sur quelques approximations d’integrales stochastiques.” Lect. Notes Math. 581 (1977) 518–528.
Yosida, K., and Kakutani, S. “Operator theoretical treatment of Markoff’s processes and mean ergodic theorem.” Ann. Math. 42 (1941) 188–228.
Zaanen, A. C. “The Radon-Nikodÿm theorem.” Proc. Acad. Sci., Amsterdam, Ser. A 64 (1961) 157–187.
Zygmund, A. Trigonometric Series. Cambrige Univ. Press, London, 1958.
Other Mathematics and Its Applications titles of interest:
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rao, M.M. (1995). Refinements in martingale analysis. In: Stochastic Processes: General Theory. Mathematics and Its Applications, vol 342. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6598-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6598-4_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-4749-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6598-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive