Abstract
Few people have had access to Southern Africa’s most feared perpetrators, members of the notorious killing team called Koevoet, an “antiguerrilla” group of the South African army, which fought in Namibia. Members wore T-shirts inscribed “Murder is our business: And business is good!” “Sometimes we killed them quickly, sometimes we killed them slowly.... We felt fantastic. We drank a beer and said a short prayer: ‘Thank you, Lord.’” The group killed large numbers of black guerrillas representing the Namibian forces that now govern that country. These former killers speak of the satisfaction it gave them, commenting, “After a day, you must have another kill, to feel the adrenaline in your blood.”
And death is no longer a chance event. To be sure, it still seems a matter of chance whether a bullet hits this man or that, but a second bullet may well hit the survivor, and the accumulation of death puts an end to the impression of chance.
Sigmund Freud (1915, pp. 291–292)
The only way to stop feeling so bad is a new kill.
—South African Perpetrators and Their Children
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abu-Lughod, I. (1990). Introduction: Achieving independence. In J. R. Nassar and R. Hencock. (Eds.), Intifada: Palestine at the crossroads (pp. I -1 1 ). New York: Praeger.
Albeck, J. H. (1994). Intergenerational consequences of trauma: Reframing traps in treatment theory: A second-generation perspective. In M. B. Williams and J. F. Sommer (Eds.), Handbook of post-traumatic therapy (pp. 106–125 ). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ( 4th ed. ). Washington, DC: Author.
Aysen, N. B. and Nieuwoudt, J. (1992). Attitudes of black senior primary school pupils to the 1991 Soweto township violence and unrest. UNISA Psychologist, 19(1) 24–29.
Bettelheim, B. (1984). Afterword. In C. Vogh (Ed.), R. Schwartz, trans. I didn’t say goodbye. New York: Dutton.
Braam, C. (1994, September 24). De killers van Koevoet. Vrij Nederland, 38, 38–45.
Brink, A. (1992). An act of terror. London: Minerva.
Brontë, E. (1847). Wuthering heights
Bulhan, H. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression. New York: Plenum Press.
Buruma, I. (1995). The wages of guilt: Memories of war in Germany and Japan. New York: Meridian.
Casper, G. (1995). Fragile democracies: Legacies of authoritarian rule. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Chamberlain, J. (1896). Hansard, 8 May. Fourth Series. Vol. XI, columns 914–915. Cited in Kruger, 1958, p. 36.
Cooper, S. (1994). Political violence in South Africa: The role of youth. Issues: A Journal of Opinion, 72(2), 27–29.
Curran, P. S. (1988). Psychiatric aspects of terrorist violence: Northern Ireland 1969–1987. British Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 470–475.
Danieli, Y. (1984). Psychotherapists’ participation in the conspiracy of silence about the Holocaust. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 1(1), 23–42.
Danieli, Y. (1993). Diagnostic and therapeutic use of the multigenerational family tree in working with survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 889–897 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Dawes, A., and Tredoux, C. (1989). Emotional status of children exposed to political violence in the Crossroads Squatter areas during 1986–87. Psychology in Society, 12, 33–47.
Dawes, A., and Tredoux C. (1990). Impact of political violence on the children of K.T.C. In Centre for Intergroup Studies (Ed.), The influence of violence on children Cape Town: Centre for Intergroup Studies.
de Klerk, F. W. (1989). Quoted in Hansson, and van Zyl Smit, 1990 (op cit); and in the Weekly Mail
December I. 1989. Duncan N., and Rock, B. (1994). Inquiry into the effects of public violence on children: Preliminary report. Commission of Inquiry Regarding the Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation. Johannesburg: Goldstone Commission.
Everatt, D., Orkin, M. ( 1993, March). Growing up tough: A national survey of South African youth. Paper presented to the National Youth Development Conference, Broederstroom, South Africa.
Famularo, R., Fenton, T., Kinscherff, R., et al. (1994). Maternal and child post-traumatic stress disorder in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18 (1), 27–36.
Feenstra, W. (1995). De psychische gezondheid van naoorlogse kinderen van oorlogsgetroffenen: Resultaten van tien jaar onderzoek [The psychological health of post-war children of war victims: Results of ten years of research]. Maandblad Geestelijke Volksgezondheid, 49 (5), 541–553.
Fields, R. ( 1986, August 25). The psychological profile of a terrorist. Paper presented at the American Psychiatric Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Figley, C. R. (1995). Systemic PTSD: Family treatment experiences and implications. In G. S. Everly and J. M. Lating (Eds.), Psychotraumatology: Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress (pp. 341–358 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Fogelson, R. M. (1970). Violence and grievances: Reflections on the 1960’s riots. Journal of Social Issues, 26, 141–163.
Fraser, J. G. (1933/1934/1936/1977). The fear of the dead in primitive religion (Reprint of 3 volumes in 1 volume). G. Geddes, G. J. Gruman, and M. A. Simpson (Eds.). New York: Arno Press.
Fraser, M. (1974). Children in conflict. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
Freud, S. (1957). Thoughts for the times on war and death: II. Our attitudes towards death. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, Vol. XIV (14), pp. 291–292. London: Hogarth Press. ( Original published 1915 )
Friedman, P. (1949). Some aspects of concentration camp psychology. American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 601–605.
Goodwin, J. M. (Ed.). (1993). Rediscovering childhood trauma: Historical casebook and clinical applications. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
Green, A. (1993). Childhood sexual and physical abuse. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 577–592 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Greenley, J. R., Gillespie, D. P., and Lindenthal, J. J. (1975). A race riot’s effects on psychological symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 32, 1189–1195.
Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hansson, D., and van Zyl Smith, D. (Eds.). (1990). Toward justice? Crime and state control in South Africa. Cape Town: Oxford University Press.
Harkness, L. L. (1993). Transgenerational transmission of war-related trauma. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 635–644 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Hayner, P. B. (1994). Fifteen Truth Commissions-1974 to 1994: A comparative study. Human Rights Quarterly, 16 (4), 597–615.
Heimannsberg, B., and Schmidt, C. J. (Eds.). (1993). The collective silence: German identity and the legacy of shame. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Herman, J. L. (1992). Complex PTSD: A syndrome in survivors of prolonged and repeated trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 5, 377–390.
Heskin, K. (1980). Northern Ireland: A psychological analysis. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan.
Hippler, J. ( 1987, January-February). Low-intensity warfare: Key strategy for the Third World Theatre. Middle East Report, pp. 32–38.
Hirshowitz, R., Milner, S., and Everatt, D. (1992). Growing up in a divided society. Braamfontein, Johannesburg: CASE.
lerodiakonou, C. S. (1970). The effect of a threat of war on neurotic patients in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 24, 643–651.
Jackson, J. O. (1994a, June 6). Coming to terms with the past. Time, p. 37.
Jackson, J. O. (1994b, June 20). The Balkans: Unfinished business. Time, pp. 23–27.
Jaffer, Z. A. (1995). How the Dutch dealt with the traumas of the Second World War: Some lessons for South Africa. Cape Town: Justice in Transition.
Kee, M., Bell, P., Loughrey, G. C., et al. (1987). Victims of violence: A demographic and clinical study. Medicine, Science and the Law, 27, 241–247.
Klaasen, E. (1990). The impact of violence on children. In Centre for Intergroup Studies (Ed.), The influence of violence on children. Cape Town: Centre for Intergroup Studies.
Krell, R. (1993). Child survivors of the Holocaust: Strategies of adaptation. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 38 (8), 384–389.
Kruger, R. (1958). Goodbye dolly gray: The story of the Boer War. London: Cassell.
Levett, A. (1989). Psychological trauma and childhood. Psychology in Society, 12, 19–32.
Lipstadt, D. E. (1993). Denying the Holocaust: The growing assault on truth and memory. New York: Free Press.
Lyons, H. A. (1979). Civil violence: The psychological aspects. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 23, 373.
Malepa, M. (1990). The effects of violence on the development of children in Soweto. In Centre for Intergroup Studies (Ed.), The influence of violence on children. Cape Town: Centre for Intergroup Studies.
Marris, P. (1974). Loss and change. New York: Pantheon Books.
McWhirter, L., and Trew, K. (1982). Children in Northern Ireland: A lost generation. In E. Anthony and C. Chiland (Eds.), The child in his family (Vol. 7, Children in Turmoil: Tomorrow’s Parents. New York: Wiley.
Minkowski, E. (1946). L’anesthesie affective. Anales Medico-Psychologiques, 104, 80–88.
Mira, E. (1939). Psychiatric experience in the Spanish war. British Medical Journal, 1, 1217–1220.
Mitscherlich, A., and Mitscherlich, M. (1967). Die Unfahigkeit zu trauern: Grundlagen kollektiven verhaltens. Munchen: Piper.
Mitscherlich-Nielson, M. (1993). Was konnen wir aus der vergangenheit lernen? Psyche, 47 (8), 743–751.
Ngubane, H. (1977). Body and mind in Zulu medicine: An ethnography of health and disease in Nyuswa-Zulu thought and practice. London: Academic Press.
Porot, M. (1957). Les retentissements psychopathologiques des evenments d’Algerie. Press Medicale, 65, 801–803.
Pross, C. (1991). Breaking through the postwar coverup of Nazi doctors in Germany. Journal of Medical Ethics, J 7(Suppl.), 13–16.
Robbins, K. X. (1993). Oedipus: Uncovering intergenerational cycles of violence. In J. M. Goodwin (Ed.), Rediscovering childhood trauma: Historical casebook and clinical applications (pp. 7–26 ) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Rosenheck, R. (1986). Impact of post-traumatic stress disorder of World War II on the next generation. Journal o fNer-vous and Mental Disease, 174(6), 319–327.
Sachs, A. (1995). Preface. In Z. Jaffer (Ed.), How the Dutch dealt with the traumas of the Second World War: Some lessons for South Africa (pp. v-vii). Cape Town: Justice in Transition.
Schmidt, A. P., and de Graaf, J. (1982). Violence as communication: Insurgent terrorism and the Western news media. London: Sage.
Seligman, M. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco:
W H. Freeman. Simpson, M. A. (1988). The nature of terrorism and psychiatric findings in the case of three patients alleging torture and coercive interrogation. Report to the Court in the case of State v. Tshika and others. Supreme Court of South Africa, Natal Region, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
Simpson, M. A. (1993a). Traumatic stress and the bruising of the Soul: The effects of torture and coercive interrogation. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), The international handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 667–685 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Simpson, M. A. (1993b). Bitter waters: The effects on children of the stresses of unrest and oppression. In J. P. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), The international handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 601–624 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Simpson, M. A. ( 1993c, June 6–10). Change as trauma: Challenges in the transition to democracy in South Africa. Closing Plenary address, Third European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Bergen, Norway.
Simpson, M. A. ( 1993d, June 6–10). The heavy-hearted joy of my survivalchwr(133) on surviving assassination attempts. Paper presented on the Third European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Bergen, Norway.
Simpson, M. A. ( 1993e, June 6–10). “Curl up the small soul…”: The effects of traumatic repression on children in South Africa. Paper presented to the Third European Conference on Traumatic Stress, Bergen, Norway.
Simpson, M. A. (1995). Reforming health care in South Africa. In D. Seedhouse (Ed.), Reforming health care: The philosophy and practice of international health reform (pp. 101–126 ). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Simpson, M. A. (1996). What went wrong? Diagnostic and ethical problems in dealing with the effects of torture and repression in South Africa. In R. J. Kleber, C. R. F. Figley, and B. P. R. Gersons (Eds.), Beyond trauma: Cultural and societal dynamics (pp. 187–212 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Solomon, Z. 1995. Coping with war-induced stress: The Gulf War and the Israeli response. New York: Plenum Press.
Straker, G., Moosa, F., Becker, R., and Nkwale, M. (1992). Faces in the revolution: The psychological effects of violence on township youth in South Africa. Cape Town: David Philip.
Taylor, M., and Quayle, E. (1994). Terrorist lives. London: Brassey’s.
Theological Exchange Program. (1987). Low intensity conflict: South Africa under threat (Pamphlet). Cape Town: Author.
van der Linde, I. (1995). Eastern Cape chaos. South African Medical Journal, 85 (9), 815–816.
Verhulst, E C., Althaus, M., and Versluis den Bieman, H. J. (1992). Damaging backgrounds: Later adjustment of international adoptees. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31 (3), 518–524.
Weisel, E. ( 1993, May 17–31). For the dead and the living. New Leader, pp. 13–14.
Westermeyer, J. (1995). Cross-cultural care for PTSD. In G. S. Everly and J. M. Lating (Eds.), Psychotraumatology: Key papers and core concepts in post-traumatic stress (pp. 375–395 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Simpson, M.A. (1998). The Second Bullet. In: Danieli, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_30
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_30
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3287-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5567-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive