Abstract
A substantial fraction of the whole body of electrochemical capacitor development has depended, and continues to do so, on an understanding of the properties of carbon, especially in its more dispersed and conducting forms, including materials having fibrous or foamlike morphologies. It has been known for many years that there are two or really three natural allotropic forms of carbon: diamond, graphite, and the fullerenes, as noted in an earlier chapter. The graphite modification is crystalline and a moderately conducting, anisotropic, electronic conductor. Diamond is a highly ordered and insulating material. In addition, amorphous forms of carbon are well known, and transitions between amorphous and graphitic structures are possible at elevated temperatures, but are possible for diamond only at extremes of conditions. In more recent years, other modifications of carbon have been prepared or become known, namely, the fullerenes (which may exist in interstellar space), glassy carbon, and exotic species such as C2, which was also detected in interstellar space. Carbon “blacks” such as Shawinigan black or acetylene blacks (soots) are well known and have relatively high specific surface areas in the range of 30’1000 m2 per gram. However, they are not usually suitable for fabrication of capacitor electrodes.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
J. P. Randin and E. Yeager, J. Electroanal Chem., 36, 257 (1972).
J. P. Randin and E. Yeager, J. Electroanal. Chem., 58, 313 (1975).
K. Kinoshita, Carbon, Wiley, New York (1988).
H. E. Becker, U.S. Patent to General Electric Co., No. 2,800,616 (1957).
J. C. Currie, in Chemistry and Physics of Composite Media, M. Tomkiewicz and P.N. Sen, eds., vol. 85’8, p. 174, Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. See also J. C. Currie, U.S. Patent to Sohio, No. 4,730,239 (1988).
E. B. Yeager, J. A. Molla, and S. Gupta, in Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on the Electrochemistry of Carbon, vol. 84’5, p. 123, S. Sarangapani, J. R. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
R. F. Strickland-Constable, Trans. Faraday Soc, 34, 1074 (1938).
H. A. Kozlowska, in Comprehensive Treatise of Electrochemistry, J. O’M. Bockris, B.E. Conway, and E. Yeager, eds., vol. 9, Chapter 2, Plenum, New York (1981).
M. L. Studebaker and C.W. Snow, J. Phys. Chem., 59, 973 (1955).
K. Kinoshita and J. A. S. Bett, Carbon, 13, 403 (1975).
T. Murata and Y. Matsuda, Electrochim. Acta, 27, 795 (1982).
K. F. Blurton, Electrochim. Acta, 18, 869 (1973).
C. Kozlowska and P. M. A. Sherwood, J. Chem. Soc, Faraday Trans., I, 80, 2099 (1984).
A. Proctor and P. M. A. Sherwood, Carbon, 21, 53 (1983).
S. Mrozowski and J. F. Andrews, in Proc. IVth Conference on Carbon, p. 207, Pergamon, New York (1960).
L. S. Singer and C. Wagner, in Proc. Vth Conference on Carbon, vol. 2, p. 65, Pergamon, New York (1963).
E. G. Gagnon, J. Electrochem. Soc, 122, 521 (1975).
Y. Oren, H. Tobias, and A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 162, 87 (1985).
B. Kastening, W. Schiel, and M. Henschel, J. Electroanal. Chem., 191, 311 (1985).
D. C. Grahame, Chem. Rev., 41, 441 (1947).
A. Hamelin, in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. 16, Chapter 1, B. E. Conway, J. O’M. Bockris, and R. White, eds., Plenum, New York (1981).
A. Soffer and M. Folman, J. Electroanal. Chem., 38, 25 (1972).
A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 40, 153 (1973).
J. Koresh and A. Soffer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 124, 1379 (1977).
J. Oren and A. Soffer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 125, 869 (1978).
J. Koresh and A. Soffer, J. Electrochem. Chem., 147, 223 (1983).
H. Tobias and A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 148, 221 (1983).
Y. Oren, H. Tobias, and A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 162, 87 (1984).
Y. Oren and A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 186, 63 (1985).
Y. Oren and A. Soffer, J. Electroanal. Chem., 206, 101 (1986).
D. Golub, A. Soffer, and Y. Oren, J. Electroanal. Chem., 227, 41 (1987).
V. Sihvonen, Trans. Faraday Soc, 34, 1062 (1938).
L. Antropov, Theoretical Electrochemistry, Chapter 10.3, p. 277, MIR Publ., Moscow (1972).
L. Meyer, Trans. Faraday Soc, 34, 1056 (1938).
R. Schilow, Zeit. Phys. Chem., 149, 211 (1930).
J. D. Lambert, Trans. Faraday Soc, 34, 1080 (1938).
The Electrochemistry of Carbon, Electrochemical Society Symposium, vol. 84’5, S. Sarangapani, J. K. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
X. Chu and K. Kinoshita, in Electrochemical Capacitors, Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 95’29, F. Delnick and M. Tomkiewicz, eds., 171 (1995).
M. G. Sullivan, M. Bartech, R. Kotz, and O. Hass, in Electrochemical Society Proceedings, vol. 96’25, p. 192 (19%), The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1996).
L. S. Singer, in Proc. Electrochem. Soc. Symposium on Electrochemistry of Carbon, S. Sarangapani, J. R. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., p. 26, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington N.J. (1984).
D. J. Ingram and J. E. Bennett, Phil. Mag., 45, 545 (1954).
J. Ueberfield, A. Etienne, and J. Combrisson, Nature, 174, 614 (1954).
F. H. Winslow, W. O. Baker, and W. A. Yager, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 77, 4751 (1955).
J. G. Castle, Phys. Rev., 92, 1063 (1953).
R. L. Collins, M. D. Bell, and G. Kraus, J. Appl. Phys., 10, 56 (1959).
J. R. Harbour and M. J. Walzak, Extended abstracts, 16th Biennial Conference on Carbon, 1983, p. 622 (published later in Carbon).
P. A. Thrower, J. Electroanal. Chem., 36, 401 (1972).
A. N. Frumkin and R. Burshtein, Zeit. Phys. Chem. (Leipzig), A141, 219 (1929).
T. C. Golden, R. G. Jenkins, Y. Otake, and A. W. Scaroni, in Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on The Electrochemistry of Carbon, S. Sarangapani, J. R. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., vol. 84’5, p. 61, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
V. A. Garten and D. E. Weiss, Rev. Pure Applied Chem., 7, 69 (1957);
V. A. Garten and D. E. Weiss, Austral, J. Chem., 8, 68 (1955).
N. K. Adam, The Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces, 3rd edn., Oxford University Press, Lond., (1941).
T. J. Fabish and D. E. Schliefer, Carbon, 22,19 (1984).
F. Beck and H. Krohn, in Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on The Electrochemistry of Carbon (1983), S. Sarangapani, J. R. Adridge, and B. Schumm, eds., vol. 84’5, p. 574, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
W. Rüdorff and U. Hofmann, Zeit. Anorg. Chem., 238, (1938).
L. R. Ebert, in Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on The Electrochemistry of Carbon, S. Sarangapani, J. R. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., vol. 84’5, p. 595, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
G. Dresselhaus, in Proc. Electrochemical Society Symposium on The Electrochemistry of Carbon, S. Sarangapani, J. R. Akridge, and B. Schumm, eds., vol. 84’5, p. 5, The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, N.J. (1984).
T. Murata and Y. Matsuda, Electrochim. Acta, 27, 795 (1982).
General Reading References
K. Kinoshita, Carbon: Electrochemical and Physical Properties, Wiley, New York (1988).
R. L. McCreery, in Carbon Electrodes in Electroanalytical Chemistry, A. J. Bard, ed., vol. 17, p. 221 (1987).
R. Barton, Carbon, 10, p. 395 (1972).
Faraday Discussion in Trans. Faraday Soc, 34, The Faraday Society, London (1938).
Chemistry and Physics of Carbon, P. L. Walker and P. A. Thrower, eds., 16, 119, Marcel Dekker, New York (1973).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Conway, B.E. (1999). The Double Layer and Surface Functionalities at Carbon. In: Electrochemical Supercapacitors. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3058-6_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-3058-6_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-3060-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-3058-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive