Abstract
It was almost two decades ago that the authors became aware of the concept of a “soul wound,” although knowledge of what is characterized as the “soul wound” had been an integral part of indigenous knowledge ever since Columbus landed in this hemisphere and Cortez arrived in Vera Cruz, Mexico. Native people who were asked about problems in the contemporary Native community explained that present problems had their etiology in the traumatic events known as the “soul wound” Knowledge of the soul wound has been present in Indian country for many generations. Current synonymous terms include historical trauma (Brave Heart, in press a), historical legacy, American Indian holocaust, and intergenerational posttraumatic stress disorder (Brave Heart & De Brun, in press). In addition, there has been academic literature documenting the American Indian holocaust, thus bringing some validation to the feelings of a community that has not had the world acknowledge the systematic genocide perpetrated on it (Brave Heart-Jordan & DeBruyn, 1995; Brown, 1971; Legters, 1988; Stannard, 1992; Thornton, 1987).
Keywords
- Indian Health
- Native People
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
- Indigenous Knowledge
- Acculturative Stress
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bergmann, M. S., and Jucovy, M. E. (Eds.) (1990). Generations of the Holocaust. New York: Columbia University Press. (Originally published 1982 )
Bhabha, H. (1983). The other question: The stereotype and colonial discourse. Screen, 24, 6–23.
Brave Heart-Jordan, M. Y. H. (1995). The return to the Sacred Path: Healing, from historical trauma and historical unresolved grief among the Lakota. Doctoral dissertation Smith College, School for Social Work, Northampton, Massachusetts. (Copies are available through the Takini Network, c/o the author, University of Denver Graduate School of Social Work, 2148 S. High Street, Denver, CO 80208.)
Brave Heart-Jordan, M., and DeBruyn, L. M. (1995). So she may walk in balance: Integrating the impact of historical trauma in the treatment of Native American Indian women. In J. Adleman and G. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women: Testimony, theory, and guides to anti-racist practice (pp. 345–368 ). New York: Haworth Press.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press a). The return to the sacred path: Healing the historical trauma and historical unresolved grief response among the Lakota. Smith College Studies in Social Work,June 1998.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press b). Gender differences in the historical trauma response among the Lakota. Journal of Health and Social Policy.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H. (in press c). Oyate Ptayela: Rebuilding the Lakota Nation through addressing historical trauma among Lakota parents. Journal of Human Behavior and the Social Environment.
Brave Heart, M. Y. H., and DeBruyn, L. M. (in press). The American Indian Holocaust: Healing historical unresolved grief. National Center for American Indian and Alaska Native Research.
Brown, D. (1971). Bury my heart at Wounded Knee. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Claymore, B. (1988). A public health approach to suicide attempts on a Sioux reservation. American Indian and Alaska Native Mental Health Research, 1 (3), 19–24.
Curry, A. (1972). Bringing of forms, Colorado Springs, CO: Dustbooks. Distributed by Seventh-Wing Publications.
Danieli, Y. (1985). The treatment and prevention of long-term effects and intergenerational transmission of victimization: A lesson from Holocaust survivors and their children. In C. R. Figley (Ed.), Trauma and its wake (pp. 295–313 ). New York: Brunner/Mazel.
Danieli, Y. (1989). Mourning in survivors and children of survivors of the Nazi Holocaust: The role of group and community modalities. In D. R. Dietrich and P. C. Shabad (Eds.), The problems of loss and mourning: Psychoanalytic perspectives (pp. 427–457 ). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.
Danieli, Y. (1993). Diagnostic and therapeutic use of the multigenerational family tree in working with survivors of the Nazi Holocaust. In P. W. Wilson and B. Raphael (Eds.), International handbook of traumatic stress syndromes (pp. 889–898 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Deloria, V. and Lytle, C. M. (1983). American Indians, American justice. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Duran, E. F. (1990). Transforming the soul wound: A theoretical/clinical approach to American Indian psychology. Berkeley, CA: Folklore Institute.
Duran, E. E, and Duran, B. M. (1995). Native American postcolonial psychology. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Fogelman, E. (1988). Therapeutic alternatives of survivors. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 79–108 ). New York: Columbia University Press.
Fogelman, E. (1991). Mourning without graves. In A. Medvene (Ed.), Storms and rainbows: The many faces of death (pp. 25–43 ). Washington, DC: Lewis Press.
Foucault, M. (1967). Madness and civilization. London: Tavistock.
Freire, P. (1968). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Seabury Press.
Indian Health Service. (1987). Chart series book. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Public Health Service, IHS, Office of Planning and Evaluation and Legislation, Division of program statistics. Indian Health Service. (1995). Trends in Indian health. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services.
Indian Health Service Report. ( 1991, December). A roundtable conference on dysfunctional behavior and its impact on Indian health. Final Report. Albuquerque, NM and Washington, DC: Kauffman.
Jacobs. (1972). Dispossessing the American Indian: Indians and whites on the colonial frontier. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
Jucovy, M. (1992). Psychoanalytic contributions to Holocaust studies. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 73, 267–282.
Kehoe, A. B. (1989). The Ghost Dance: Ethnohistory and revitalization. Fort Worth, TX: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Kestenberg, J. S. (1990). A metapsychological assessment based on an analysis of a survivor’s child. In M. S. Bergmann and M. E. Jucovy (Eds.), Generations of the Holocaust (pp. 137–158 ). New York: Columbia University Press. (Original publication 1982 )
Koller, P., Marmar, C. R., and Kansas, N. (1992). Psychodynamic group treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 42 (2), 225–246.
Krugman, S. (1987). Trauma in the family: Perspectives on the intergenerational transmission of violence. In B. A. van der Kolk (Ed.), Psychological trauma (pp. 127–151 ). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association Press.
Krystal, H. (1984). Integration and self-healing in post-traumatic states. In S. A. Luel and P. Marcus (Eds.), Psychoanalytic reflections on the Holocaust: Selected essays (pp. 113–134 ). New York: Holocaust Awareness Institute, Center for Judaic Studies, University of Denver and Ktav Publishing House.
Legters, L. H. (1988). The American genocide. Policy Studies Journal, 16 (4), 768–777.
Lifton, R. J. (1988). Understanding the traumatized self: Imagery, symbolization, and transformation. In J. P. Wilson, Z. Harel, and B. Kahana (Eds.), Human adaptation to extreme stress: From the Holocaust to Vietnam (pp. 7–31 ). New York: Plenum Press.
Limmerick, P. N. (1987). The legacy of conquest: The unbroken past of the American West. New York: Norton.
MacAndrews, C., and Edgerton, R. (1969). Drunken comportment: A social explanation. Chicago: Aldine.
Macgregor, G. (1975). Warriors without weapons. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ( Original published 1946 )
Marcus, P., and Rosenberg, A. (1988). A philosophical critique of the “Survivor Syndrome” and some implications for treatment. In R. L. Braham (Ed.), The psychological perspectives of the Holocaust and of its aftermath (pp. 53–78 ). New York: Columbia University Press.
Niehardt. (1959). Black Elk speaks. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Pearce, R. H. (1988). Savagism and civilization: A study of the Indian and the American mind. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Prucha, F. P. (1990). Documents of the United States Indian policy ( 2nd Ed. Expanded). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (Original publication 1975 )
Report to Congress. (1992). National Indian Policy Center: Reporting to Congress, Recommendation for the establishment of a National Indian Policy Center. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Shoshan, T. (1989). Mourning and longing from generation to generation. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 43 (2), 193–207.
Solomon, Z., Kotler, M., and Mikulincer, M. (1988). Combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder among second-generation Holocaust survivors: Preliminary findings. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145 (7), 865–868.
Stannard, D. (1992). American Holocaust: Columbus and the conquest of the New World. New York: Oxford University Press.
Tanner, H. (1982). A history of all the dealings of the United States government with the Sioux. Unpublished manuscript. Prepared for the Black Hills Land Claim by order of the U.S. Supreme court, on file at the D’Arcy McNickle Center for the History of the American Indian, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Thornton, R. (1987). American Indian holocaust and survival: A population history since 1942. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
van der Kolk, B. A. (Ed.) (1987). Psychological trauma. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Villanueva, M. (1989). Literature review. In E. Duran (Ed.), Suicide handbook: Prevention and intervention with Native Americans (pp. 13–36 ). Sacramento, CA: Indian Health Service.
Wallace, A. E. (1969). The death and rebirth of the Seneca. New York: Vintage Books.
Weinfeld, M., Sigal, J. J., and Eaton, W. W. (1981). Long-term effects of the Holocaust on selected social attitudes and behaviors of survivors: A cautionary note. Social Forces, 60, 1–19.
White, R. (1983). The roots of dependency: Subsistence, environment and social change among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Williams, C. L., and Berry, J. W. (1991). Primary prevention of acculturative stress among refugees: Application of psychological theory and practice. American Psychologist, 46 (6), 632–641.
Yellow Horse-Davis, S. E (1994). Federal Policy Impact on Indian Mental Health Services. Unpublished manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Duran, E., Duran, B., Heart, M.Y.H.B., Horse-Davis, S.Y. (1998). Healing the American Indian Soul Wound. In: Danieli, Y. (eds) International Handbook of Multigenerational Legacies of Trauma. The Plenum Series on Stress and Coping. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5567-1_22
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3287-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-5567-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive