Skip to main content
View expanded cover

Renal Physiology pp 132–213Cite as

Tubular Processing of Glomerular Ultrafiltrate: Mechanisms of Electrolyte and Water Transport

  • Chapter

Abstract

Once the glomerular filtrate is formed, the next major steps in the renal regulation of body fluids occur in the tubular exchanger. Here, as the filtrate flows under a hydrostatic pressure head along the various nephron segments, almost all the filtered water and solutes are reabsorbed from the tubules, while some organic compounds are secreted into the tubules, yielding a small, hypertonic volume of urine. The final volume and composition of this excreted urine will largely depend on the efficiency of these two tubular transport processes and their intrarenal and extrarenal regulation.

Keywords

  • Proximal Tubule
  • Distal Tubule
  • Sodium Reabsorption
  • Distal Convoluted Tubule
  • Luminal Membrane

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-1912-3_9
  • Chapter length: 82 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-1-4757-1912-3
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Alpern RJ, Cogan MG, Rector FC Jr: Effects of extracellular fluid volume and plasma bicarbonate concentration of proximal acidification in the rat. J Clin Invest 1983; 71: 736–746.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  2. Aronson PS, Nee J, Suhm MA: Modifier role of internal H in activating Na’-H+ exchanger in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Nature 1982; 299: 161–163.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  3. Arrizurieto-Muchnik EE, Lassiter WE, Lipham EM, Gottschalk CW: Micropuncture study of glomerulo-tubular balance in the rat kidney. Nephron 1969; 6: 418–439.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  4. August JT, Nelson DH, Thorn GW: Response of normal subjects to large amounts of aldosterone. J Clin Invest 1958; 37: 1549–1555.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  5. Bachmann S, Kriz W: The thin limbs of Henle’s loop in the golden hamster kidney: A TEM study. Cell Tissue Res 1982; 225: 111–127.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  6. Bank N, Aynedjian HS: A micropuncture study of renal bicarbonate and chloride reabsorption in hypokalemic alkalosis. Clin Sci 1965; 29: 159–170.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Barrett JM, Heidger PM: Microbodies of the rat renal proximal tubule: Ultrastructural and cytochemical investigations. Cell Tissue Res 1975; 157: 283–305.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  8. Bello-Reuss E: Effect of catecholamines on fluid reabsorption by the isolated proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: F347 - F352.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Benjamin WB, Singer I: Aldosterone-induced protein in toad urinary bladder. Science 1974; 186: 269–272.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  10. Bennett CM, Brenner BM, Berliner RW: Micro-puncture study of nephron function in the Rhesus monkey. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 203–216.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  11. Bennett CM, Clapp JR, Berliner RW: Micropuncture study of the proximal and distal tubule in the dog. Am J Physiol 1967; 213: 1254–1262.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Berndt WO, Miller M, Kettyle WM, Valtin H: Potentiation of the antidiuretic effect of vasopressin by chlorpropamide. Endocrinology 1970; 86: 1028–1032.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  13. Berry CA: Water permeability and pathways in the proximal tubule. Am JPhysiol 1983a; 245: F279 - F294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Berry CA: A lack of effect of peritubular protein on passive NaCl transport in the rabbit proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 1983b; 71: 268–281.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  15. Berry CA, Rector FC Jr: Active and passive sodium transport in the proximal tubule. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1980; 4: 149–160.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Berry CA, Warnock DG, Rector FC Jr: Ion selectivity and proximal salt reabsorption. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: F234 - F245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Biagi B, Sohtell M, Giebisch G: Intracelular potassium activity in the rabbit proximal straight tubule. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: F677 - F686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Borenstein HB, Cupples WA, Sonnenberg H, Veress AT: The effect of natriuretic atrial extract on renal haemodynamics and urinary excretion in anesthetized rats. J Physiol (Lond) 1983; 334: 133–140.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Brenner BM, Berliner RW: Relationship between extracellular volume and fluid reabsorption by the rat nephron. Am J Physiol 1969; 217: 6–12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brenner BM, Falchuk KH, Keimowitz RI, Berliner RW: The relationship between peritubular capillary protein concentration and fluid reabsorption by the renal proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 1969; 48: 1519–1531.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  21. Brown D, Roth J, Kumpulainen TO: Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of carbonic anhydrase. Histochem J 1982; 75: 209–213.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  22. Bulger RE, Cronin RE, Dobyan DC: Survey of the morphology of the dog kidney. Anat Rec 1979; 194: 41–66.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  23. Burg MB, Grantham J, Abramow M, Orloff J: Preparation and study of fragments of single rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 1966; 210: 1293–1298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Burg MB, Stoner L: Sodium transport in the distal nephron. Fed Proc 1974; 33: 31–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Burg MB, Stoner L, Cardinal J, Green N: Furosemide effect on isolated perfused tubules. Am J Physiol 1973; 225: 119–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Chabardes D, Gagnan-Brunette M, Imbert-Teboul M, et al: Adenylate cyclase responsiveness to hormones in various portions of the human nephron. J Clin Invest 1980; 65: 439–448.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  27. Chan YL: The role of norepinephrine in the regulation of fluid absorption in the rat proximal tubule. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 215: 65–70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Civan MM, Hoffman RE: Effect of aldosterone on electrical resistance of toad bladder. Am J Physiol 1971; 220: 324–328.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Clapp RJ, Robinson RR: Distal sites of action of diuretic drugs in the dog nephron. AmJPhysiol 1968; 215: 228–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cortney MA: Renal tubular transfer of water and electrolytes in adrenalectomized rats. Am J Physiol 1969; 216: 589–598.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Crabbe J: Stimulation of active sodium transprt by the isolated toad bladder with aldosterone in vitro. J Clin Invest 1961; 40: 2103–2110.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  32. Crabbe J, De Weer P: Relevance of transport pool measurements in toad bladder tissue for the elucidation of the mechanism whereby hormones stimulate active sodium transport. Arch Ges Physiol 1969; 313: 197–221.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  33. Curran PF, Maclntosh JR: A model system for biological water transport. Nature 1962; 193: 347–348.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  34. Daly JJ, Roe JW, Horrocks P: A comparison of sodium excretion following the infusion of saline into systemic and portal veins in the dog: evidence for a hepatic role in the control of sodium excretion. Clin Sci 1967; 33: 481–487.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Davis JO: The control of renin release. Am J Med 1973; 55: 333–350.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  36. Day H, Middendorf D, Lukert B, et al: The renal response to intravenous vanadate in rats. J Lab Clin Med 1980; 96: 382–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. De Bold AJ: Atrial natriuretic factor of the rat heart. Studies on isolation and properties. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1982; 170: 133–138.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. De Fronzo RA, Cooke CR, Andres R, et al: The effect of insulin on renal handling of sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in man. JClinlnvest 1975; 55: 845–855.

    Google Scholar 

  39. De Fronzo RA, Goldberg M, Agus ZS: The effects of glucose and insulin on renal electrolyte transport. J Clin Invest 1976; 58: 83–90.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  40. De Rouffignac C, Corman B, Roinel N: Stimulation by antidiuretic hormone of electrolyte. Tubular reabsorption in rat kidney. Am JPhysiol 1984; 244: F156 - F164.

    Google Scholar 

  41. De Wardener HE: The control of sodium excrtetion. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: F163 - F173.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. De Wardener HE, Mills IH, Clapham WF, Hayter CJ: Studies on the efferent mechanism of the sodium diuresis which follows the administration of intravenous saline in dog. Clin Sci 1961; 21: 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Diamond JM, Bossert WH: Standing gradient osmotic flow. A mechanism for coupling of water and solute transport in epithelia. J Gen Physiol 1967; 50: 2061–2083.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  44. Dieterich HJ, Barrett JM, Kriz W, Bulhoff JP: The ultrastructure of the thin loop limbs of the mouse kidney. Anat Embryol 1975; 147: 1–18.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  45. Dietz JR: Release of natriuretic factor from rat heart-lung preparation by atrial distension. Am J Physiol 1984; 247: R1093 - R1096.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Dirks JH, Cirksena WJ, Berliner RW: The effect of saline infusion on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 1160–1170.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  47. Dobyan DC, Bulger RE: Renal carbonic anhydrase. Am J Physiol 1982; 243:F311–FF324.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Dobyan DC, Magill LS, Friedman PA, et al: Carbonic anhydrase histochemistry in rabbit and mouse kidneys. Anat Rec 1982; 204: 185–197.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  49. Dousa TP: Role of cyclic AMP in the action of antidiuretic hormone on the kidney. Life Sci 1973; 13: 1033–1040.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  50. Dousa TP: Cellular action of antidiuretic hormone in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Mayo Clin Proc 1974; 49: 188–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Du Vigneaud V: Trail of sulfur research: From insulin to oxytocin. Science 1956; 123: 967–974.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  52. Earley LE, Friedler RM: The effects of combined renal vasodilation and pressor agents on renal hemodynamics and the tubular reabsorption of sodium. J Clin Invest 1966; 45: 542–551.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  53. Earley LE, Schrier RW: Intrarenal control of sodium excretion by hemodynamic and physical factors, in Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds): Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology. Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1973, pp 721–762.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Edelman IS: Receptors and effectors in hormone action on the kidney. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: F333 - F339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Edelman IS: Mechanism of action of steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem 1975; 6: 147–159.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  56. Edelman IS: The initiation mechanism in the action of aldosterone on sodium transport. J Steroid Biochem 1972; 3: 167–172.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  57. Edelman IS, Fimognari GM: On the biochemical mechanism of action of aldosterone. Recent Prog Horm Res 1968; 24: 1–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Edwards BR, Novakova A, Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Effects of acute urea infusion on proximal tubular reabsorption in the dog kidney. Am J Physiol 1973; 224: 73–79.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Elalouf JM, Roinel N, De Rouffinac C: ADH-like effects of calcitonin on electrolyte. Transport by Henle’s loop of rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: F213 - F220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Ellison DH, Velazquez H, Wright FS: Stimulation of distal potassium secretion by low lumen chloride in the presence of barium. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F638 - F649.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. El Mernissi G, Doucet A: Short-term effects of aldosterone and dexamethasone onNa-K-ATPase along the rabbit nephron. PfiuegersArch 1983; 399: 147–151.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Eveloff J, Bayerdorffer E, Silva P, Kinne R: Sodium-chloride transport in the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop. Oxygen consumption studies in isolated cells. Pfluegers Arch 1981; 389: 263–270.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  63. Eveloff J, Haase W, Kinne R: Separation of renal medullary cells: Isolation of cells from the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop. J Cell Biol 1980; 87: 672–681.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  64. Ernst SA: Transport ATPase cytochemistry: Ultra-structural localization of potassium-dependent and potassium-independent activities in rat kidney cortex. J Cell Biol 1975; 66: 586–608.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  65. Ernst SA, Mills JE: Basolateral plasma membrane localization of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport sites in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland. J Cell Biol 1977; 75: 74–94.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  66. Ernst SA, Schreiber JH: Ultrastructural localization of Na’,K+-ATPase in rat and rabbit kidney medulla. J Cell Biol 1981; 91: 803–813.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  67. Fakunding JL, Chow R, Catt KJ: The role of calcium in the stimulation of aldosterone production by adrenocorticotropin, angiotensin II, and potassium in isolated glomerulosa cells. Endocrinology 1979; 105: 327–333.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  68. Fanestil DD, Park CS: Steroid hormones and the kidney. Ann Rev Physiol 1981; 43: 637–649.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  69. Feldman D, Funder JW, Edelman IS: Subcellular mechanisms in the action of adrenal steroids. Am J Med 1972; 53: 545–560.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  70. Field MJ, Stanton BA, Giebisch GH: Influence of ADH on renal potassium handling: A micropuncture and microperfusion study. Kidney Int 1984; 25: 502–511.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  71. Flynn TG, de Bold ML, de Bold AJ: The amino acid sequence of an atrial peptide with potent diuretic and natriuretic properties. Biochem Biophys Res Comm 1983; 117: 859–865.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  72. Fromter E, Gessner K: Free flow potential profile along rat kidney proximal tubule. Pfluegers Arch 1974; 351: 69–84.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  73. Ganote CE, Grantham JJ, Moses HL, et al: Ultra-structural studies of vasopressin effect on isolated perfused renal collecting tubules of the rabbit. J Cell Biol 1968; 36: 355–367.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  74. Gertz KH: Transtubulare Natriumchloridflusse and permeabilitat fur Nichteletrolyte im proximalen and distalen Konvolut der Rattenniere. Arch Ges Physiol 1963; 276: 336–356.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Giebisch G: Coupled ion and fluid transport in the kidney. N Engl J Med 1972; 287: 913–919.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  76. Giebisch G: Functional organization of proximal and distal tubular electrolyte transport. Nephron 1969; 6: 260–281.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  77. Giebisch G: The contribution of measurements of electrical phenomena to our knowledge of renal electrolyte transport. Prog Cardiovas Dis 1961; 3: 463–482.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  78. Giebisch G: Measurements of electrical potentials and ion fluxes on single renal tubules. Circulation 1960; 21: 879–891.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  79. Giebisch G, Malnic G: Some aspects of renal tubular hydrogen ion transport. Proc Intern Congr Nephrol 4th Stockholm 1970; 1: 181–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Giebisch G, Windhager EE: Electrolyte transport across renal tubular membranes, in Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds): Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology. Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1973, pp 315–376.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Giebisch G, Windhager EE: Renal tubular transfer of sodium chloride and potassium. Am J Med 1964; 36: 643–669.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  82. Gluck ST, Cannon CH, Al-Awquati Q: Exocytosis regulates urinary acidification in turtle bladder by rapid insertion of H pumps into the luminal membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982; 79: 4327–4331.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  83. Goldberg LI, Volkman PH, Kohli JD: A comparison of the vascular dopamine receptor with other hormone receptors. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1978; 18: 57–79.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  84. Goldberg M, McCurdy DK, Foltz EL, Bluemle LW: Effects of ethacrynic acid (a new slauretic agent) on renal diluting and concentrating mechanisms: Evidence for site of action in the loop of Henle. J Clin Invest 1964; 43: 201–216.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  85. Good DW, Wright FS: Luminal influences on potassium secretion: Sodium concentration and fluid flow rate. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: F192 - F205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Good DW, Wright FS: Luminal influences on potassium secretion: Transepithelial voltage. Am J Physiol 1980; 239: F289 - F298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Good DW, Velazquez H, Wright FS: Luminal influences on potassium secretion: Low sodium concentration. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: F609 - F619.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Goodman DD, Allen JE, Rasmussen H: On the mechanism of action of aldosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1969; 64: 330–337.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  89. Gordon D, Nashat FS, Wilcox CS: An analysis of the regulation of sodium excretion during induced changes in plasma sodium concentration in anesthetized dogs. JPhysiol (Lond) 1981; 1981; 314: 531–545.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Gottschalk CW: Osmotic concentration and dilution of the urine. Am J Med 1964; 36: 670–685.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  91. Gottschalk CW: Renal tubular function: lessons from micropuncture. Harvey Lecture Ser 1962–1963; 58:99–123. Academic Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Gottschalk CW: Micropuncture studies of tubular function in the mammalian kidney Physiologist 1961; 4: 33–55.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Gottschalk CW, Lassiter WE: Micropuncture methodology, in Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds): Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology. Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1973, pp 129–143.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Gottschalk CW, Lassiter WE: A review of micro-puncture studies of salt and water reabsorption in the mammalian nephron. Proc Intern Congr Nephrol, Washington DC, Handler JS (ed). New York, Karger, 1967, vol 1, pp 357–373.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Grantham JJ, Ganote CE, Burg MB, Orloff J: Paths of transtubular water flow in isolated renal collecting tubules. J Cell Biol 1969; 41: 562–576.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  96. Grantham JJ: Mode of water transport in mammalian renal collecting tubules. Fed Proc 1971; 30: 14–21.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Greger R: Chloride reabsorption in the rabbit cortical thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Pfluegers Arch 1981; 390: 38–43.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  98. Greger R, Schlatter E: Properties of the lumen membrane of the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop of rabbit kidney. Pfluegers Arch 1983a; 396: 315–324.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  99. Greger R, Schlatter E: Properties of the basolateral membrane of the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop of rabbit kidney. Pfluegers Arch 1983b; 396: 325–334.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  100. Greger R, Schlatter E, Lang F: Evidence for electroneutral sodium chloride cotransport in the cortical thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop of rabbit kidney. Pfluegers Arch 1983; 396: 308–314.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  101. Gross JB, Imai M, Kokko JP: A functional comparison of the cortical collecting tubule and the distal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 1284–1294.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  102. Guder WG: Stimulation of renal gluconeogenesis by angiotensin II. Bichmim Biophys Acta 1979; 584: 507–519.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  103. Guder WG, Ross BD: Enzyme distribution along the nephron. Kidney Int 1984; 26: 101–111.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  104. Guder WG, Wirthensohn G: Metabolism of isolated kidney tubules: Interaction between lactate, glutamine and oleate metabolism. Eur J Biochem 1979; 99: 577–584.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  105. Gyory AZ, Lingard JM: Kinetics of active sodium transport in rat proximal tubules and its variation by cardiac glycosides at zero net volume and ion fluxes. Evidence for a multisite sodium transport system. J Physiol (Lund) 1976; 257: 257–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Hamill OP, Marty A, Neher E, et al: Improved patch-clamp techniques for high-resolution current recording from cells and cell-free membrane patches. Pfluegers Arch 1981; 391: 85–100.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  107. Handler JS, Preston AS, Orloff J: Effect of aldosterone on the sodium content and energy metabolism of epithelial cells of the toad urinary bladder. J Steroid Biochem 1972; 3: 137–141.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  108. Hebert SC, Andreoli TE: Control of NaCI transport in the thick ascending limb. Am J Physiol 1984; 246: F745 - F756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Hebert SC, Culpepper RM, Andreoli TE: NaC1 transport in mouse medullary thick ascending limbs. I. Functional nephron heterogeneity and ADH-stimulated NaCl cotransport. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: F412 - F431.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Hierholzer K, Wiederholt W, Holzgreve H, et al: Micropuncture study of renal transtubular concentration gradients of sodium and potassium in adrenalectomized rats. Arch Ges Physiol 1965; 285: 193–210.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  111. Higashihara E, DuBose TD Jr, Kokko JP: Direct examination of chloride transport across papillary collecting duct of the rat. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: F219 - F226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Hoffman N, Thees M, Kinne R: Phosphate transport by isolated renal brush border vesicles. Pfluegers Arch 1976; 362: 147–156.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  113. Hopfer U: Transport in isolated plasma membranes. Am J Physiol 1978; 234: F89 - F96.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Howards SS, Davis BB, Knox FG, et al: Depression of fractional sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of the dog without sodium diuresis. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 1561–1572.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  115. Imai M: Functional heterogeneity of the descending limbs of Henle’s loop. II. Interspecies differences among rabbits, rats, and hamsters. Pfluegers Arch 1984; 402: 393–401.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  116. Imai M. Function of the thin ascending limb of Henle of rats and hamsters perfused in vitro. Am J Physiol 1977; 232:F201–F209.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Imai M, Hayashi M, Araki M: Functional heterogeneity of the decending limbs of Henle’s loop. I. Intemephron heterogeneity in the hamster kidney. Pfluegers Arch 1984; 402: 385–392.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  118. Ives HE, Yee VJ, Warnock DG: Asymetrc distribution of the Na’/H+ antiporter in renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1983; 258: 13513–13516.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Jacobson HR: Functional segmentation of the mammalian nephron. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: F203 - F218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Jacobson HR, Kokko JP: Intrinsic differences in various segments of the proximal convoluted tubule. J Clin Invest 1976; 57: 818–825.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  121. Jamison RL: Micropuncture study of superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons in the rat. Am J Physiol 1970; 218: 46–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Jamison RL: Micropuncture study of segments of thin loop of Henle in the rat. Am J Physiol 1968; 215: 236–242.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Jamison RL, Work J, Schafer JA: New pathways for potassium transport in the kidney. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: F297 - F312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Jard S: Vasopressin isoreceptors in mammals: Relation to cyclic AMP-dependent and cyclic AMP-independent transduction mechanisms. Current Topics in Membranes and Transport. New York, Academic Press, 1983, p 255–285.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Jewell PA, Verney EB: An experimental attempt to determine the site of the neurohypophyseal osmoreceptors in the dog. Phil Trans 1957; B240: 197–324.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  126. Johnston CI, Davis JO, Howards SS, Wright FS: Cross-circulation experiments on the mechanism of the natriuresis during saline loading in the dog. circ Res 1967; 20: 1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  127. Kady NN, Nashat FS, Tappin JW, Wilcox CS: Glomerulotubular balance in the whole kidney of the anesthetized dog during infusion of hypertonic saline. J Physiol (Lond) 1974; 242: 114–116 P.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Kahn AM, Dolson GM, Hise MK, et al: Parathyroid hormone and dibutyryl cAMP inhibit Na+/H+ exchange in renal brush border vesicles. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F212 - F218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Kaissling B: Structural aspects of adaptive changes in renal electrolyte excretion. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: F211 - F226.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Kaissling B: Ultrastructural organization of the transition from the distal nephron to the collecting duct in the desert rodent Psammomys obesus. Cell Tissue Res 1980; 212: 475–495.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  131. Kaissling B, Kriz W: Variability of intercellular spaces between macula densa cells: A TEM study in rabbits and rats. Kidney Int 1982; 12: 9–17.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Kaissling B, Koeppen BM, Wade JB, LeHir M: Effects of mineralocorticoids on the structure of intercalated cells. Acta Anat 1981; I II: 72A.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Kaissling B, Kriz W: Structural analysis of the rabbit kidney. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1979; 56: 1–123.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  134. Kaissling B, Peter S, Kriz W: The transition of the thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop into the distal convoluted tubule in the nephron of the rat kidney. Cell Tissue Res 1977; 182: 111–118.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  135. Kamm O, Aldrich TB, Grote IW, et al: The active principles of the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. I. The demonstration of the presence of two active principles. II. The separation of the two principles and their concentration in the form of potent solid preparations. J Am Chem Soc 1928; 50: 573–601.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  136. Katz AI: Renal Na-K-ATPase: Its role in tubular sodium and potassium transport. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: F207 - F219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Katz AI, Doucet A, Morel F: Na-K-ATPase activity along the rabbit, rat, and mouse nephron. Am J Physiol 1979; 237: F114 - F120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Katz B, Epstein FH: The role of sodium-potassiumactivated adenosine triphosphatase in the reabsorption of sodium by the kidney. J Clin Invest 1967; 46: 1999–2011.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  139. Kaufman JS, Hamburger RJ: Passive potassium transport in the proximal convoluted tubule. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F228 - F232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Kawashima H, Kurokawa K: Unique hormonal regulation of vitamin D metabolism in the mammalian kidney. Mineral Electrolyte Metab 1983; 9: 227–235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Kinne R, Schwartz JL: Isolated membrane vesicles in the evaluation of nature, localization and regulation of renal transport processes. Kidney Int 1978; 14: 547–556.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  142. Kinsella JL, Freiberg JM, Sacktor B: Glucocorticoid activation of Na’/H“ exchange in renal brush border vesicles: Kinetic effects. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F233 - F239.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Kinsella JL, Aronson PS: Determination of the coupling ratio for Na“/1–1+ exchange in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1982; 689: 161–164.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  144. Kinsella JL, Aronson PS: Amiloride inhibition of the Na’ - H+ exchanger in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 1981; 241: F374 - F379.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Kinsella JL, Aronson PS: Properties of the Na+-H+ exchanger in in renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 1980; 238: F461 - F469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kirk KL, Schafer JA, DiBona DR: Quantitative analysis of the structural events associated with antidiuretic hormone-induced volume reabsorption in the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. J Membrane Biol 1984; 79: 65–74.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  147. Knochel JP, Whale MG: The role of aldosterone in renal physiology. Arch Intern Med 1973; 131: 876–884.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  148. Koch KM, Aynedjian HS, Bank N: Effect of acute hypertension on sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 1968; 47: 1696–1709.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  149. Koeppen BM, Biagi BA, Giebisch G: Intracellular microelectrode characterization of the rabbit cortical collecting duct. Am J Physiol 1983; 244: F35 - F47.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Koeppen BM, Helman SI: Acidification of luminal fluid by the rabbit cortical collecting tubule perfused in vitro. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: 521–531.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Kokko JP: Membrane characteristics governing salt and water transport in the loop of Henle. Fed Proc 1974; 33: 25–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Kokko JP: Proximal tubule potential difference dependence on glucose, HCO,- and amino acids. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 1362–1367.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  153. Kon V, Ichikawa I: Effector loci for renal nerve control of cortical microcirculation. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: F545 - F553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Kone CK, Madson KM, Tisher CC: Ultrastructure of the thick ascending limb of Henle in the rat kidney. Am J Anat 1984; 171: 217–226.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  155. Koushanpour E: Renal Physiology: Principles and Functions, ed 1. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  156. Koushanpour E, Tarica RR, Stevens WF: Mathematical simulation of normal nephron function in rat and man. J Theor Biol 1971; 31: 177–214.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  157. Kruck F: Influence of humoral factors on renal tubular sodium handling. Nephron 1969; 6: 205–216.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  158. Landwehr DM, Klose RM, Giebisch G: Renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption in the isotonic sodium chloride loaded rat. Am J Physiol 1967; 212: 1327–1333.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Landwehr DM, Schnermann J, Klose RM, Giebisch G: Effect of reduction in filtration rate on renal tubular sodium and water reabsorption. Am J Physiol 1968; 215: 687–695.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Lassiter WE, Mylle M, Gottschalk CW: Net transtubular movement of water and urea in saline diuresis. Am J Physiol 1964; 206: 669–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Lassiter WE, Mylle M, Gottschalk CW: Micro-puncture study of urea transport in rat renal medulla. Am J Physiol 1966; 210: 965–970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Lauson HD: Metabolism of antidiuretic hormones. Am J Med 1967; 42: 713–744.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  163. Lewy JE, Windhager EE: Peritubular control of proximal tubular fluid reabsorption in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1968; 214: 943–954.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Lifschitz MD, Schrier RW, Edelman IS: Effect of actinomycin D on aldosterone-mediated changes in electrolyte excretion. Am J Physiol 1973; 224: 376–380.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Lipton P, Edelman IS: Effects of aldosterone and vasopressin on electrolytes of toad bladder epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 1971; 221: 733–741.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Lo C-S, Lo TN: Time course of the renal response to triiodothyronine in the rat. Am J Physiol 1979; 236: F9 - F12.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Lockett MF: Effects of saline loading on the perfused cat kidney. J Physiol (Lond) 1966; 187: 489–500.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Lowitz HD, Stumpe KO, Ochwadt B: Micropuncture study of the action of angiotensin II on tubular sodium and water reabsorption in the rat. Nephron 1969; 6: 173–187.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  169. Malnic G, De Mello Aires M: Micropuncture study of chloride, bicarbonate and sulfate transfer in proximal tubules of rat kidney. Am J Physiol 1970; 218: 27–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G: Micropuncture study of distal tubular potassium and sodium transport in the rat nephron. Am J Physiol 1966; 211: 529–547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Malnic G, Klose RM, Giebisch G: Micropuncture study of renal potassium excretion in the rat. Am J Physiol 1964; 206: 674–686.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Malvin RL, Wilde WS, Sullivan LP: Localization of nephron transport by stop flow analysis. Am JPhysiol 1958; 194: 135–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Marsh DJ: Solute and water flows in thin limbs of Henle’s loop in the hamster kidney. Am J Physiol 1970; 218: 824–831.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Maunsbach AB: Ultrastructure of the proximal tubule, in Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds): Handbook of Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology. Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1973, pp 31–79.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Mausbach AB: Observations of the segmentation of the proximal tubule in the rat kidney. J Ultrastruct Res 1966; 16: 239–258.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  176. McDonald SJ, De Wardener HE: The relationship between the renal arterial perfusion pressure and the increased sodium excreion which occurs during an infusion of saline. Nephron 1965; 2: 1–14.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  177. Morel F: Sites of hormone action in the mammalian nephron. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: F159 - F164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Morel F, Mylle M, Gottschalk CW: Tracer microin jection studies of effect of ADH on renal tubular diffusion of water. Am J Physiol 1965; 209: 179–187.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Morgan T, Berliner RW: Permeability of the loop of Henle, vasa recta, and collecting duct to water, urea and sodium. Am J Physiol 1968; 215: 108–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Morris DJ: The metabolism and mechanism of action of aldosterone. Endocrinol Rev 1981; 2: 234–247.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  181. Moses AM, Scheinman SJ, Schroeder ET: Antidiuretic and PGEZ responses to AVP and dDAVP in subjects with central and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: F354 - F359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Moss NG: Renal function and renal afferent and efferent nerve activity. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: F425 - F433.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Muller J: Regulation of Aldosterone Biosynthesis. New York, Springer-Verlag, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Mulrow PJ, Forman BH: The tissue effects of mineralocorticoids. Am J Med 1972; 53: 561–572.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  185. Murer H, Hopfer U, Kinne R: Sodium-proton antiport in brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from rat small intestine and kidney. Biochem J 1976; 154: 597–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Myers CE, Bulger RE, Tisher CC, Trump BF: Human renal ultrastructure. IV. Collecting duct of healthy individuals. Lab Invest 1966; 15: 1921–1950.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Nashat FS, Tappin JW, WilcoxCS: The renal blood flow and the glomerular filtration rate of anesthetized dogs during acute changes in plasma sodium concentration. J Physiol (Lond) 1976; 256: 731–745.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Norgaard JOR, Maunsbach AB: Use of isolated glomeruli in studies of renal physiology and pathology, in Leaf A, et al (eds): Renal Pathophysiology-Recent Advances. New York, Raven Press, 1980, pp 75–90.

    Google Scholar 

  189. O’Neil RG, Boulpaep EL: Effect of amiloride on the apical cell membrane cation channels of a sodium-absorbing, potassium-secreting renal epithelium. J Membr Biol 1979; 50: 365–387.

    PubMed  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  190. O’Neil RG, Boulpaep EL: Ionic conductive properties and electrophysiology of the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: F81 - F95.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  191. Orloff J, Handler JS: The cellular mode of action of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 1964; 36: 686–697.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  192. Orloff J, Handler JS: The role of adenosine 3’,5’-phosphate in the action of antidiuretic hormone. Am J Med 1967; 42: 757–768.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  193. Peter K: Untersuchungen uber Bau and Entwicklung der Niere. Jena, Gustav Fischer, 1909.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Petty KJ, Kokko JP, Marver D: Secondary effect of aldosterone on Na-K ATPase activity in the rabbit cortical collecting tubule. J Clin Invest 1981; 68: 1514–1521.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  195. Pollock DM, Banks RO: Effect of atrial extract on renal function in the rat. Clin Sci 1983; 65: 47–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Pricam C, Humbert F, Perrelet A, Orci L: A freeze-etch study of the tight junction of the rat kidney tubules. Lab Invest 1974; 30: 286–291.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Rector FC Jr: Sodium, bicarbonate, and chloride ab-sorption by the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol 1983; 213. 244: F461 - F471.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Richards AN, Walker AM: Methods of collecting fluid from known regions of the renal tubules of 214. amphibia and of perfusing the lumen of a single tubule. Am J Physiol 1937; 118: 111–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Rocha AS, Kokko JP: Sodium chloride and water 215. transport in the medullary thick ascending limb of Henle. Evidence for active chloride transport. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 612–623. 216.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Rocha AS, Kudo LH: Water, urea, sodium, chloride, and potassium transport in the in vitro isolated per-fused papillary collecting duct. Kidney Int 1982; 217. 22: 485–491.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  201. Rodicio J, Herrera-Acosta J, Sellman JC, et al: Studies on glomerulotubular balance during aortic con- 218. striction, ureteral obstruction and venous occlusion in hydropenic and saline-loaded rats. Nephron 1969; 6: 437–456. 219.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Roemmelt JC, Sartorius OW, Pitts RF: Excretion and reabsorption of sodium and water in the adrenalec- 220. tomized dogs. Am J Physiol 1949; 159: 124–136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Roesinger B, Schiller A, Taugner R: A freeze-fracture study of tight junctions in the pars convoluta and pars recta of the renal proximal tubule. Cell Tissue 221. Res 1978; 186: 121–133.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Sachs H: Biosynthesis and release of vasopressin. Am J Med 1967; 42: 687–700.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  205. Sansom SC, O’Neil RG: Mineralocorticoid regula- 222. tion of apical cell membrane Na’ and K+ transport of the cortical collecting duct. Am J Physiol 1985; 248:F858–F868.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Sardet C, Pisam M, Maetz J: The surface epithelium of teleostean fish gills. Cellular and junctional adaptations of the chloride cell in relation to salt ad- 224. aptation. J Cell Biol 1979; 80: 96–117.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  207. Schlatter E, Greger R, Weidtke C: Effect of “high ceiling” diuretics on active salt transport in the cor 225. tical thick ascending limb of Henle’s loop of rabbit kidney: Correlation of chemical structure and inhibitory potency. Pfluegers Arch 1983; 396: 210–217.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  208. Schmidt U, Dubach UC: Activity of (Na+-K+)-stimulated adenosintriphosphatase in the rat nehron. Pfluegers Arch 1969; 306: 219–226.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  209. Schmidt U, Guder WG: Sites of enzyme activity along the nephron. Kidney Int 1976; 9: 233–242.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  210. Schrier RW, McDonald KM, Marshall RA, Lauler 228. DP: Absence of natriuretic response to acute hypo-tonic intravascular volume expansin in dogs. Clin Sci 1968; 34: 57–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Schwartz GJ, Al-Awquati Q: Carbon dioxide causes 229. exocytosis of vesicles containing H+ pumps in isolated perfused proximal and collecting tubules. J Clin Invest 1985; 75: 1638–1644.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  212. Schwartz GJ, Weinstein AM, Steele RE, et ai: Car- 230. bon dioxide permeability of rabbit proximal convoluted tubules. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: F231 - F244.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Schwartz MM, Venkatachalam MA: Structural differences in thin limbs of Henle: Physiological implications. Kidney Int 1974; 6: 193–208.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  214. Seely JF, Boulpaep EL: Electrical potentials across proximal and distal tubules of dog kidney. Am J Physiol 1971; 221: 1084–1096.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  215. Seifter J, Kinsella JL, Aronson PS: Mechanism of Cl transport in Necturus renal microvillus membrane vesicles. Kidney Int 1981; 19: 257A.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Selkurt EE, Womack I, Dailey WN: Mechanism of natriuresis and diuresis during elevated renal arterial pressure. Am J Physiol 1965; 209: 95–99.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Share L: Vasopressin, its bioassay and the physiological control of its release. Am J Med 1967; 42: 701–712.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  218. Share L, Kimura T, Matsui K, Shade RE, Crofton JT: Metabolism of vasopressin. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 59–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Sharp GWG, Leaf A: Mechanisms of action of aldosterone. Physiol Rev 1966; 46: 593–633.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Shipp JC, Hanenson IB, Windhager EE, et al: Single proximal tubules of Necturus kidney. Methods for micropuncture and microperfusion. Am J Physiol 1958; 195: 563–569.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Siegenthaler WE, Peterson RE, Frimpter GW: The renal clearance of aldosterone and its major metabolites, in Baulier EE, Rubel P (eds): Aldosterone, A Symposium. Philadelphia, FA Davis Co, 1964, pp 51–72.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Simpson SA, Tait JF: Recent progress in methods of isolation, chemistry and physiology of aldosterone. Recent Prog Horm Res 1955; 11: 183–210

    Google Scholar 

  223. Sonnenberg H: Atrial natriuretic factor-A new hormone affecting kidney function. Klin Wochenschr 1985; 63: 886–890.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  224. Spring KR, Giebisch G: Kinetics of Na+ transport in Necturus proximal tubule. J Gen Physiol 1971; 70: 307–328.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  225. Spring KR, Hope A: Size and shape of the lateral intercellular spaces in living epithelium. Science 1978; 200: 54–58.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  226. Stanton BA: Role of adrenal hormones in regulating distal nephron structure and ion transport. Fed Proc 1985; 44: 2717–2722.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Stetson DL, Wade JB, Giebisch G: Morphologic alterations in the rat medullary collecting duct following potassium depletion. Kidney Int 1980; 17: 45–56

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  228. Stokes JB, Ingram MJ, Williams AD, Ingram D: Heterogeneity of the rabbit collecting tubule: Localization of mineralocorticoid hormone action to the cortical portion. Kidney Int 1981; 20: 340–347.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  229. Stokes JB: Effect of prostaglandin E2 on chloride transport across rabbit thick ascending limb of Henle. Selective inhibition of the medullary portion. J Clin Invest 1979; 64: 495–502.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  230. Stokes JB, Tisher CC, Kokko JP: Structural-functional heterogeneity along the rabbit collecting tubule. Kidney Int 1978; 14: 585–593.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  231. Sutherland EW, Robison GA, Butcher RW: Some aspects of the biological role of adenosine 3’,5’ monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Circulation 1968; 37: 279–306.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  232. Thibault G, Garcia R, Cantin M, Genest J: Atrial natriuretic factor. Characterization and partial puri fication. Hypertension 1983; 5 (suppl I): I75 - I80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Tisher CC: Anatomy of the kidney, in Brenner BM, Rector FC (eds): The kidney. vol I. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Co, 1976, pp 3–64.

    Google Scholar 

  234. Tisher CC, Bulger RE, Trump BF: Human renal ultrastructure. III. The distal tubule in healthy in dividuals. Lab Invest 1968; 18: 655–668.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Tisher CC, Bulger RE, Trump BF: Human renal ultrastructure. I. Proximal tubule of healthy individ uals. Lab Invest 1966; 15: 1357–1394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Teulon J, Anagnostopoulos T: Proximal cell K’ ac and dependence on plasma K’ concentration. Am J Physiol 1982; 243: F12 - F18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Tobian L, Coffee K, McCrea P: Evidence for a hu moral factor of non-renal and non-adrenal origin which influences renal sodium excretion. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1967; 80: 200–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Torikai S, Kurokawa K: Effect of PGEZ on vaso pressin-dependent cell cAMP in isolated single ne phron segments. Am J Physiol 1983; 245: F58 - F66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Ullrich KJ: Sugar, Amino acid, and Na’ cotransport in the proximal tubule. Ann Rev Physiol 1979; 41: 181–195.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  240. Ussing HH: The distinction by means of tracers be-tween active transport and diffusion. Acta Physiol

    Google Scholar 

  241. Ussing HH, Zerahn K: Active transport of sodium isolated frog skin. Acta Physiol Scand 1951; 23: 110–127.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  242. Vander AJ, Malvin RL, Wilde WS, et al: Effects of adrenalectomy and aldosterone on proximal and distal tubular sodium reabsorption. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1958; 99: 323–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Vandewalle A, Wirthensohn G, Heidrich HG, Gruder WG: Distribution of hexokinase and phosphoenol pyruvate carboxykinase along the rabbit nephron. Am J Physiol 1981; 240: F492 - F500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Velazquez H, Wright FS, Good DW: Luminal influ ences on potassium secretion: Chloride replacement with sulfate. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: F46 - F55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Verney EB: The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release. Proc Roy Soc B 1947; 135: 25–106.

    CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  246. Wade JB, O’Neil RG, Pryor JL, Boulpaep EL: Mod-ulation of cell membrane area in renal cortical col lecting tubules by corticosteroid hormones. J Cell Biol 1979; 81: 439–445

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  247. Warnock DG, Eveloff J: NaC1 entry mechanisms in the luminal membrane of the renal tubule. Am J Physiol 1982; 242: F561 - F574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Welling LW, Welling DJ: Shape of epithelial cells and intercellular channels in the rabbit proximal ne-phron. Kidney Int 1976; 9: 385–394

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  249. Welling LW, Welling DJ: Surface areas of brush border and lateral cell walls in the rabbit proximal nephron. Kidney Int 1975; 8: 343–348.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  250. Welling LW, Welling DJ, Hill JJ: Shape of cells and intercellular channels in rabbit thick ascending limb of Henle. Kidney Int 1978; 13: 144–151

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  251. Wiederholt M: Effect of actinomycin-D on renal Na and K transport. Proc of 2nd Ann Meeting Am Soc Nephrol, Washington DC, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Williams GH, Cain JP, Dluhy RG, Underwood RH: Studies of the control of plasma aldosterone concen-tration in normal man. I. Response to posture, acute and chronic volume depletion, and sodium loading. J Clin Invest 1972; 51: 1731–1742.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  253. Williams GH, Dluhy RG: Aldosterone biosynthesis: interrelationship of regulatory factors. Am J Med 1972; 53: 595–605.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  254. Windhager EE: Some aspects of proximal tubular salt reabsorption. Fed Proc 1974; 33: 21–24.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Windhager EE, Boulpaep EL, Giebisch G: Electro-physiological studies on single nephron. In: Proc 3rd Intern Congr Nephrol, Washington DC, vol 1, Basel, S Karger, 1967, pp 35–47.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Windhager EE, Lewy JE, Spitzer A: Intrarenal con-trol of proximal tubular reabsorption of sodium and. water. Nephron 1969; 6: 247–259.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  257. Wirz H, Hargitay B, Kuhn W: Lokalisation des Kon-zentrierungsprozesses in der Niere durch direkte Kryoskopie. Hely Physiol Pharmacol Acta 1951; 9: 196–207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Wirz H, Dirix R: Urinary concentration and dilution, in Orloff J, Berliner RW (eds): Handbook and Physiology, Section 8, Renal Physiology. Washington DC, American Physiological Society, 1973, pp 415–430.

    Google Scholar 

  259. Woodhall PB, Tisher CC: Response of the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct to vasopressin in the rat. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 3095–3108.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  260. Wong NLM, Quamme GA, Sutton RAL, Dirks JH: Effects of mannitol on water and electrolyte transport in the dog kidney. J Lab Clin Med 1979; 94: 683–692.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Wright FS, Giebisch G: Renal potassium transport: Contributions of individual nephron segments and populations. Am J Physiol 1978; 235: F515 - F527.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Wright FS, Knox FG, Howards SS, Berliner RW: Reduced sodium reabsorption by the proximal tubule of DOCA-escaped dogs. Am J Physiol 1969; 216: 869–875.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Wuu TC, Crumm S, Saffran M. Amino acid sequence of porcine neurophysin-I. J Biol Chem 1971; 246: 6043–6063.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Zabel M, Schiebler TH: Histochemical, autoradi- ographie and electron microscopic investigations of the renal proximal tubule of male and female rats after castration. Histochemistry 1980; 69: 255–276.

    PubMed  CAS  CrossRef  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Associate Professor of Physiology and Anesthesia, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Esmail Koushanpour Ph.D.

  2. Professor of Anatomy, University of Heidelberg, 6900, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany

    Wilhelm Kriz M.D.

Authors
  1. Esmail Koushanpour Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Wilhelm Kriz M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

Copyright information

© 1986 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Koushanpour, E., Kriz, W. (1986). Tubular Processing of Glomerular Ultrafiltrate: Mechanisms of Electrolyte and Water Transport. In: Renal Physiology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1912-3_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1912-3_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1914-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1912-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive