Abstract
Most of the research on biological effects of microwave/radiofrequency (MW/RF) energies has been done with small rodents having coefficients of heat absorption, field concentration effects, body surface areas, and thermoregulatory mechanisms significantly different from those of man. Even closely related species can differ widely in their responses. The literature is replete with “anomalous” reactions. Thus, results of exposure of common laboratory animals cannot be readily extrapolated to man unless a comparative biology approach and some form of “scaling” among different animal species, and from animal to man, is used in an appropriate manner to obtain quantitatively valid extrapolation relationships from the observed data.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adolph, E. F. (1949) Quantitative relations in the physiological constitutions of mammals. Science 109: 579.
Anne, A. (1963) Scattering and Absorption of Microwaves by Dissipative Dielectric Objects: The Biological Significance and Hazard to Mankind. Ph.D. thesis, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Anne, A., M. Saito, O. M. Salati, and H. P. Schwan (1961) Relative microwave absorption cross sections of biological significance. In: Proceedings of the 4th Annual Tri-Service Conference on Biological Effects of Microwave Radiating Equipments, M. F. Peyton (ed.). Plenum Press, New York, p. 153.
Anne, A., M. Saito, O. M. Salati, and H. P. Schwan (1962) Penetration and Thermal Dissipation of Microwaves in Tissues. RADC-TDR-62–244. Contract AF 30 (602)-2344 (ASTIA 284 981 ). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
Durney, C. H., C. C. Johnson, P. W. Barber, H. Massoudi, M. F. Iskander, J. L. Lords, D. J. Ryser, S. J. Allen, and J. C. Mitchell (1978) Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook, 2nd ed. Report SAM-TR-78–22, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks AFB, Texas.
Gandhi, O. P. (1975) Conditions of strongest electromagnetic power deposition in man and animals. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-23: 1021
Gandhi, O.P. (1980) State of knowledge for electromagnetic absorbed dose in man and animals. Proc. IEEE 68:24.
Grant, L., P. Hopkinson, G. Jennings, and F. A. Jennre (1971) Period of adjustment of rats used for experimental studies. Nature (London) 232: 135.
Guy, A. W. (1971a) Analyses of electromagnetic fields induced in biological tissues by thermographic studies on equivalent phantom models. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. M1T-19: 205.
Guy, A. W. (1971b) Electromagnetic fields and relative heating patterns due to a rectangular aperture source in direct contact with bilayered biological tissue. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19: 214.
Guy, A. W., and J. F. Lehmann (1966) On the determination of an optimum microwave diathermy frequency for a direct contact applicator. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-13: 76.
Guy, A. W., J. F. Lehmann, J. A. McDougall, and C. C. Sorensen (1968) Studies on therapeutic heating by electromagnetic energy. In: Thermal Problems in Biotechnology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, United Engineering Center, New York, p. 26.
Guy, A. W., J. C. Lin, and C. K. Chou (1975) Electrophysiological effects of electromagnetic fields on animals. In: Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation, S. M. Michaelson, M. W. Miller, R. Magin, and E. L. Carstensen (eds.). Plenum Press, New York, p. 167.
Hoeft, L. O. (1965) Microwave heating: A study of the critical exposure variables for man and experimental animals. Aerosp. Med. 37: 621.
Johnson, C. C. (1975) Recommendations for specifying EM wave irradiation conditions in bioeffects research. J. Microwave Power 10: 249.
Johnson, C. C., C. H. Durney, P. W. Barber, H. Massoudi, S. J. Allen, and J. C. Mitchell (1976) Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook. SAM-TR-76–35. Brooks AFB, AFSC, AMD, SAM.
Krasovskii, G. N. (1976) Extrapolation of experimental data from animals to man. Environ. Health Perspect. 13: 51.
Lehmann, J. F. (1965) Diathermy. In: Handbook of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, F. H. Krusen, F. J. Kottke, and P. Ellwood (eds.). Saunders, Philadelphia, p. 244.
Lehmann, J. F., A. W. Guy, V. C. Johnston, G. D. Brunner, and J. W. Bell (1962a) Comparison of relative heating patterns produced in tissues by exposure to microwave energy at frequencies of 2450 and 900 megacycles. Arch. Phys. Med. 43: 69.
Lehmann, J. F., J. A. McMillan, G. D. Brunner, and A. W. Guy (1962b) A comparative evaluation of temperature distributions produced by microwaves at 2456 and 900 megacycles in geometrically complex specimens. Arch. Phys. Med. 43: 502.
Lehmann, J. F., J. A. McMillan, G. D. Brunner, D. R. Silverman, and V. C. Johnston (1964) Modification of heating patterns produced by microwaves at the frequencies of 2456 and 900 mc. by physiologic factors in the human. Arch. Phys. Med. 45: 555.
Lehmann, J. F., V. C. Johnston, J. A. McMillan, D. R. Silverman, G. D. Brunner, and L. A. Rathbun (1965) Comparison of deep heating by microwaves at frequencies of 2456 and 900 megacycles. Arch. Phys. Med. 46: 307.
Lehmann, J. F., D. R. Silverman, B. A. Baum, N. L. Kirk, and V. C. Johnston (1966) Temperature distributions in the human thigh, produced by infrared, hot pack and microwave applications. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 47: 291.
Lowrance, W. W. (1976) Of Acceptable Risk: Science and the Determination of Safety. Kaufmann, Los Altos, Calif.
McMahon, T. (1973) Size and shape in biology. Science 179: 1201.
Massoudi, H. (1976) Long Wavelength Analysis of Electromagnetic Power Absorption by Prolate Spheroidal and Ellipsoidal Models of Man. Ph.D. thesis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
Massoudi, H., C. H. Durney, and C. C. Johnson (1977) Long-wavelength electromagnetic power absorption in ellipsoidal models of man and animals IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-25: 47.
National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (1981) Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields. NCRP Report No. 67. Washington, D.C.
Nishimura, H., and S. Miyamoto (1969) Teratogenic effects of sodium chloride in mice. Acta Anat. 74: 121.
Schaffer, M. B. (1962) The Thermal Response of Small Animals to Microwave Radiation. The Rand Corporation (Rep. Rand-P-2558–1), Santa Monica, Calif.
Schwan, H. P. (1960) Characteristics of absorption and energy transfer of microwaves and ultrasound in tissues. In: Medical Physics, Vol. 3, O. Glasser (ed.). Year Book Medical, Chicago, pp. 1–7.
Schwan, H. P. (1968) Radiation biology, medical applications and radiation hazards. In: Microwave Power Engineering, Vol. 2, E. C. Okress (ed.). Academic Press, New York, p. 213.
Schwan, H. P. (1971) Interaction of microwave and radiofrequency radiation with biological systems. IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech. MTT-19: 146.
Schwan, H. P. (1974) Principles of interaction of microwave fields at the cellular and molecular level. In: Biological Effects and Health Hazards of Microwave Radiation, P. Czerski, K. Ostrowski, M. L. Shore, C. Silverman, M. J. Suess, and B. Waldeskog (eds.). Polish Medical Publishers, Warsaw, p. 152.
Schwan, H. P. (1975) Dielectric properties of biological materials and interaction of microwave fields at the cellular and molecular level. In: Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Nonionizing Radiation, S. M. Michaelson, M. W. Miller, R. Magin, and E. L. Cartensen (eds.). Plenum Press, New York, p. 3.
Schwan, H. P., and G. M. Piersol (1954) The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues, a review and critical analysis. Part I. Biophysical aspects. Am. J. Phys. Med. 33: 371.
Schwan, H. P., and G. M. Piersol (1955) The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues, a review and critical analysis. Part H. Physiological and clinical aspects. Am. J. Phys. Med. 34: 425.
Stuchly, M. A. (1978) Health Aspects of Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation Exposure, Part 2. Department of National Health and Welfare, Ottawa.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Michaelson, S.M., Lin, J.C. (1987). Criteria for Evaluation of Biological Literature. In: Biological Effects and Health Implications of Radiofrequency Radiation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4614-3_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3202-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4614-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive