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Preparation and Characterization of Slush Hydrogen and Nitrogen Gels

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Advances in Cryogenic Engineering

Part of the book series: Advances in Cryogenic Engineering ((ACRE,volume 15))

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Abstract

Because of the high specific impulse achieved with liquid hydrogen in combination with various oxidizers (liquid oxygen and liquid fluorine, for example);, it has become an important rocket fuel in spite of the problems associated with its use. Some of these problems or disadvantages are: (1) low density, (2) temperature stratification, (3) short holding time due to the low latent heat of hydrogen, (4) hazards associated with the high vent rates, and (5) unstable flight conditions caused by sloshing of the liquid in the fuel tank.

Work carried out at MBS under the sponsorship of the NASA-George C. Marshall Space Flight Center with added support from the International Atomic Energy Agency and the University of Colorado, it is reported in greater detail by Rapial [1] and in an NBS Technical Note [2].

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References

  1. A. S. Rapíal, M.S. Thesis, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colo. (1969).

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  2. A. S. Rapial and D. E. Daney, NBS Tech. Note 378 (May 1969).

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  3. American Society for Testing and Materials, “ASTM Metric Practice Guide,” NBS Handbook 102 (1967).

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  4. H. Kartluke, C. D. McKinney, R. Pheasant, and W. B. Tarpley, “Gelling Liquid Hydrogen,” NASA CR 54055, RR 64–47(1964).

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  5. C. D. McKinney and W. B. Tarpiey, “Gelling of Liquid Hydrogen,” NASA CR 54967, RR 66–49 (1966).

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  6. C. D. McKinney, private communication, Technidyne Inc., West Chester, Pa. (1968).

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  7. D. B. Mann, P. R. Ludlke, C. F. Sindt, and D. B. Chelton, in: Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, Vol. 11, Plenum Press, New York (1966), p. 207.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NBS Institute for Basic Standards, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    D. E. Daney & A. S. Rapial

Authors
  1. D. E. Daney
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  2. A. S. Rapial
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Engineering Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA

    K. D. Timmerhaus

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© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Daney, D.E., Rapial, A.S. (1995). Preparation and Characterization of Slush Hydrogen and Nitrogen Gels. In: Timmerhaus, K.D. (eds) Advances in Cryogenic Engineering. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_60

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0513-3_60

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0515-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0513-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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