Abstract
Biomass in its various forms is an attractive alternative source of energy. Through photosynthesis, biomass collects and stores low-intensity solar energy which can then be harvested at will and released through direct combustion, thermochemical conversion, or biochemical conversion.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, The Outlook for Timber in the United States, Forest Resource Report No. 20, Washington, D.C. (1974).
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Statistics of the U.S., 1977, Review Draft, Washington, D.C. (1978).
K. Howlett and A. Gamache, Silvicultural Biomass Farms: Forest and Mill Residues as Potential Sources of Biomass, Vol. VI, MITRE Corporation/Metrek Division, Technical Report No. 7347, McLean, Va. (1977).
D. J. Salo and J. F. Henry, Wood based biomass resources in the United States: Near term and long term prospects, in: Proceedings EPRI/GRI Workshop on Biomass Energy and Technology, Santa Clara, Ca. (1978).
S. H. Spurr and H. J. Vaux, Timber: Biological and economic potential, Science 191, 752 (1976).
J. B. Grantham, Anticipated competition for available wood fuels in the United States, paper presented at the American Chemical Society Meeting (1977).
A. M. Herrick and C. L. Brown, A new concept in cellulose production—Silage Sycamore, Agri. Sci. Res. 5, 8 (1967).
G. F. Dutrow, Economic Implications of Silage Sycamore, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Research Paper, Southern Forest Experiment Station New Orleans, La. (1971), pp. 50–66.
H. E. Young, Wood Fiber Farming: An Ecologically Sound and Productive Use of Right-of-Ways, University of Maine, School of Forest Resources (1972).
K. Steinbeck, J. T. May, and R. G. McAlpine, Silage cellulose—A new concept, in: Forest Engineering Conference Proceedings, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, Saint Joseph, Michigan (1968).
J. H. Ribe, Will short-rotation forestry supply future pulpwood needs?, Pulp and Paper December (1972).
J. H. G. Smith and D. S. DeBell, Opportunities for short rotation culture and complete utilization of seven Northwestern tree species, Forestry Chronicle 49, 1 (1973).
P. R. Larson and J. C. Gordon, Photosynthesis and wood yield, Agri. Sci. Rev. 7, 7–14 (1969).
E. J. Schreiner, Mini-Rotation Forestry, U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Res. Pap. NE-174, Northeast Forestry Experimental Station, Upper Darby, Pa. (1970).
K. Steinbeck and J. T. May, Productivity of very young Platanus occidentalis Plantings Grown at Various Spacings, in: Forest Biomass Studies, University of Maine Press, Orano, Maine (1971), pp. 153–162.
J. R. Saucier, A. Clark, and R. G. McAlpine, Above ground biomass yields of short rotation sycamore, Wood Sci. 5, 1–6 (1972).
J. H. Ribe, Will short-rotation forestry supply future pulpwood needs?, Pulp and Paper December (1972).
R. P. Belanger and J. R. Saucier, Intensive culture of hardwoods in the South, Iowa State J. Res. 49 (3), Part 2, 339–344 (1975).
H. E. Kennedy, Jr., Influence of Cutting Cycle and Spacing on Coppice Sycamore Yield, U.S. Forest Service Research Note S.O.-193, Southern Forest Experimental Station, New Orleans (1975).
K. Steinbeck, Short-rotation hardwood forestry in the southeast, in: Proceedings Second Annual Symposium on Fuels from Biomass (W. W. Shuster, ed.), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, June 20–22 (1978).
P. P. Kormanik, G. L. Tyre, and R. P. Belanger, A case history of two short rotation coppice plantations of sycamore on southern piedmont bottomlands, in: IUFRO Biomass Studies, College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine (1973), pp. 351–360.
K. Steinbeck, R. G. McAlpine, and J. T. May, Short rotation culture of sycamore: A status report, J. For. 70, 210–213 (1972).
J. Zavitkovski, Biomass Farms for Energy Production: Biological Considerations, SAF/CIF Convention, Proceedings, St. Louis, Missouri, October (1978).
A. R. Ek and J. P. Brodie, Preliminary analysis of short-rotation Aspen management, Can. J. For. Res. 5, 245–258 (1974).
D. F. W. Pollard, Above ground dry matter production in three stands of trembling Aspen, Can. J. For. Res. 2 (27), (1972).
R. Doucet, Biomass d’un peuplement de peuplier faux tremble age de six ans, Que. Minist. Terres For. Serv. Rech. Note No. 7 (1977).
A. B. Berry, Production of dry matter from aspen stands harvested on short rotations, in: IUFRD Biomass Studies (H. E. Young, ed.) College of Life Science and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Me. (1973).
Inter Group Consulting Economists, Ltd., Liquid Fuels from Renewable Resources: Feasibility Study, Volume C: Forest Studies, Report prepared for the Government of Canada, Interdepartmental Steering Committee on Canadian Liquid Fuels Program Options, Winnipeg, Manitoba, March (1978).
M. C. Carter and E. H. White, Dry weight and nutrient accumulation in young stands of cottonwood, Circular 190, Agr. Exp. Sta., Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama (1971).
R. M. Krinard and R. L. Johnson, Ten-year results in a cottonwood spacing study, USDA Forest Service Research Paper 50-106, Southeastern Forest Exp. Station (1975).
F. L. Schmidt and D. S. DeBell, Wood production and kraft pulping of short rotation hardwoods in the Pacific Northwest, in: IUFRO Biomass Studies, (H. E. Young, ed.), Coll. of Life Sci. and Agri., Univ. of Maine, Orono, Maine (1973).
D. S. DeBell, Short rotation culture of hardwoods in the Pacific Northwest, Iowa State J. Res. 49 (3), Part 2, 345 (1975).
P. E. Heilman, D. V. Peabody, D. S. DeBell, and R. F. Strand, A test of close-spaced short-rotation culture of black cottonwood, Can. J. For. Res. 2 (4), 456–459 (1972).
A. Musnier, Etude financiere et de gestion provisioneile des plantations et des fermes populicoles, Quebec Ministere des Terres et des Forets, Service de la Recherche, No. 31 (1976).
A. R. Ek and D. H. Dawson, Yields of intensively grown populus: Actual and projected, in: Intensive Plantation Culture, USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report NC-21, N. Central For. Exp. Sta., Rhinelander, Wisconsin (1976).
H. W. Anderson and L. Zsuffa, Yield and Wood Quality of Hybrid Cottonwood Grown in 2-Year Rotation, Forest Research Report No. 101, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1975).
H. W. Anderson and L. Zsuffa, Farming Hybrid Poplar for Food and Fiber, Forest Research Report No. 103, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (1977).
J. F. Laundrie and J. G. Berbee, High yield of kraft pulp from rapid growth hybrid poplar trees, Research Paper FPL 186, USDA Forest Service, Wisconsin (1972).
D. H. Dawson, J. G. Isebrandts, and J. C. Gordon, Growth and dry weight yields and specific gravity, Research Paper NC-122, USDA Forest Service (1976).
United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Intensive Plantation Culture, General Technical Report No. 21, North Central Forest Experiment Station (1976).
T. W. Bowersox and W. W. Ward, Growth and yield of close-spaced young hybrid poplars, For. Sci. 22 (4), (1976) pp. 109–114.
J. B. Crist and D. H. Dawson, Anatomy and dry weight yields of two populus clones grown under intensive culture, USDA Forest Service Res. Paper NC-113, North Central Forest Exp. Sta., St. Paul, Minn. (1975).
R. S. Evans, Energy plantations: Should we grow trees for power plant fuel?, Can. For. Serv., Dept. Environ., Rep. VP-X-129, Vancouver, B.C. (1974).
J. H. G. Smith, Biomass of some young red alder stands, in: IUFRO Biomass Studies (H. E. Young, ed.), Coll. of Life Sci. and Agr., University of Maine, Orono, Maine (1973).
J. H. G. Smith and D. S. DeBell, Some effects of stand density on biomass of red alder, Can. J. For. Res. 4, 335–340 (1974).
D. S. DeBeil, Potential productivity of dense young thickets of red alder, For. Res. Note No. 2, Crown Zellerbach Corp., Central Research, Camas, Wash. (1972).
J. Zavitkovski and R. D. Stevens, Primary productivity of red alder ecosystems, Ecology, 53 (2) (1972).
E. C. Franklin, and G. Meskimen, Wood properties of some eucalypts for the southern United States, in: Proceedings, 1975 National Convention, Society of American Foresters, Washington, D.C. (1975).
United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Cooperative Progress in Eucalypt Research, Southern Forest Exp. Station, Olustee, Florida (1975).
W. H. Smith, L. E. Nelson, and G. L. Switzer, Development of the shoot system of young loblolly pine, II. Dry matter and nutrient accumulation, For. Sci. 17 (1), 55 (1971).
G. L. Switzer and L. E. Nelson, Nutrient accumulation and nutrient cycling in loblolly pine plantation ecosystems: The first twenty years, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 36, 143–147 (1972).
J. C. Nemeth, Dry Matter Production and Site Factors in Young Loblolly Pine and Slash Pine Plantations, Ph.D. Diss., North Carolina State University, Department of Botany, Raleigh, N.C. (1972).
C. W. Ralston, Annual primary productivity in a loblolly pine plantation, in: IUFRO Biomass Studies (H. E. Young, ed.), College of Life Sciences and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, Maine (1973).
W. R. Harms and O. G. Langdon, Development of loblolly pine in dense stands, For. Sci. 22, 331 (1976).
G. Siren and G. Sivertsson, Survival and dry matter production of some high yield clones of salix and populus selected for forest industry and energy production, Royal Coll. For., Dep. Reforestation, Res. Note 83 Stockholm, Sweden (1976).
Georgia-Pacific Corporation, Eucalyptus Study Intracompany memo, Fort Bragg, Ga. (1976).
G. C. Szego and C. C. Kemp, Energy forests and fuel plantations, Chem Tech, 3 (5): 275–284 (May 1973).
J. A. Alich, Jr. and R. E. Inman, Effective Utilization of Solar Energy to Produce Clean Fuel, NSF/RANN/SE/GI/38723 Contract, SRI Project No. 2643, Menlo Park, Ca. (1974).
C. L. Brown, Forests as energy sources in the year 2000: What man imagines, man can do, J. For. 74, 7 (1976).
R. E. Inman, D. J. Salo, and B. J. McGurk, Silvicultural Biomass Farms, Vol. IV: Site-Specific Production Studies and Cost Analyses, MITRE Corporation/Metrek Division, MTR No. 7347 (1977).
Intertechnology/Solar Corporation, The Photosynthesis Energy Factory: Analysis, Synthesis and Demonstration, U.S. Department of Energy Contract No. EX-76-C-01-2548, Final Report, NTIS-HCP/T3548-01, Washington, D.C. (1978).
D. W. Rose, Cost of producing energy from wood in intensive culture, J. Environ. Manage. 5, 1 (1976).
T. W. Bowersox and W. W. Ward, Economic analysis of a short rotation Fiber production system for hybrid poplar, J. For. 74, 750 (1976).
R. E. Lohrey, Site preparation improves survival and growth of direct seeded pines, U.S. Forest Service Research Note 50-185, Southern Forest Exp. Station, New Orleans, La. (1974).
R. P. Schultz, Intensive culture of southern pines: Maximum yields or short rotations, Iowa State J. Res. 49 (3), 325 (1975).
J. S. McKnight, Planting cottonwood cuttings for timber production in the south, U.S.D.A. Forest Service Res. Paper 50-60 (1970).
D. S. deBell and J. C. Harms, Identification of cost factors associated with intensive culture of forest crops, Iowa State J. Res. 50 (3), 295 (1976).
R. Hunt, Effects of Site Preparation on Planted Sweetgum, Sycamore and Loblolly Pine on Upland Sites, Third Year Measurement Report, International Paper Company, Southlands Experiment Forest, Bainbridge, Ga. (1975).
D. J. Salo, J. F. Henry, and R. E. Inman, Design of a Pilot Silvicultural Biomass Farm at the Savannah River Plant, ERDA Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4101, MITRE Corporation/Metrek Division, MTR-7960 (1979).
D. J. Salo, J. F. Henry, and A. W. DeAgazio, Pilot Silvicultural Biomass Farm Layout and Design—Comparative Energetic and Cost Assessment of Irrigation Alternatives at The Savannah River Plant, ERDA Contract No. EG-77-C-01-4101, MITRE Corporation/Metrek Division, MTR-79W00102 (1979).
Hansen, E. A., in: Intensive Plantation Culture (Five Years Research), USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NC-21, North Central Forest Exp. Station (1976).
J. R. Boyle, J. J. Phillips, and A. R. Ek, Whole tree harvesting: Nutrient budget evaluation, J. For. 71, 760 (1973).
J. R. Boyle, Nutrients in relation to intensive culture of forest crops, Iowa State J. Res. 49 (3), pt2, 297 (1975).
J. F. Henry, M. D. Fraser, W. B. Scholten, and C. W. Vail, Economics of energy crops on specific Northern California marginal crop lands, paper presented at the Fuels from Biomass Sympsoium, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, Ca. (August 3, 1977).
Inter Group Consulting Economists Ltd. Liquid Fuels from Renewable Resources: Feasibility Study, Vol. C: Forest Studies, report prepared for the Government of Canada, Interdepartmental Steering Committee on Canadian Renewable Liquid Fuels, Winnipeg, Manitoba (1978).
P. R. Blankenhorn, W. K. Murphey, and T. W. Bowersox, Energy Expended to Obtain Potentially Recoverable Energy from the Forests, Tappi Conference Papers, Forest Biology Wood Chemistry Conference, Madison, Wisconsin (June 20–22, 1977).
E. S. Lipinsky, T. A. McClure, J. L. Otis, D. A. Scantland, and W. J. Sheppard, Systems Study of Fuels from Sugarcane, Sweet Sorghum, Sugar Beets and Corn, Vol. IV: Corn Agriculture, final Report, ERDA Contract No. W-7405-ENG-92, BMI-19574 A (Vol. IV) (March 31, 1977).
D. Pimentel, Agricultural production: Resource needs and limitations, in: Transactions of the 40th North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 1975, Wildlife Management Institute, Washington, D.C. (1975).
Federal Energy Administration, Project Independence Blueprint (1974).
D. J. Salo, R. E. Inman, B. J. McGurk, and J. Verhoeff, Silvicultural Biomass Farms, Volume III: Land Suitability and Availability, MITRE Corporation/Metrek Division, MTR 7347, McLean, Va. (1977).
InterTechnology/Solar Corporation, Solar SNG: The Estimated Availability of Resources for Large Scale Production of SNG by Anaerobic Digestion of Specially Grown Plant Matter, Report No. 011075, American Gas Association, Project No. IU 114-1, Warrenton, Va. (1975).
R. Didericksen, A. Hidlebaugh, and K. Schmede, Potential Cropland Study, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. (1977).
B. F. Malac, and R. D. Heeren, Hardwood plantation management, Southern J. Appl. For. 3 (1), 3 (1979).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Henry, J.F. (1981). Silvicultural Energy Farms. In: Sofer, S.S., Zaborsky, O.R. (eds) Biomass Conversion Processes for Energy and Fuels. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0301-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0301-6_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0303-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0301-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive