Abstract
From his earliest gropings as a distinct animal, man undoubtedly experimented with his vegetal surroundings. He put into his stomach anything from the plant kingdom in his frantic search for nourishment. He early discovered that some plants served to assuage hunger and sustain him; others relieved symptoms of illness; still others were dangerous, making him ill or killing him outright; but a few, he found, transported him from this monotonous and not-too-pleasant mundane existence to realms of ethereal wonder and inexplicable separation from everyday existence. He had discovered the narcotics, especially the hallucinogenic plants, capable of much more than activity on the physical body but able, through their psychoactivity on the central nervous system, to alter in ways most extraordinary the psyche and its relationship to the natural affairs of man.
There appears to be no human society so simple in material culture as to lack some sort of mood-altering drug as an escape from the workaday world.
—La Barre
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Agurell, Stig, Holmstedt, Bo, and Lindgren, Jan-Erik, 1968, Alkaloid content of Banisteriopsis rusbyana, Am. J. Pharmacol. 140:148–151.
Agurell, Stig, Holmstedt, Bo, and Lindgren, Jan-Erik, 1969, Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest, Acta Chem. Scand. 23:903–916.
Almeida Costa, Oswaldo, 1970, Farmaco—etnología do paricá e do yakée, Rev. Brasil Farmacol. 51:273–299.
Altschul, Siri von Reis, 1967, Vilca and its use, in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, (D. Efron, ed.), pp. 307–314, U.S. Public Health Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Altschul, Siri von Reis, 1972, The Genus Anadenanthera in Amerindian Cultures, Harvard Botanical Museum, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Anderson, Edward F., 1969, The biography, ecology and taxonomy of Lophophora (Cactaceze), Brittonia 21:299–310.
Barrau, Jacques, 1958, Nouvelles observations au sujet des plantes hallucinogènes d’usage autochtone en Nouvelle-Guinée, J. Agr. Trop. Bot. Appl. 5:377–378.
Barrau, Jacques, 1962, Observations et travaux récentes sur les végétaux hallucinogènes de la Nouvelle-Guinèe, J. Agr. Trop. Bot. Appl. 9:245–249.
Becher, Hans, 1960, Die Surará und Pakidái, zwei Yananami Stämme in Nordwestbrasilien, Mitteil. Mus. Volkerkunde Hamburg 26:1–138.
Biocca, Ettore, 1966, Viaggi tra gli Indi alto Rio Negro—Alto Orinoco, Vol. 2, pp. 235–252, Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome.
Bouquet, R. J., 1951, Cannabis, Bull. Narc. 2(4):14–30; 3(1):22-45.
Bristol, Melvin L., 1966, The psychotropic Banisteriopsis among the Sibundoy of Colombia, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 21:113–140.
Bruhn, Jan G., 1975, Pharmacognostic studies of peyote and related psychoactive cacti, Acta Univ. Upsaliensis (Abstracts of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Pharmacy), No. 6.
Bunge, A., 1847, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Flora Russlands and der Steppen Central-Asiens, Mem. Sav. Etr. Petersb. 7:438.
Campbell, T. N., 1958, Origin of the Mescal Bean cult, Am. Anthr. 60:156–160.
Chagnon, Napoleon A., LeQuesne, P., and Cook, J. M., 1971, Yanomamo hallucinogens: anthropological, botanical and chemifindings, Curr. Anthropol. 12:72–74.
Cooper, John M., 1949, Stimulants and narcotics, in Handbook of South American Indians (J. H. Steward, ed.), Bur. Am. Ethnol. Bull. 143(5):525-558.
Cruz-Sánchez, G., 1948, Informe sobre las aplicaciones populares de la cimora en el norte del Perú, Rev. Farm. Med. Exp. (Lima) 1:253–258.
Der Marderosian, Ara H., 1967, Psychotomimetic indoles in the Convolvulaceae, Am. f. Pharmacol. 139:19–26.
Der Marderosian, Ara H., Pinkley, H. V., and Dobbins, M. F., 1968, Native use and occurrence of N,N-dimethyltryptamine in the leaves of Banisteriopsis rusbyana, Am. J. Pharmacol. 140:137–147.
Der Marderosian, A., Kensinger, K. M., Chao, J.-M., and Goldstein, F. J., 1970, The use of hallucinatory principles of a psychoactive beverage of the Cashinaua tribe (Amazon basin), Drug Dependence 5:7–14.
Deulofeu, Venancio, 1967, Chemical compounds isolated from Banisteriopsis and related species, in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (D. Efron, ed.), pp. 393–402, Public Health Serv. Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Downing, D. F., 1962, The chemistry of the psychotomimetic substances, Quart. Rev. 16:133–162.
Emboden, William A., Jr., 1972, Narcotic Plants, Macmillan, New York.
Fadiman, J., 1965, Genista canariensis—a minor psychedelic, Econ. Bot. 19:383–384.
Farnsworth, Norman R., 1968, Hallucinogenic plants, Science 162:1086–1092.
Friedberg, Claudine, 1964, Utilisation d’un cactus à mescaline au nord du Perou (Trichocereuspachanoi Brit. et Rose), VI Intern. Conf. Anthrop. Ethnol. Sci. 2(2):21–26.
Friedberg, Claudine, 1965, Des Banisteriopsis utilisés comme drogue en Amérique du Sud, J. Agr. Trop. Bot. Appl. 12:403–437, 550-594, 729-780.
Furst, Peter T., 1971, Ariocarpus retusus, the “false peyote” of Huichol tradition, Econ. Bot. 25:182–187.
@@Furst, Peter T. (ed.), 1972, Flesh of the Gods—The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, Praeger, New York.
Goldman, Irving, 1963, The Cubeo Indians of the Northwest Amazon, Univ. of Illinois Press, Urbana, Illinois.
Gonçalves de Lima, Oswaldo, 1946, Observações sôbre o “vinho de jurema” utilizado pelos indios Pancarú de Tacaratú (Pernambuco), Arq. Inst. Pesq. Agron. 4:45–80.
Granier-Doyeux, M., Native hallucinogenic drugs Piptadenias, Bull. Narc. 17 (2):29-38.
Gutierrez-Noriega, C., and Cruz-Sánchez, G., 1947, Alteraciones mentales producidas por la Opuntia cylindrica, Rev. Neuro-Psiquiatr. 10:422–468.
Haller, A., and Heckel, E., 1901, Sur l’ibogaine, principe actif d“une plante du gènre Tabernaemontana originaire du Congo, C. R. Acad. Sci. 133:850–853.
Harner, Michael J., 1968, The Sound of Rushing Water, Nat. Hist. 77:28–33, 60-61.
Harner, Michael J. [ed.], 1973, Hallucinogens and Shamanism, Oxford Univ. Press, London.
Haro Alvear, Silvio Luis, 1971, Shamanismo y Farmacopea en el Reino de Quito, Institute Ecuator Ciencia Naturale, Contrib. No. 75, November.
Hartwich, C., 1911, Die menschlichen Genussmittel, Chr. Herrn. Tauchuitz, Leipzig.
Heim, Roger, 1903, Les Champignons Toxiques et Hallucinogenes, Boubée, Paris.
Heim, Roger, 1967, Nouvelles Investigations sur les Champignons Hallucinogènes, Edit. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Heim, Roger, and Gordon Wasson, R., 1958, Les Champignons Hallucinogènes du Mexique, Edit. Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
Heiser, Charles B., Jr., 1969, Nightshades—The Paradoxical Plants, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, California.
Hernández, Francisco, 1651, Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia..., B. Deversini e Z. Masotti, Rome.
Hocking, G. M., 1966, Harmalae Semen, Quart. J. Crude Drug Res. 6:913–915.
Hoffer, A., and Osmond, H., 1967, The Hallucinogens, Academic Press, New York.
Hofmann, A., 1963, Psychotomimetic substances, Ind. J. Pharmacol. 25:245–256.
Hofmann, A., 1963, The active principles of the seeds of Rivea corymbosa and Ipomoea violacea, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 20:194–249.
Hofmann, A., 1967, Psychoativ Stoffe aus Pflanzen, Ther. Woche 17:1739–1746.
Hofmann, A., 1968, Psychotomimetic agents in Chemical Constitution and Pharmakodynamic Action (A. Burger, ed.), pp. 169–235, Marcel Dekker, New York.
Hollister, Leo E., 1968, Chemical Psychoses—LSD and Related Drugs, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Holmstedt, B., 1965, Tryptamine derivatives in epene, an intoxicating snuff used by some South American Indian tribes, Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. Ther. 156:285–305.
Holmstedt, B., and Lindgren, Jan-Erik, 1967, Chemical constituents and pharmacology of South America snuffs in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (D. Efron, ed.), pp. 339–373, Public Health Serv. Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Howard, J. H., 1957, The mescal bean cult of the central and southern plains: an ancestor of the peyote cult? Am. Anthropol. 59:75–87.
Joyce, C. R. B., and Curry, S. H. (eds.), 1970, The Botany and Chemistry of Cannabis, J. & A. Churchill, London.
Kabelik, J., and Santovy, F., 1960, Cannabis as a medicament, Bull. Narcotics 12:5–23.
Karsten, R., 1920, Berauschende und narkotische Getränke unter den Indianern Südamerikas. Beitrage zur Sittengeschichte der südamerikanischen Indianern, Acta Acad. Aboensis. Hum. 1:28–72.
Kinross-Wright, V. J., 1959, Research on ololuiqui: the Aztec drug, in Neuropsychopharmacology (P. B. Bradley, P. Deniker, and C. Radouco-Thomas, eds.), pp. 453–456. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Klüver, Heinrich, 1966, Mescal and Mechanisms of Hallucinations, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Koch-Grünberg, Theodor, 1909, Zwei Jahre unter den Indianern, Verlag Ernst Wasmuth A.-G., Berlin.
La Barre, Weston, 1960, Twenty years of peyote studies, Curr. Anthropol. 1:45–60.
La Barre, Weston, 1964, The Peyote Cult (enlarged ed.), Shoe String Press, Hamden, Connecticut.
La Barre, Weston, 1970, Old and New World narcotics: A statistical question and an ethnological reply, Econ. Bot. 24:73–80.
La Barre, Weston, 1975, Anthropological perspectives on hallucination and hallucinogens, in Hallucinations (R. K. Siegel and L. J. West, eds.), Wiley, New York.
Lewin, Louis, 1920, Die Gifte in der Weltgeschichte, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Lewin, Louis, 1964, Phantastica—Narcotic and Stimulating Drugs (reprinted ed.), Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.
Lowie, R. H., 1946, in Handbook of South American Indians (J. H. Steward, ed.), Bur. Am. Ethnol. Bull. 143(1):381-397, 557-559, 561, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Lumholtz, Carl, 1902, Unknown Mexico, Scribner, New York.
MacDougall, Thomas, 1960, Ipomoea tricolor: a hallucinogenic plant of the Zapotecs, Bol. Centro Invest. Anthropol. Mexico 6:6–8.
MacDougall, Thomas, 1968, A composite with psychic properties? Gard. J. 18:105.
Mariani Ramirez, C., 1965, Temas de Hipnosis, Editorial Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile.
Merlin, Mark David, 1972, Man and Marijuana, Fairleigh Dickinson Univ. Press, Rutherford, New Jersey.
Morton, C. V., 1931, Notes on yajé, a drug plant of southeastern Colombia, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 21:485–488.
Naranjo, Claudio, 1967, Psychotropic properties of the harmala alkaloids, in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (Efron, D., ed.), pp. 385–402, Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Naranjo, Plutarco, 1970, Ayahuasca, Religion y Medicina, Editorial Universiteria, Quito, Ecuador.
Osmond, H., 1955, Ololiuqui: the ancient Aztec narcotic. Remarks on the effects of Rivea corymbosa (ololiuqui), J. Ment. Sci. 101:526–537.
Pardal, R., 1937, Medicina Aborigen Americana, Humanior, Secc. E. 3.
Parsons, E. C., 1936, Mitla—Tower of the Souls, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Pennington, Campbell W., 1963, The Tarahumar of Mexico—Their Environment and Material Culture, Univ. of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Philippi, R. A., 1858, Latua Ph., ein neues Genus aus Solanaceen, Bot. Zeit. 16(33):241–242.
Plowman, Timothy, Gyllhaal, L. O., and Lindgren, Jan-Erik, 1971, Latua pubiflora: Magic plant from southern Chile, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 23:61–92.
Poisson, J., 1965, Note sur le “natem,” boisson toxique peruvienne et ses alcaloïdes, Ann. Pharm.Fr. 23:241–244.
Pope, Harrison G., Jr., 1969, Tabernanthe Iboga—An African narcotic plant of social importance, Econ. Bot. 23:174–184.
Prance, Ghillian T., 1970, Notes on the use of plant hallucinogens in Amazonian Brazil, Econ. Bot. 24:62–68.
Ravicz, R., 1960, La Mixteca en el estudio comparativo del hongo alucinante, An. Inst. Nac. Antrop. Hist. 13:73–92.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1969, El contexto cultural de un alucinögeno aborigen: Banisteriopsis caapi, Rev. Acad. Col. Cienc. Exact. Fis. Nat. 13:327–345.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1970, Notes on the cultural extent of the use of yajé (Banisteriopsis caapi) among the Indians of the Vaupés, Colombia, Econ. Bot. 24:32–33.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1971, Amazonian Cosmos, Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo, 1975, The Shaman and the Jaguar, Temple Univ. Press, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Reinberg, P., 1921, Contribution a l’étude des boissons toxiques des Indiens du nord-ouest de l’Amazone, l’ayahuasca, le yajé, le huanto, J. Soc. Am. Paris 13(5):25–54, 197-216.
Reko, Blas Pablo, 1934, Das mexikenische Rauschgift Ololiqui, El Mexico Ant. 3(3-4): 1–7.
Reko, Victor, A., 1949, Magische Gifte, 3rd ed., Ferdinand Enke Verlag, Stuttgart.
Rios, Oscar, 1962, Aspectos preliminares al estudio farmacopsiquiátrico del ayahuasca y su principio activo, An. Fac. Med. Univ. Nac. Mayor San Marcos 45:22–66.
Rivier, Laurent, and Lindgren, Jan-Erik, 1972, Ayahuasca, the South American hallucinogenic drink: an ethnobotanical and chemical investigation, Econ. Bot. 26:101–129.
Rouhier, Alexandre, 1927, Le Peyotl—La Plante qui Fait les Yeux Emerveillés, Gaston Doin, Paris.
Rusby, H. H., 1923, The aboriginal uses of caapi, J. Am. Pharmacol. Assoc. 12:1123.
Safford, William E., 1915, An Aztec narcotic, J. Hered. 6:291–311.
Safford, William E., 1916, Narcotic plants and stimulants of the ancient Americans, in Smithsonian Rept. 1916, pp. 387–424, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Safford, William E., 1916, Identity of cohoba, the narcotic snuff of ancient Haiti, J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 6:548–562.
Sahagún, Bernardino, 1938, Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España, Vol. 3, Editorial Pedro Robledo, Mexico, D.F.
Sakara Robinson, Scott S., 1969, Yagé y la religion de los indios cofanes, El Ecuador 2(3):11–17.
Schmidbauer, Wolfgang, and von Scheidt, Jurgen, 1971, Handbuch der Rauschdrogen, Nymphenburger, Munich.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1937, Peyote (Lophophora williamsii) and plants confused with it, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 5.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1938, The appeal of peyote (Lophophora williamsii) as a medicine, Am. Anthropol. 40:698–715.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1939, Plantae Mexicanae II. The identification of teonanacatl, the narcotic basidiomycete of the Aztecs, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 7:37–54.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1939, Teonanacatl—the narcotic mushroom of the Aztecs, Am. Anthropol. 42:429–443.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1940, The aboriginal therapeutic use of Lophophora williamsii, Cactus Succ. J. 12:177–181.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1941, A Contribution to Our Knowledge of Rivea corymbosa, the Narcotic Ololiuqui of the Aztecs, Botanical Museum, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1954, A new narcotic snuff from the northwest Amazon, Bot. Mus Leafl., Harvard Univ. 16:241–260.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1955, A new narcotic genus from the Amazon slope of the Colombian Andes, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 17:1–11.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1957, The identity of the malpighiaceous narcotics of South America, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 18:1–56.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1960, Tapping our heritage of ethnobotanical lore, Econ. Bot. 14:257–262.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1962, The role of the ethnobotanist in the search for new medicinal plants, Lloydia 25:257–266.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1963, The widening panorama in medical botany, Rhodora 65:97–120.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1965, Ein halbes Jahrhundert Ethnobotanik amerikanscher Halluginogene, Planta Med. 13:126–157.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1965, El amplio panorama de la botánica médica, Rev. Acad. Col. Cienc. Exactas Fis. Nat. 12:269–276.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1966, The search for new natural hallucinogens, Lloydia 29:293–308.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1967, The place of ethnobotany in the ethnopharmacologic search for psychotomimetic drugs, in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (D. Efron, ed.), pp. 33–57, U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1967, The botanical origin of South American snuffs, in Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (D. Efron, ed.), pp. 291–306, U.S. Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1968, Some impacts of Richard Spruce’s Amazon explorations on modern phytochemical research, Rhodora 62:313–339.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1969, Hallucinogens of plant origin, Science 158:245–254.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1969, De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes. V. Virola as an orally administered hallucinogen, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 11:229–240.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1969, 1970, The plant kingdom and hallucinogens, Bull. Narcotics 21(3):3–16, (4): 15-27; 22:25-53.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1970, The botanical and chemical distribution of hallucinogens, Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 21:571–598.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1970, De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes VI. Notas etmotoxicológicas acerca de la flora amazónica de Colombia, Libro II, Table 33, pp. 178-196.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1970, The New World Indians and their hallucinogens, Bull. Morris Arb. 21:3–14.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1971, Psychopharmacological drugs: Plant hallucinogens, in McGraw Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology, 1970, pp. 356–359, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1972, From witch doctor to modern medicine: searching the American tropics for potentially new medicinal plants, Arnoldia 32:198–219.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1972, De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes X. New data on the malpighiaceous narcotics of South America, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 23:137–147.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1972, The utilization of hallucinogens in primitive societies— use, misuse or abuse, in Drug Abuse (W. Keup, ed.), pp. 17–26, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1973, Man and marijuana, Nat. Hist. 82:59–63, 80, 82.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1975, Hallucinogenic plants as mind-altering drugs in aboriginal American societies, in Altered States of Consciousness—Current News and Research Problems, pp. 193–206, Drug Abuse Council, Washington, D.C.
Schultes, Richard Evans, 1975, Present knowledge of hallucinogenically used plants: a tabular study, in Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, Vol. 9 (V. C. Runeckles, ed.), pp. 1–28. Plenum, New York.
Schultes, Richard Evans, and Hofmann, Albert, 1973, The Botany and Chemistry of Hallucinogens, Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois.
Schultes, Richard Evans, and Holmstedt, B., 1968, De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes II. The vegetal ingredients of the myristicaceous snuffs of the northwest Amazon, Rhodora 70:113–160.
Schultes, R. E., Holmstedt, B., and Lindgren, J.-E., 1969, De plantis toxicariis e Mundo Novo tropicale commentationes III. Phytochemical examination of Spruce’s original collection of Banisteriopsis caapi, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 22:121–132.
Schultes, Richard Evans, Klein, William M., Plowman, Timothy, and Lockwood, Tom E., 1974, Cannabis: An example of taxonomic neglect, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 23:337–367.
Schultes, Richard Evans, and Raffauf, Robert F., 1970, Prestonia: An Amazon narcotic or not? Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 22:109–122.
Schulz, B., 1959, Lagochilus inebrians Bge., eine interessante neue Arzneipflanze, Deut. Apotheker. Zeit. 99:1111.
Seitz, Georg, 1967, Epena, the intoxicating snuff powder of the Waika Indians and the Tucano medicine man, Agostino, in Ethmopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs (D. Efron, ed.), Public Health Service Publ. No. 1645, pp. 315–338, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Shonle, Ruth, 1925, Peyote—giver of visions, Am. Anthropol. 27:53–75.
Siegel, R. K., and West, L. J., 1975, Hallucinations—Behavior, Experience and Theory, Wiley, New York.
Singer, Rolf, 1958, Mycological investigations on teonanacatl, the Mexican hallucinogenic mushroom. Part I. The history of teonanacatl, field work and culture work, Mycologia 50:239–261.
Slotkin, J. S., 1956, The Peyote Religion, Free Press, Glencoe, Illinois.
Soderblom, Nathan, 1968, Rus och Religion, Bokfenix, Uppsala, Sweden.
Spruce, Richard, 1908, in Notes of a Botanist on the Amazon and Andes (A. R. Wallace, ed.), reprinted ed., 1970, Johnson Reprint, New York.
Stevenson, M. C., 1908–1909, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, 30th Annu. Rept. Bur. Am. Ethnol., pp. 31-102.
Taylor, Horman, 1949, Flight from Reality, Duell, Sloan and Pearce, New York.
Troike, R. C., 1962, The origin of Plains mescalism, Am. Anthropol. 64:946–963.
Tyler, Varro E., Jr., 1966, The physiological properties and chemical constituents of some habit-forming plants, Lloydia 29:275–292.
Urbina, Manuel, 1903, El peyote y el ololiuqui, An. Mus. Nac. Mexico F., 25-38.
Uscategui, Nestor, 1959, The present distribution of narcotics and stimulants amongst the Indian tribes of Colombia, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 18:273–304.
Usdin, E., and Efron, D. H., 1967, Psychotropic Drugs and Related Compounds. Public Health Serv. Publ. No. 1589, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Wagner, H., 1969, Rauschgift-Drogen, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Waser, Peter G., 1971, Pharmakologische Wirkungsspektren von Halluzinogenen, Bull. Schweiz. Akad. Med. Wissensch. 27:fasc. 1/2, 39–57.
Waser, Peter G., 1973, Drogeneinflusse auf Gehirn, Bewusstsein und Verhalten, Bexvusststeinserweiterung durch Meditation, pp. 118–137, Herder, Freiburg.
Wassén, S. Henry, 1964, Some general viewpoints in the study of native drugs, especially from the West Indies and South America, Ethnos 1-2:97–120.
Wassén, S. Henry, 1969, Om bruket av hallucinogena snuser av sydamerikanskt Ursprung, Sydsvensha Med.-Hist. Salsk. Arsschr., 70-98.
Wassén, S. Henry, and Holmstedt, Bo, 1963, The use of paricá, an ethnological and pharmacological review, Ethnos 1:5–45.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1958, The divine mushroom: Primitive religion and hallucinatory agents, Proc. Am. Phil. Soc. 102:221–223.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1962, The hallucinogenic mushrooms of Mexico and psilocybin: A bibliography, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 20:25–73.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1962, A new Mexican psychotropic drug from the Mint Family, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 20:77–84.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1963, Notes on the present status of Ololiuhqui and other hallucinogens of Mexico, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 20:161–193.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1969, Soma—Divine Mushroom of Immortality, Harcourt Brace & World, New York.
Wasson, R. Gordon, 1973, The role of “Flowers” in Nahuatl culture: A suggested interpretation, Bot. Mus. Leafl., Harvard Univ. 23:305–324.
Wasson, Valentina P., and Wasson, R. Gordon, 1957, Mushrooms, Russia and History, Pantheon, New York.
White, Orlando E., 1922, Botanical explorations in Bolivia, Brooklyn Bot. Gard. Rec. 11(3):93–105.
Wurdack, John J., 1958, Indian narcotics in southern Venezuela, Gard. J. 8:116–118.
Zerries, O., 1960, Medizinmannwesen und Geisterglaube der Waika Indianer des Oberen Orinoko, Ethnologica N.F. 2:485–507.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1978 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schultes, R.E. (1978). Plants and Plant Constituents as Mind-Altering Agents Throughout History. In: Iversen, L.L., Iversen, S.D., Snyder, S.H. (eds) Stimulants. Handbook of Psychopharmacology, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0510-2_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0512-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0510-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive