Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The Cardiovascular System

  • Chapter
Family Medicine

  • 85 Accesses

Abstract

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death and disability in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and Western Europe. Mortality from cardiovascular disease in the United States is approximately twice that for cancer, accounting for one-fourth of all deaths of individuals less than 65 years of age. For 15 to 25% of Americans the first sign of cardiovascular disease is sudden cardiac death. For those who survive the first coronary event, the 5-year risk of dying from underlying CHD is extremely high.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Hoebel FC. Brief family-interactional therapy in the management of cardia-related high risk behaviors. J Fam Pract 1976; 3: 613–618.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Buell JC, Elliot RS. The role of emotional stress in the development of heart disease. JAMA 1979; 242: 365–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Morgan WP, Raglin JS. Heart disease and rehabilitation. New York: Wiley, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Jenkins CD. Recent evidence supporting psychologic and social risk factors for coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 987–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Eden D, Shiron A, Kellerman JJ, et al. Stress, anxiety and coronary risk in a supportive society. In: Spielberger CD, Sarason IG, eds. Stress and anxiety. Vol. 4. New York: Hemisphere Publishing, 1977:251–68. AHA abstract 71.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Kaplan NM. Therapy for mild hypertension. JAMA 1983; 249: 365–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The 1984 report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1045–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Lanfors EW, Feussner JR, Blessing CL, Starmer CF, Neelon FA, McKee PA. Spurious hypertension in the obese patient—effect of sphygmomanometer cuff size on prevalence of hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1984; 144: 1482–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Perloff D, Sokolow M, Cowan R. The prognostic value of ambula-tory blood pressures. JAMA 1983; 249: 2792–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Croog SH, Levine S, Testa MA, et al. The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1657— 64.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Taylor DW, et al. Increased absentee-ism from work after detection and labeling of hypertensive patients. N Engl J Med 1978; 299: 741–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kaplan NM. Non-drug treatment of hypertension. Ann Intern Med 1985; 102: 359–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. MacMahon SW, Norton RN. Alcohol and hypertension: implica-tions for prevention and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1986; 105: 124–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Klotsky AL. The relationship of alcohol and the cardiovascular system. Annu Rev Nutr 1982; 2: 51–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Langford HG, Blaufox D, Oberman A, et al. Dietary therapy slows the return of hypertension after stopping prolonged medica-tion. JAMA 1985; 253: 657–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. The Working Group on Hypertension in the Elderly. Statement on hypertension in the elderly. JAMA 1986; 256: 70–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Morledge JH, Ettinger B, Aranda J, et al. Isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc 1986; 34: 199–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Check WA. Interdisciplinary efforts seek hypertension causes, prevention, therapy in Blacks. JAMA 1986; 256: 11–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ross R. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis—an update. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 488–99.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Bart JD, et al. Diet, lipoproteins and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis: the Leiden intervention trial. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 805–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Diamond GA, Forrester JS. Analysis of probability as an aid in the clinical diagnosis of coronary-artery disease. N Engl J Med 1979; 300: 350–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Sox HC, Margolies I, Sox CH. Psychologically mediated effects of diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med 1981; 95: 680–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Silverman KJ, Grossman W. Angina pectoris: natural history and strategies for evaluation and management. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1712–27.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Maseri A, Parodi O, Box KM. Rational approach to the medical therapy of angina pectoris: the role of calcium antagonists. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 1983; 25: 269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Abrams J. Nitroglycerin and long-acting nitrates. N Engl J Med 1980; 302: 1234–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Jordan RA, Seth L, Casebolt P, Hayes MJ, Wilen MM, Franciosa J. Rapidly developing tolerance to transdermal nitroglycerin in congestive heart failure. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 295.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Abrams J. Transdermal nitroglycerin and nitrate tolerance (edito-rial). Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 424–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Gottlieb SO, Weisfeldt ML, Ouyang P, Mellits ED, Gerstenblith %G. Silent ischemia as a marker for early unfavorable outcomes in patients with unstable angina. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 1214–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Braunwald E. Coronary artery spasm: mechanisms and clinical relevance. JAMA 1981; 246: 1957–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Conti CR. Coronary-artery spasm and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 238–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Vincent GM, Anderson JL, Marshall HW. Coronary spasm pro-ducing coronary thrombosis and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 220–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Kirshenbaum HD, Ockene IS, Alpert JS. The spectrum of coronary artery spasm: the variable variant. JAMA 1981; 246: 354–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Heikkila J. The clinical dilemma of the patient with angina pectoris and heart failure. Pract Cardiol 1986; 12: 54–66.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Epstein SE. Importance of identifying left main coronary artery narrowing in subsets of patients with coronary artery disease (edi-torial). Ann Intern Med 1979; 91: 308–10.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Hultgren HN, Giacomini JC, Miller C. Treatment of unstable angina. JAMA 1985; 253: 2555–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Holmes DR, Vlietstra RE. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: current status and future trends. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61: 865–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Fuster V, Chesebro JH. Mechanisms of unstable angina (edito-rial). N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 1023–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Brown BG, Dodge HT. Unstable angina: guidelines for therapy based on the last decade of clinical observations (editorial). Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 921–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Holmes DR, Smith HC. Mechanical reperfusion alone or com-bined with lytic therapy during myocardial infarction. Pract Cardiol 1986; 12: 39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Pozen MW, D’Agostino RB, Selker HP, et al. A predictive instru-ment to improve coronary-care unit admission practices in acute ischemic heart disease: prospective multicenter clinical trial. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 1273–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Brush JE, Brand DA, Acampora D, Chalmer B, Wackers FJ. Use of the initial electrocardiogram to predict in-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 1137–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Fisher ML, Carliner NH, Becker LC, Peters RW, Plotnick GD. Serum creatine kinase in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. JAMA 1983; 249: 393–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Irving RG, Cobb FR, Roe CR. Acute myocardial infarction and MB creatine and appearance and disappearance of enzyme. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 339–44.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Wagner GS. Optimal use of serum enzyme levels in the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 1980; 140: 317–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hill NS, Antman EM, Green LH, Alpert JS. Intravenous nitroglycerin: review of pharmacology, indications, therapeutic effects and complications. Chest 1981; 79: 69–76.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Relman AS. Intravenous thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (editorial). N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 915–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. I.S.A.M. Study Group. A prospective trial of intravenous Streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction (I.S.A.M.): mortality, morbidity, and infarct size at 21 days. N Engl J Med 1986:314:1445–71.

    Google Scholar 

  48. T.I.M.I. Study Group. The thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI trial: phase I findings) N Engl J Med 1985: 312: 932–6.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Frishman WH, Furberg CD, Friedewald WT. Beta-adrenergic blockade for survivors of acute myocardial infaretion. N Engl J Med 1984; 310: 830–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Pedersen TR, for the Norwegian Multicenter Study Group. Six-year follow-up of the Norwegian multicenter study on timolol after acute myocardial infaretion. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1055–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. MIAMI Trial Research Group. Metoprolol in acute myocardial infaretion (MIAMI). Am J Cardiol 1985;56:1G–9G, 55G–57G.

    Google Scholar 

  52. ISIS-1 (First International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of intravenous atenolol among 16,027 cases of suspected acute myocardial infaretion: ISIS-1. Lancet 1986;2:July 12: 57–65.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Cohn PF. The role of noninvasive cardiac testing after an uncom-plicated myocardial infaretion. N Engl J Med 1983; 309: 90–3.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Füller CM, Raizner AE, Verani MS, et al. Early post-myocardial infaretion treadmill stress testing: an accurate predictor of multivessel coronary disease and subsequent cardiac events. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 734–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Schwartz KM, Turner JD, Sheffield LT, et al. Limited exercise testing soon after myocardial infaretion: correlation with early coronary and left ventricular angiography. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 727–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Starling MR, Crawford MH, Kennedy GT, O’Rourke RA. Treadmill exercise tests predischarge and six weeks post-myocardial infaretion to detect abnormalities of known prognostic value. Ann Intern Med 1981; 94: 721–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Little RC, Little WC. Cardiac preload, afterload, and heart fail-ure. Arch Intern Med 1982; 142: 819–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Cohn JM. New concepts in the mechanisms and treatment of congestive heart failure: introduction. Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 1A.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Gorlin R. Practical cardiac hemodynamics. N Engl J Med 1977; 296: 203–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Chatterjee K, Rouleau JL, Parmley W. Medical management of patients with angina: has first-line management changed? JAMA 1984; 252: 1168–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Sodums MT, Walsh RA, O’Rourke RA. Digitalis in heart failure. JAMA 1981; 246: 158–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Lee DC, Johnson RA, Bingham JB, et al. Heart failure in outpa-tients: a randomized trial of digoxin versus placebo. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 699–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Abrams J. Vasodilator therapy for chronic congestive heart failure. JAMA 1985; 254: 3070–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Cohn JN. A symposium: role of nitrates in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 1985; 56: 1A.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Colucci WS, Fifer MA, Lorell BH, Wynne J. Calcium Channel blockers in congestive heart failure: theoretic considerations and clinical experience. Am J Med 1985; 78 (suppl. 2B): 9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Kapoor WN, et al. Syncope of unknown origin. JAMA 1982; 247: 2687–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kapoor WN, Karpf M, Mäher Y, Miller RA, Levey GS. Syncope of unknown origin. Issues in evaluating patients with snycope. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100: 755–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Ritchin SM, Fletcher RH, Erp JA, Lamson N, Waugh R. Mitral valve prolapse—disease or illness? Arch Intern Med 1986; 146: 1081–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Engel GL. Psychologie stress, vasodepressor (vasovagal) syncope, and sudden death. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 403–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. McGovern B, Garan Hasan Rsukin JN. Precipitation of cardiac arrest by Verapamil in patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 791–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Kennedy HL, Whitlock JA, Sprague MK, Kennedy LJ, Bucking-ham TA, Goldberg RJ. Long-term follow-up of asymptomatic healthy subjects with frequent and complex ventricular ectopy. N Engl J Med 1985; 312: 193–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Swerdlow CD, Winkle RA, Mason JW. Determinants of survival in patients with ventricular taehyarrhythmias. N Engl J Med 1983; 308: 1436–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Nygaard TW, Seilers TD, Cook TS, DiMarco JP. Adverse reactions to antiarrhythmic drugs during therapy for ventricular ar-rhythmias. JAMA 1986; 256: 55–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Woolsey RL. Risk/benefit considerations in antiarrhythmic therapy. JAMA 1986; 256: 82–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. McAulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, et al. Natural history of “high-risk” bundle-branch block. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 137–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Bates B: A guide to physical examination. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1979, pp. 139–172.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Rothman A, Goldberger AL. Aids to cardiac auscultation. Ann Intern Med 1983; 99: 346–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Shulman ST, Amren DP, Bisno AL, et al. Prevention of bacterial endocarditis: a Statement for health Professionals by the Commit-tee on Rheumatic Fever and Infective Endocarditis of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Circulation 1984; 70: 1123A - 7A.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Dhingra RC, Amat-y-Leon F, Pietras RJ, et al. Sites of conduction disease in aortic stenosis: significance of valve gradient and calcifi-cation. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 275–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Schwartz A, Vignola PA, Walker HJ, King ME, Goldblatt A. Echocardiographic estimation of aortic-valve gradient in aortic stenosis. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89: 329–35.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Grayburn PA, Smith MD, Handshoe R, Friedman BJ, DeMaria AN. Detection of aortic insufficiency by Standard echocardio-graphy, pulsed Doppler echocardiography and auscultation. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 599–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Wynne J. Mitral valve prolapse (editorial). N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 544–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Cheitlin MD, Byrd RC. The click-murmur Syndrome: clinical problem in diagnosis and treatment. JAMA 1981; 245: 1357–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Devereux RB, Kramer-Fox R, Brown WT, et al. Relation between clinical features of the mitral prolapse Syndrome and echo-cardiographically documented mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coli Cardiol 1986; 8: 763–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Fowler R. Cardiac failure. Pediatr Rev 1980; 1: 321–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Southall DP, Johnson AM, Shinebourne EA, Johnston GB, Vul-liamy DG. Frequency and outcome of disorders of cardiac rhythm and conduction in a population of newborn infants. Pediatrics 1981; 68: 58–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Reeder GS, Currie PJ, Hagler DJ, Tajik AJ, Sweard JB. Use of Doppler techniques (continuous-wave, pulsed-wave, and color flow imaging) in the non-invasive hemodynamic assessment of congenital heart disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1986; 61: 725–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kereiakes DJ, Parmley WW. Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Am Heart J 1984; 108: 1318–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Goldman L, Caldera DL, Nussbaum SR, et al. Multifactorial index of cardiac risk in noncardiac surgical procedures. N Engl J Med 1977; 297: 845–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Goldman L. Cardiac risks and complications of noncardiac surgery. Ann Intern Med 1983; 98: 504–13.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. American College of Sportsmedicine. Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: ACS, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Goldschlager N. Use of the treadmill test in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease in patients with chest pain. Ann Intern Med 1982; 97: 383–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Shine KI, Perloff JK, Child JS, Marshall RC, Schelbert H: Noninvasive assessment of myocardial function. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92: 78–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Gorlin R: New trends in cardiac diagnosis (monograph). Kansas City: American Academy of Family Physicians, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Talliercio CP, Vlietstra RE, Fisher LD, Burnett JC. Risks for renal dysfunction with cardiac angiography. Ann Intern Med 1986; 104: 501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Erb BD, Fletcher GF, Sheffield TL. Standards for cardiovascular treatment programs. Circulation 1979; 59: 1084A - 90A.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Wenger NK. Rehabilitation of the coronary patient: scope of the problem and responsibility of the primary care physicians.Car-diovasc Rev Rep 1981; 2: 1249–61.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. John W. Beasley
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James E. Davis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Patrick McBride
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Family Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, 97201, Portland, Oregon, USA

    Robert B. Taylor M.D. (Professor and Chairman) (Professor and Chairman)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Beasley, J.W., Davis, J.E., McBride, P. (1988). The Cardiovascular System. In: Taylor, R.B. (eds) Family Medicine. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1998-7_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1998-7_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-2000-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1998-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation