Abstract
The fundamental requirement for cryogenic work is a means of absorbing heat at a low temperature. This can be achieved in two distinct ways: a bath of liquid can be used which takes up heat as heat of evaporation (or in the case of subcooled liquid by rise of temperature), or heat can be transferred to a fluid medium — usually a gas — which is refrigerated in a continuous cycle. Sometimes it is convenient to combine both types of system: a quantity of liquid, for instance, can be used as a buffer for a refrigeration system.
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Reference
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Croft, A.J. (1970). Liquid Refrigerants. In: Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment. The International Cryogenics Monograph Series. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4893-2_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4893-2_1
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