Abstract
The complexity and form of the multicellular tissues of the eukaryotic organisms raise the question of how much functional and pattern information is encoded in the genes and whether epigenetic factors have a role in the formation of such complex tissues. While at the molecular level our understanding of how proteins are encoded in the genes has made considerable progress, we are still far from understanding how form and pattern arise from the information encoded in the genes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abulafia, R., Ben-Ze’ev, A., Hay, N., and Aloni, Y., 1984, The control of late SV40 transcription by the attenuation mechanism and transcriptionally active ternary complexes are associated with the nuclear matrix, J. Mol. Biol. 172:467.
Albrecht-Buehler, G., 1977, Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells; parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin, Cell 12:333.
Allan, M., and Harrison, P., 1980, Co-expression of differentiation markers in hybrids between Friend cells and lymphoid cells and the influence of the cell shape, Cell 19:437.
Anderton, B. H., 1981, Intermediate filaments: A family of homologous structures, J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil. 2:141.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., 1983a, Virus replication in infected epithelial cells is coupled to cell shape-responsive metabolic controls, J. Cell. Physiol. 114:145.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., 1983b, Cell configuration-related control of vimentin biosynthesis and phosphorylation in cultured mammalian cells, J. Cell Biol. 97:858.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Abulafia, R., 1983, The association of glycoconjugates with the cytoskeletal framework, Mol. Cell Biol. 3:684.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Aloni, Y., 1983, Processing of SV40 RNA is associated with the nuclear matrix and is not followed by the accumulation of low-molecular-weight RNA products, Virology 125:475.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Raz, A., 1981, Multinucleation and inhibition of cytokinesis in suspended cells: Reversal upon reattachment to a substrate, Cell 26:107.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Duerr, A., Solomon, F., and Penman, S., 1979a, The outer boundary of the cytoskeleton: A lamina derived from plasma membrane proteins, Cell 17:859.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Farmer, S. R., and Penman, S., 1979b, Mechanisms of regulating tubulin synthesis in cultured mammalian cells, Cell 17:319.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Farmer, S. R., and Penman, S., 1980, Protein synthesis requires cell-surface contact while nuclear events respond to cell shape in anchorage-dependent fibroblasts, Cell 21:365.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Horowitz, M., Skolnik, H., Abulafia, R., Laub, O., and Aloni, Y., 1981, The metabolism of SV40 RNA is associated with the cytoskeletal framework, Virology 111:475.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Abulafia, R., and Aloni, Y., 1982, SV40 virions and viral RNA metabolism are associated with cellular substructures, EMBO J. 1:1225.
Ben-Ze’ev, A., Abulafia, R., and Bratosin, S., 1983, Herpes simplex virus assembly and protein transport are associated with the cytoskeletal framework and the nuclear matrix in infected BSC-1 cells, Virology 129:501.
Benecke, B.-J., Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Penman, S., 1978, The control of mRNA production, translation and turnover in suspended and reattached anchorage-dependent fibroblasts, Cell 14:931.
Benecke, B.-J., Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Penman, S., 1980, The regulation of RNA metabolism in suspended and reattached anchorage-dependent 3T6 fibroblasts, J. Cell. Physiol. 103:247.
Benya, P. D., and Shaffer, J. P., 1982, Dedifferentiated chondrocytes reexpress the differentiated collagen phenotype when cultured in agarose gels, Cell 30:215.
Berezney, R., and Coffey, D. S., 1974, Identification of a nuclear protein matrix, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 60:1410.
Birchmeier, W., 1981, Fibroblasts focal contacts, Trends Biochem. Sci. 6:234.
Bissell, M. J., Hall, G. H., and Parry, G., 1982, How does the extracellular matrix direct gene expression?, J. Theoret. Biol. 99:31.
Bond, J. F., and Farmer, S. R., 1983, Regulation of tubulin and actin mRNA production in rat brain: Expression of a new ß-tubulin mRNA with development, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1333.
Brouty-Boyé, D., Tucker, R. W., and Folkman, J., 1980, Transformed and neoplastic phenotype: Reversibility during culture by cell density and cell shape, Int. J. Cancer 26:501.
Buckler-White, A. J., Humphrey, G. W., and Pigiet, V., 1980, Association of polyoma T-antigen and DNA with the nuclear matrix from lytically infected 3T6 cells, Cell 22:37.
Carter, S. B., 1967, Effects of cytochalasins on mammalian cells, Nature 213:261.
Cervera, M., Dreyfuss, G., and Penman, S., 1981, Messenger RNA is translated when associated with the cytoskeletal framework in normal and VSV-infected HeLa cells, Cell 23:113.
Chang, C., Lin, Y., O-Lee, T., Chou, C., Lee, T., Peng, F., Chen, T., and Hu, C., 1983, Induction of plasma protein secretion in a newly established human hepatoma cell line, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:1133.
Cleveland, D. W., Lopata, M. A., Sherline, P., and Kirschner, M. W., 1981, Unpolymerized tubulin modulates the level of tubulin mRNAs, Cell 25:537.
Crossin, K. L., and Carney, D. H., 1981a, Evidence that microtubule depolymerization early in the cell cycle is sufficient to initiate DNA synthesis, Cell 23:61.
Crossin, K. L., and Carney, D. H. 1981b, Microtubule stabilization by taxol inhibits initiation of DNA synthesis by thrombin and by epidermal growth factor, Cell 27:341.
Dang, C. V., Yang, C. H., and Pollard, T. D., 1983, Association of methionyl-tRNA synthetase with detergent-insoluble components of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, J. Cell Biol. 96:1138.
Domnina, L. V., Pletyushkina, O. Y., Vasiliev, J. M., and Gelfand, I. M., 1977, Effects of antitubulins on the redistribution of crosslinked receptors on the surface of fibroblasts and epithelial cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:2865.
Edelman, G. M., 1976, Surface modulation in cell recognition and cell growth, Science 192:218.
Farmer, S. R., Ben-Ze’ev, A., Benecke, B.-J., and Penman, S., 1978, Altered translatability of messenger RNA from suspended anchorage dependent fibroblasts: reversal upon cell attachment to a surface, Cell 15:627.
Farmer, S. R., Wan, K. M., Ben-Ze’ev, A., and Penman, S., 1983, Regulation of actin mRNA levels and translation responds to changes in cell configuration, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:182.
Fidler, I. J., Gerstein, D. M., and Hart, I. R., 1978, The biology of cancer invasion and metastasis, Adv. Cancer Res. 28:149.
Floros, J., Jonak, G., Galanti, N., and Baserga, R., 1981, Induction of cell DNA replication in G<Subscript>1</Subscript> specific ts mutants by microinjection of SV40 DNA, Exp. Cell Res. 132:215.
Folkman, J., and Greenspan, H. P., 1975, Influence of cell geometry on control of cell growth, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 417:211.
Folkman, J., and Moscona, A., 1978, Role of cell shape in growth control, Nature 273:345.
Foulds, L., 1954, The experimental study of tumor progression. A review, Cancer Res. 14:327.
Franke, W. W., Weber, K., Osborn, M., Schmid, E., and Freudenstein, C., 1978, Antibody to prekeratin: decoration of tonofilament-like arrays in various cells of epithelial character, Exp. Cell Res. 116:429.
Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Weber, K., and Osborn, M., 1979, HeLa cells contain intermediate-sized filaments of the prekeratin type, Exp. Cell Res. 118:95.
Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Grund, C., Müller, H., Engelbrecht, I., Moll, R., Stadler, J., and Jarash, E. D., 1981, Antibodies to high molecular weight polypeptides of desmosomes: Special localization of a class of junctional proteins in cells and tissues, Differentiation 20:217.
Friedkin, M., Legg, A., and Rozengurt, E., 1979, Antitubulin agents enhance the stimulation of DNA synthesis by polypeptide growth factors in 3T3 mouse fibroblasts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:3909.
Fulton, A. B., Wan, K. M., and Penman, S., 1980, The spatial distribution of polyribosomes in 3T3 cells and the associated assembly of proteins into the skeletal framework, Cell 20:849.
Fulton, A. B., Prives, J., Farmer, S. R., and Penman, S., 1981, Developmental reorganization of the skeletal framework and its surface lamina in fusing muscle cells, J. Cell Biol. 91:103.
Geiger, B., 1979, A 130K protein from chicken gizzard: Its localization at the termini of microfilament bundles in cultured chicken cells, Cell 18:193.
Gershey, E. L., 1979, Simian virus 40-host cell interaction during lytic infection, J. Virol. 30:76.
Goldman, R. D., 1971, The role of three cytoplasmic fibers in BHK-21 cell motility. I. Microtubules and the effects of colchicine, J. Cell Biol. 51:752.
Goldman, R. D., 1972, The effects of cytochalasin B on the microfilament of baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells, J. Cell Biol. 52:246.
Gospodarowicz, D., Greenburg, G., and Birdwell, C. R., 1978, Determination of cellular shape by the extracellular matrix and its correlation with the control of cellular growth, Cancer Res. 38:4155.
Hatzfeld, J., and Buttin, G., 1975, Temperature-sensitive cell cycle mutants: A Chinese hamster cell line with a reversible block in cytokinesis, Cell 5:123.
Hay, E. D., 1981, Cell Biology of Extracellular Matrix (E. D. Hay, ed.), Plenum Press, New York.
Herman, R., Weymouth, L., and Penman, S., 1978, Heterogeneous nuclear RNA-protein fibers in chromatin-depleted nuclei, J. Cell Biol. 78:663.
Hiller, G., Jungwirth, C., and Weber, K., 1981, Fluorescence microscopical analysis of the life cycle of vaccinia virus in chick embryo fibroblasts, Exp. Cell. Res. 132:81.
Howe, J. G., and Hershey, J. W. B., 1984, Translation initiation factor and ribosome association with the cytoskeletal framework fraction from Hela cells, Cell 37:85.
Hynes, R. O., and Destree, A. T., 1978, 10 nm filaments in normal and transformed cells, Cell 13:151.
Ishii, K., 1980, Multinucleation in mouse fibroblasts cultured in methocel medium, J. Cell. Physiol. 103:105.
Jackson, B. W., Grund, C., Schmid, E., Bürki, K., Franke, W. W., and Illmensee, K., 1980, Formation of cytoskeletal elements during mouse embryogenesis, Differentiation 17:161.
Jackson, D. A., Caton, A. J., McCready, S. J., and Cook, P. R., 1982, Influenza virus RNA is synthesized at fixed sites in the nucleus, Nature 296:366.
Jockusch, B. M., and Isenberg, G., 1981, Interaction of α-actinin and vinculin with actin: Opposite effects on filament network formation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78:3005.
Jones, C., and Su, R. T., 1982, DNA polymerase alpha from the nuclear matrix of cells infected with simian virus 40, Nucleic Acids Res. 10:5517.
Klymkowsky, M. W., 1981, Intermediate filaments in 3T3 cells collapse after intracellular injection of monoclonal anti-intermediate filament antibody, Nature 291:249.
Lazarides, E., 1980, Intermediate filaments as mechanical integrators of cellular space, Nature 283:249.
Lazarides, E., 1982, Intermediate filaments: Chemically heterogeneous developmentally regulated class of proteins, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 51:219.
Lehman, J. M., Klein, I. B., and Cram, S. L., 1979, Flow cytometry analysis of early DNA content changes in human and monkey cells following infection with simian virus 40, J. Supramol. Struct. 10:25.
Lenk, R., and Penman, S., 1979, Cytoskeletal framework and poliovirus metabolism, Cell 16:289.
Lenk, R., Ransom, L., Kaufmann, Y., and Penman, S., 1977, A cytoskeletal structure with associated polyribosomes obtained from the cell, Cell 10:67.
Luftig, R. B., 1982, Does the cytoskeleton play a significant role in animal virus replication, J. Theoret. Biol. 99:173.
Maness, P. F., and Walsh, R. C., 1982, Dihydrocytochalasin B disorganizes actin cytoarchitecture and inhibits initiation of DNA synthesis in 3T3 cells, Cell 30:253.
Mariman, E. C. M., van Eekelen, C. A. G., Reinders, R. J., Berns, A. J. M., and van Venrooij, W. J., 1982, Adenoviral heterogenous nuclear RNA is associated with the host nuclear matrix during splicing, J. Mol. Biol. 154:103.
Maroudas, N. G., O’Neill, C., and Stanton, M. F., 1973, Fibroblast anchorage in carcinogenesis by fibers, Lancet 1:807.
Menko, A. S., Toyama, Y., Boettiger, D., and Hölzer, H., 1983, Altered cell spreading in cytochal-asin B: A possible role for intermediate filaments, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:113.
Miller, T. E., Huang, C-Y., and Pogo, A. O., 1978, Rat liver nuclear skeleton and ribonucleoprotein complexes containing hnRNA, J. Cell Biol. 76:675.
Moll, R., Franke, W. W., Schiller, D. L., Geiger, B., and Krepier, R., 1982, The catalog of human cytokeratins: Pattern of expression in normal epithelia, tumors and cultured cells, Cell 31:11.
Orly, J., and Sato, G., 1979, Fibronectin mediates cytokinesis and growth of rat follicular cells in serum-free medium, Cell 17:295.
Osborn, M., Franke, W., and Weber, K., 1980, Direct demonstration of the presence of two immunologically distinct intermediate-sized filament systems in the same cell by double immunofluorescence microscopy, Exp. Cell Res. 125:37.
Otsuka, H., and Moskowitz, M., 1976, Arrest of 3T3 cells in G\ phase in suspension culture, J. Cell. Physiol. 87:213.
Pardoll, D. M., Vogelstein, B., and Coffey, D. S., 1980, A fixed site of DNA replication of eucaryotic cells, Cell 19:527.
Penman, S., Fulton, A., Capco, D., Ben-Ze’ev, A., Wittelsberger, S., and Tse, F. C., 1981, Cytoplasmic and nuclear architecture in cells and tissue: Form, functions and mode of assembly, Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol. 46:1013.
Porter, K. R., and McNiven, M. A., 1982, The cytoplast: A unit structure in chromatophores, Cell 29:23.
Porter, K. R., Puck, T. T., Hsie, A. W., and Kelley, D., 1974, An electron microscope study of the effects of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on Chinese hamster ovary cells, Cell 1:145.
Raz, A., and Ben-Ze’ev, A., 1982, Growth control and cell spreading: Differential response in preneoplastic and in metastatic cell variants, Int. J. Cancer 29:711.
Raz, A., and Ben-Ze’ev, A., 1983, Modulation of the metastatic capability in B16 melanoma by cell shape, Science 221:1307.
Raz, A., Bucana, C., McLellan, W., and Fidler, I. J., 1980, Distribution of membrane anionic sites on B16 melanoma variants with differing lung colonising potential, Nature 284:363.
Renner, W., Franke, W. W., Schmid, E., Geisler, N., Weber, K., and Mandelkow, E., 1981, Reconstitution of intermediate-sized filaments from denatured monomeric vimentin, J. Mol. Biol. 149:285.
Riddle, V. G. H., and Pardee, A. B., 1980, Quiescent cells but not cycling cells exhibit actin synthesis before they synthesize DNA, J. Cell. Physiol. 103:11.
Riddle, V. G. H., Dubrow, R., and Pardee, A. B., 1979, Changes in the synthesis of actin and other cell proteins after stimulation of serum-arrested cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:1298.
Robinson, S. I., Nelkin, B. D., and Vogelstein, B., 1982, The ovalbumin gene is associated with the nuclear matrix of chicken oviduct cells, Cell 28:99.
Schiller, D. L., and Franke, W. W., 1983, Limited proteolysis of cytokeratin A by an endogenous protease: Removal of positively charged terminal sequences, Cell. Biol. Int. Rep. 7:3.
Schmitt, H., Gozes, I., and Littauer, U. Z., 1977, Decrease in levels and rates of synthesis of tubulin and actin in developing rat brain, Brain Res. 121:327.
Smith, H. C., and Berezney, R., 1982, Nuclear matrix-bound deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis: An in vitro system, Biochemistry 21:6751.
Spiegelman, B., and Farmer, S. R., 1982, Decrease in tubulin and actin gene expression prior to morphological differentiation of 3T3-adipocytes, Cell 29:53.
Stoker, M., O’Neill, C., Berryman, S., and Waxman, V., 1968, Anchorage and growth regulation in normal and virus-transformed cells, Int. J. Cancer 3:683.
Sun, T. T., and Green, H., 1978, Immunofluorescent staining of keratin fibers in cultured cells, Cell 14:469.
Tannenbaum, J., and Godman, G. C., 1983, Cytochalasin D induces increased actin synthesis in Hep-2 cells, Mol. Cell. Biol. 3:132.
Teng, M., Bartholomew, J. C., and Bissell, M. J., 1977, Synergism between anti-microtubule agents and growth stimulants in enhancement of cell cycle traverse, Nature 268:739.
Thompson, L. H., and Lindi, P. A., 1976, A CHO-cell mutant with a defect in cytokinesis, Somatic Cell Genet. 2:387.
Tucker, R. W., 1983, Role of microtubules and centrioles in growth regulation of mammalian cells, in: Cell and Muscle Motility (R. M. Dowben and J. W. Shay, eds.), Vol. 4, pp. 259–295, Plenum Press, New York.
Tucker, R. S., Butterfield, C. E., and Folkman, J., 1981, Interaction of serum and cell spreading affects the growth of neoplastic and non-neoplastic fibroblasts, J. Supramol. Struct. Cell. Biochem. 15:29.
Van Eekelen, C. A. G., and van Venrooij, W. J., 1981, hnRNA and its attachment to a nuclear protein matrix, J. Cell Biol. 88:554.
Van Venrooij, W. J., Sillekens, P. T. G., van Eekelen, C. A. G., and Reinders, R. J., 1981, On the association of mRNA with the cytoskeleton in uninfected and adenovirus-infected human KB cells, Exp. Cell Res. 135:79.
Vasiliev, J. M., Gelfand, I. M., and Guelstéin, V. I., 1971, Initiation of DNA synthesis in cell cultures by colcemid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 68:977.
Virtanen, I., Lehto, U-P., Lehtonen, E., Vartio, T., Stenman, S., Kurki, P., Wagner, O., Small, J. V., Dahl, D., and Badley, R. A., 1981, Expression of intermediate filaments in cultured cells, J. Cell Sci. 50:45.
Vogelstein, B., Pardoll, D. M., and Coffey, D. S., 1980, Supercoiled loops and eucaryotic DNA replication, Cell 22:79.
Witt, D. P., Brown, D. J., and Gordon, J. A., 1983, Transformation-sensitive isoactin in passaged chick embryo fibroblasts transformed by rous sarcoma virus, J. Cell Biol. 96:1766.
Wittelsberger, S. C., Kleene, K., and Penman, S., 1981, Progressive loss of shape-responsive metabolic controls in cells with increasingly transformed phenotype, Cell 24:859.
Wolosewick, J. J., and Porter, K. R., 1976, Stereo high-voltage electron microscopy of whole cells of the human diploid line Wl-38, Am. J. Anat. 147:303.
Yahara, I., and Edelman, G. M., 1979, Modulation of receptor redistribution by concanavalin A, anti-mitotic agents and alterations of pH, Nature 246:152.
Zumbé, A., Stähli, C., and Trachsel, H., 1982, Association of a Mr 50,000 cap-binding protein with the cytoskeleton in baby hamster kidney cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79:2927.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1985 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ben-Ze’ev, A. (1985). Cell Shape, the Complex Cellular Networks, and Gene Expression. In: Shay, J.W. (eds) Cell and Muscle Motility. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4723-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4723-2_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-4725-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4723-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive