Abstract
In this lecture I shall interpret the term “passive” radiation detector as meaning one that will yield up its information after an irradiation is completed, and often only after some processing of the detector to obtain the data or some considerable data processing. Examples of such detectors would thus be:
-
(1)
Nuclear Emulsion.
-
(2)
Activation Detectors (often imprecisely referred to as threshold detectors).
-
(3)
Integrating Ionization Chambers.
-
(4)
Thermoluminescent Dosimeters.
“They also serve who only stand and wait” John Milton, 1608–1674, Sonnet XIX “On His Blindness”
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C. F. Powell, 1959, “The Study of Elementary Particles by the Photographic Method,” Pergamon Press, Oxford.
R. H. Thomas, 1972, High Energy Heavy Ions, Phys Bull. 23: 143.
H. A. Grunder et al., 1971, Acceleration of Heavy Ions at the Bevatron Science, 174: 1128.
A. Citron, L. Hoffmann and C. Passow, 1961, Nucl. and Meth.14: 97.
R. H. Thomas (ed.), 1963, Report of the Shielding Conference held at the Rutherford Laboratory, Sept. 26–27th, 1962, Rutherford Laboratory Report NIRL/R/40.
H. Bindewald et al., 1965, Shielding Studies in Steel with 10 and 20 GeV/e Protrons, Parts 1-V, Nucl. Inst. and Methods32: 45.
R. L. Childers, C. D. Zerby, C. M. Fisher and R. H. Thomas, 1965, Measurement of the Nuclear Cascade at 10 GeV/c with Emulsions, Part III op. citRef. 6.
A. R. Smith, L. D. Stephens and R. H. Thomas, 1961, Dosimetry for Radiobiological Experiments, Health Physics, 32: 343 (1977).
A. R. Smith and R. H. Thomas, The Production of UC by the Interaction of 375 MeV/amu Ne10+ions with carbon, Nucl. Inst and Methods. 137: 459.
J. W. Patrick, L. D. Stephens, R. H. Thomas and L. S. Kelly, 1975, The Efficiency of ′LiF Thermoluminescent Dosimeters for Measuring 250 MeV/amu 6+C ions, Health Physics28: 614.
J. W. Patrick, L. D. Stephens, R. H. Thomas and L. S. Kelly, 1976, The Efficiency of 7LiF Thermoluminescent Dosimeters to High-LET particles, relative to 60Co γ-rays, Health Physics30: 295.
A. M. Henson and R. H. Thomas, 1978, Measurement of the Efficiency of 7LiF Thermoluminescent Dosimeters to Heavy Ions, Health Physics34: 389 (1978).
J. W. Patrick, L. D. Stephens, R. H. Thomas and L. S. Kelly, 1975, The Design of an Experiment to Study Leukemogenisis in Mice Irradiated by Energetic Heavy Ions, Rad. Res.64: 492.
L. S. Kelly, S. J. Daniels, and R. H. Thomas, 1977, Life Shortening and Leukemogenic Effects of a High-Energy Carbon-Ion Beam I: Irradiation of Young RF Mice, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory internal report, HPN 92, September 1977 (unpublished).
L. S. Kelly and R. H. Thomas, 1977, Life Shortening and Leukemogenic Effects of a High-Energy Carbon-Ion Beam II: Irradiation of Middle-Aged RF Mice, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory internal report, HPN 93, September 1977 (unpublished).
R. V. Griffith, D. E. Hankins, R. B. Gammage, L. Tommasino and R. V. Wheeler, 1979, Recent Developments in Personnel Neutron Dosimeters, A Review, Health Physics36: 235.
K. Becker, 1973, “Solid State Dosimetry,” CRC Press, Cleveland, OH.
J. Jasiak and T. Musialowicz, 1973, “Personnel Monitoring in Poland,” in Proc. I.AE.A. Symp. on Neutron Monitoring for Radiation Protection Purposes, Vol. 1: 191, I.AE.A., Vienna.
K. Becker, 1973, Long Term Stability of Film, TLD and other Intergrating Dosimeters in Warm and Humid Climates, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report ORNL-TM-4297.
P. N. Krishnamoorthy, G. Venkataramon, D. Singh and Dayashankar, 1973, “Comparison of Various Neutron Personnel Dosimeters” in Proc. Symp. Neutron Monitoring for Radiation Protection Purposes, Vol. II., p. 343, IAEA, Vienna.
A. Knight, 1974, Fading of Proton Recoil Tracks in Nuclear Emulsions, Health Physics, 27: 606.
A. M. Sayed and E. Piesch, 1974, Study of the Latent Fading of the NTA film and Track Etching Detectors at Various Temperatures and Humidities, Kernforschungszentrum, Karlsruhe, Internal Report KFK-2032.
R. H. Thomas, 1973, “Neutron Dosimetry at High-Energy Particle Accelerators in Neutron Monitoring for Radiation Protection Purposes,” Vol. I, p. 327, IAEA, Vienna.
H. W. Patterson et al., 1972, An Evaluation of the Potential of Thick Nuclear Emulsions for Use as a High Energy Neutron Personal Dosimeter, Health Physics Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Internal Report No. 160.
R. H. Thomas, 1973, Personnel Neutron Dosimetry Studies at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-2057.
H. W. Patterson and R. H. Thomas, 1973, Radiation Measurements, in “Accelerator Health Physics,” Academic Press, New York.
R. L. Lehmann and O. M. Fekula, 1964, Energy Spectra of Stray Neutrons from the Bevatron, Nucleonics22 (No. 11): 35.
R. Remy, 1965, Neutron Spectroscopy by the Use of Nuclear Stars from 20–300 MeV (M. S. Thesis) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report UCRL-16325.
H. W. Patterson, H. Heckmann and J. T. Routti, 1969, “New Measurements of Star Production in Nuclear Emulsions and Applications to High-Energy Neutron Spectroscopy,” in Proc. Sec. Conference Acc. Dos. Stanford, California. Nov. 1969. USAEC Report — CONF-691101 p. 750.
W. S. Gilbert, et al., 1968, 1966 CERN-LRL-RHEL Shielding Experiment. Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report UCRL-17941.
A. H. Sullivan, 1969, “The Present Status of Instrumentation for Accelerator Health Physics,” in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. on Accelerator Dosimetry and Experience, Stanford, California, Nov. 1969, CONF-691101.
D. R. Perry, 1967, Neutron Dosimetry Methods and Experience on the 7 GeV Proton Synchrotron, Nimrod, in “Neutron Monitoring, Neutron Monitoring,” Proc. Symp. Vienna, 1966, p. 355, IAEA, Vienna.
A. R. Smith, 1965, Threshold Detector Applications to Neutron Spectroscopy at the Berkeley Accelerators, in “Proc. First Symp. Acc. Rad. Dos.” Brookhaven National Laboratory USAEC Report, CONF-651109, p 224.
A. R. Smith, 1965, Some Experimental Shielding Studies at the Bevatron, op. cit. ref. 33, p 365.
V. Perez-Mendez, 1979, Instrumentation—Active Detectors Lecture No. 9 in “Advances in Radiation, Protection and Dosimetry in Medicine,” Course Proceedings, International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy.
R. H. Thomas, 1979, Radiation Monitoring, Lecture No. 26, in Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in Medicine, Course Proceedings, International School of Radiation Damage and Protection, Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy.
R. L. Bramblett, R. I. Ewing, T. W. Bonner, 1960, A New Type of Spectrometer, Nucl. Instrum. Meth.9 (1960); 1.
H. W. Patterson and R. H. Thomas, 1971, Experimental Shielding Studies—A Review, Particle Accelerators2: 77.
J. T. Routti, 1969, “Mathematical Considerations of Determining Neutron Spectra from Activation Measurements,” in Proc. Second Int. Conf. on Acc. Dos. Stanford, USAEC Report CONF 691101, p 494.
L. D. Stephens, J. B. McCaslin, A. R. Smith, R. H. Thomas, J. E. Hewitt, L. Hughes, 1978, Ames Collaborative Study of Cosmic Ray Neutrons, II Low and Mid-latitude Flights, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-6738.
J. B. McCaslin, A. R. Smith, L. D. Stephens, R. H. Thomas, T. M. Jenkins, G. T. Warren and J. W. Baum, 1977, An Inter-comparison of Dosimetry Techniques in Radiation Fields at High-Energy Accelerators, Health Physics33: 611.
H. de Staebler, 1979, Similarity of Shielding Problems at Electron and Proton Accelerators, op cit Ref. 33, p 429.
W. N. Hess, H. W. Patterson, R. W. Wallace, E. L. Chupp, 1959, The Cosmic Ray Neutron Energy Spectrum, Phys. Rev.116: 445.
T. W. Armstrong, K. C. Chandler and J. Barish, 1972, Calculation of the Neutron Spectrum in the Earth’s Atmosphere Produced by Galactic Cosmic Rays, Neutron Physics Division Annual Rep., ORNL-4800, p. 63.
A. R. Smith, 1974, Activation Element Monitoring for Mouse Irradiations (Lola Kelly Bevalac Run, 11/28/74), Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Health Physics Department Internal Note, HPN 21.
A. R. Smith and H. Wollenberg, 1966, A Low Background Counting Enclosure, Health Physics12: 53.
A. R. Smith, 1974, Distribution of Fluorine-18 and Na-24 in Thick Aluminum Stack Irradiated in 380 MeV/N Neon Beam, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Health Physics Department Internal Note.
C. A. Tobias, A. Chatterjee and A. R. Smith, 1971, Radioactive Fragmentation of N7+Ion Beam Observed in a Beryllium Target, Physics Letters, 37A, α2.
A. R. Smith, 1975, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Private communication.
Private Communication.
L. D. Stephens, R. H. Thomas and L. S. Kelly, 1976, A Measurement of the Average Energy Required to Create An Ion Pair in Nitrogen by 250 MeV/amu C6+Ions, Phip. Med. Biol.21: 570.
R. H. Thomas, J. T. Lyman, and T. M. de Castro, 1979, A Measurement of the Average Energy Required to Create an Ion Pair in Nitrogen by High-Energy Ions, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report, LBL-6710, Rev. 2.
G. N. Whyte, 1963, Energy per Ion Pair for Charge Particle in Gases, Radiat. Res.18: 265–271.
C. J. Bakker and E. Segre, 1961, Stopping Power and Energy Loss for Ion Pair Production for 300 MeV Protons, Phys Rev.81: 489–492.
M. N. Varma, J W. Baum and A. V. Kuhner, 1977, Radial dose, LET and w for 16O Ions in N2and Tissue Equivalent Gases. Radiat. Res.70: 511–518.
M. N. Varma, J. W. Baum and A. V. Kuhner, 1975, Experimental Determination of w. for Oxygen Ions in Nitrogen, Phys. Med. Biol.20: 955.
K. Becker, 1973, “Solid State Dosimetry,” CRC Press, Cleveland.
G. de Planque and T. F. Gesell, 1979, Second International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters. Health Physics, 36: 221.
J. R. Cameron, N. Suntharlingham and G. N. Kenney, 1968, “Thermoluminescent Dosimetry,” University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
B. Jähnert, 1972, The Response of TLD-700 Thermoluminescent Dosimetry to Protons and Alpha Particles, Health Physics, 23: 112–115.
H. Grunder, ed., 1973, Heavy Ion Facilities and Heavy Ion Research at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-2090.
E. Schopper, et al., 1972, Review an AgCl Crystals as Visual Detectors of Nuclear Particles, in Proc. 8th Int. Conf. on Nuclear Photgraphy and Visual Detectors, Bucharest.
P. G. Stewart, 1968, Stopping Power and Range for Any Nucleus in the Specific Energy Interval 0.01 to 500 MeV/amu in Any Non-Gaseous Material, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report, UCRL-18127.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Thomas, R.H. (1980). Passive Detectors. In: Thomas, R.H., Perez-Mendez, V. (eds) Advances in Radiation Protection and Dosimetry in Medicine. Ettore Majorana International Science Series, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1715-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1715-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-1717-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-1715-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive