Abstract
Surfaces and interfaces are involved in many aspects of engineering technology. Of particular interest to materials scientists are those aspects in which phenomena occurring at external or internal surfaces determine mechanical behavior, or electronic properties. In this paper, factors involved in some of these effects, and in such important surface phenomena as friction, lubrication and wear, sintering, welding and adhesion, are reviewed and briefly discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Volkenstein, F. F., “Electronic Processes at the Surface of a Semiconductor During Chemisorption,” Soviet Physics Uspehki, 9 (1967), 743.
Gomer, R., “Surface Phenomena-The Nature and Properties of Solid Surfaces and Interfaces,” Perspectives in Materials Research, Office of Naval Research, Washington (1963), 498.
Bardeen, J. and Brattain, W. H., “Physical Principles Involved in Transistor Actions,” Phys. Rev., 75 (1949), 1208.
Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior, ed. Westwood, A. R. C. and Stoloff, N. S., Gordon and Breach, New York (1966).
Stokes, R. J., Johnston, T. L. and Li, C. H., “Effect of Slip Distribution on the Fracture Behavior of Magnesium Oxide Single Crystals,” Phil. Mag., 6 (1961), 9.
Westwood, A. R. C., “On the Fracture Behavior of MgO Bicrystals,” Phil. Mag., 6 (1961), 195.
Ku, R. C. and Johnston, T. L., “Fracture Strength of MgO Crystals,” Phil. Mag., 9 (1964), 231.
Worzala, F. J. and Robinson, W. H., “Surface Dislocation Sources and Plastic Flow in Silver Monocrystals,” Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior, Gordon and Breach, New York (1966), 183.
Grosskreutz, J. C. and Bowles, C. Q., “Effect of Environmental Gases on the Surface Deformation of Aluminum and Gold in Fatigue,” Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior, Gordon and Breach, New York (1966), 67.
Worthington, P. J. and Smith, E., “The Formation of Slip Bands in Polycrystalline 3% Silicon Iron in the Pre-Yield Microstrain Region,” Acta Met., 12 (1964), 1277.
Epsey, G. B., Jones, M. H. and Brown, W. F., “A Preliminary Report on Sharp Notch and Smooth Tensile Characteristics for a Number of Ultra High Strength Sheet Alloys,” Proc. ASTM, 59 (1959), 837.
Westwood, A. R. C., “Introduction to the Surface-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior of Materials,” Ind. and Eng. Chem., 56 (1964), 14.
Fourdeaux, A. and Wronski, A., “New Electrolytic Method for Cutting and Shaping Metal Specimens,” Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 14 (1963), 218.
Ward, W. V., Jacobson, M. L. and Mathews, C. O., “Effect of Surface Finish on Properties of Beryllium Sheet,” Trans. ASM, 54 (1961), 84.
Davidenkov, N. N. and Efimova, I. S., “Influence of Surface Condition on Cold Brittleness,” Soviet Physics-Solid State, 1 (1960), 1389.
Breidt, P. J., Hobstetter, J. N. and Ellis, W. C., “Some Effects of Environment on Fracture Stress of Germanium,” J. Appl. Phys., 29 (1958), 226.
Pugh, E. N., Westwood, A. R. C. and Hitch, T. T., “Effects of Liquid Metals on the Fracture Strength of Germanium Monocrystals,” Phys. Stat. Solidi, 15 (1966), 291.
Mock, J. A., “Coatings and Finishes,” Mat. in Design Engineering, January (1966), 88.
Zimmel, L. J., “An Analysis of the Effects of ECM on the Fatigue of 403 SS,” presented at Nat. Aeronautic and Space Eng. Meeting, Los Angeles, October (1964).
Pugh, E. N., “On the Mechanism(s) of Stress-Corrosion Cracking,” Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior, Gordon and Breach, New York (1966), 351.
Graf, L., “Stress Corrosion Cracking in Homogeneous Alloys,” Stress Corrosion Cracking and Embrittlement, John Wiley, New York (1956), 48.
Forty, A. J. and Humble, P., “Influence of Surface Tarnishing on the Stress-Corrosion of a-Brass,” Phil. Mag., 8 (1963), 247.
McEvily, A. J. and Bond, A. P., “On the Initiation and Growth of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Tarnished Brass,” J. Electrochem. Soc, 112 (1965), 131.
Pugh, E. N. and Westwood, A. R. C., “Complex-Ions and the Stress-Corrosion Cracking of α-Brass,” Phil. Mag., 13 (1966), 167.
Sedriks, A. J., “Structure of Tarnish Films on Stress Corrosion Fracture Surfaces of Ti-5% Al-2.57% Sn Alloy Tested in Nitrogen Tetroxide,” Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 239 (1967), 916.
Pugh, E. N., Montague, W. M. and Westwood, A. R. C., “Stress-Corrosion Cracking of Copper,” Corrosion Sci., 6 (1966), 345.
Hanna, G. L., Troiano, A. R. and Steigerwald, E. A., “A Mechanism for the Embrittlement of High-Strength Steels by Aqueous Environments,” Trans. ASM, 57 (1964), 658.
Sedriks, A. J., Slattery, P. W. and Pugh, E. N., “Stress-Corrosion Cracking of α-Titanium in Non-Aqueous Environments,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Stress-Corrosion Cracking, Columbus, Ohio, September (1967), to be published.
Brattain, W. H., “Introduction to the Physics and Chemistry of Surfaces,” The Surface Chemistry of Metals and Semiconductors, John Wiley, New York (1959), 9.
Westwood, A. R. C., Preece, C. M. and Kamdar, M. H., “Application of Crack Propagation Criterion to Liquid Metal Embrittlement; Cleavage of Aluminum in Liquid Gallium,” Trans. ASM, 60 (1967), 723.
Westwood, A. R. C. and Kamdar, M. H., “Concerning Liquid-Metal Embrittlement, Particularly of Zinc Monocrystals by Mercury,” Phil. Mag., 8 (1963), 787.
Stoloff, N. S. and Johnston, T. L., “Crack Propagation in a Liquid Metal Environment,” Acta Met., 11 (1963), 251.
Likhtman, V. I. and Shchukin, E. D., “Physico-Chemical Phenomena in the Deformation of Metals,” Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 1 (1958), 91.
Kelly, A., Tyson, W. R. and Cottrell, A. H., “Ductile and Brittle Crystals,” Phil. Mag., 15 (1967), 567.
Douglass, R. W., Krier, C. A. and Jaffee, R. I., “High Temperature Properties and Alloying Behavior of Refractory Platinum Group Metals,” Battelle Memorial Inst. Rept. (AD 265-624), August (1961).
Westwood, A. R. C., Goldheim, D. L. and Pugh, E. N., “A Double-Layer Mechanism for the Complex-Ion Embrittlement of AgCl,” Phil. Mag., 15 (1967), 105.
Westwood, A. R. C., Goldheim, D. L. and Lye, R. G., “Rebinder-Effects in MgO,” Phil. Mag., 16 (1967), 505.
Rebinder, P. A., Schreiner, L. A. and Zhigach, K. F., Hardness Reducers in Drilling, C.S.I.R.O., Melbourne (1948), 1.
Johnston, W. G., “Effect of Impurities on the Flow Stress of LiF Crystals,” J. Appl. Phys., 33 (1962), 2050.
Pratt, P. L., Chang, R. and Newey, C. W., “Effect of Divalent Metal Impurity Distribution, Quenching Rate, and Annealing Temperature on Flow Stress of Ionic Crystals,” Appl. Phys. Letters, 3, No. 5 (1963), 83.
Mark, P., “Chemisorption and Trapping on Insulator Surfaces,” Trans. N.Y. Acad. of Sci., 27 (1965), 946.
Likhtman, V.I., Rehbinder, P. A. and Karpenko, G. V., Effects of a Surface Active Medium on the Deformation of Metals, H.M.S.O., London (1958).
Harper, S. and Cottrell, A. H., “Surface Effects and the Plasticity of Zinc Crystals,” Proc. Phys. Soc, B63 (1950), 331.
Forrest, P. G., Fatigue of Metals, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts (1962).
Jackson, J. S., “Hydrogen Occlusion and its Effect on Fatigue Properties of Plain Carbon Spring Steels,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Fatigue, Inst. Mech. Engrs. (1956), 500.
Bennett, J. A., “Effect of Anodic (HAE) Coating on the Fatigue Strength of Magnesium Alloy Specimens,” Proc. ASTM, 55 (1955), 1015.
Wadsworth, N. J., and Hutchings, J., “The Effect of Atmospheric Corrosion on Metal Fatigue,” Phil. Mag., 3 (1958), 1154.
Gough, H. J. and Sopwith, D. G., “Atmospheric Action as a Factor in the Fatigue of Metals,” J. Inst. Met., 49 (1932), 93.
Broom, T. and Nicholson, J., “Atmospheric Corrosion Fatigue of Age-Hardened Aluminum Alloys,” J. Inst. Met., 89 (1961), 183.
Kramer, I. R. and Podlaseck, S., “Stress-Strain Behavior of Aluminum Crystals at Low Pressures,” Acta Met., 11 (1963), 70.
Westwood, A. R. C., “Environment-Sensitive Mechanical Behavior—Status and Problems,” Environment-Sensuive Mechanical Behavior, Gordon and Breach, New York (1966), 1.
Vitovec, F. H., “Effect of Hydrogen Environment on Creep and Fracture of Steels,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Fracture, Sendai (1965), 1895.
Shahinian, P., “Creep-Rupture Behavior of Unnotched and Notched Nickel-Base Alloys in Air and in Vacuum,” Trans. ASME, J. of Basic Eng., 87 (1965), 344.
Hancock, G. G. and Johnson, H. H., “Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Subcritical Crack Growth in a High Strength Steel,” Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 236 (1966), 513.
Wei, R. P., Talda, P. M. and Li, C. Y., “Fatigue Crack Propagation in some Ultra-High Strength Steels,” Proc. ASTM, to be published.
Smoluchowski, R., “Anisotropy of the Electronic Work Function of Metals,” Phys. Rev., 60 (1941), 661.
Herring, C. and Nichols, M. H., “Thermionic Emission,” Rev. Mod. Phys., 21 (1949), 185.
Palmberg, P. W. and Peria, W. T., “Low Energy Electron Diffraction Studies on Ge and Na-Covered Ge,” Surface Science, 6 (1967), 57.
Kingdon, K. H., “Electron Emission from Adsorbed Films on Tungsten,” Phys. Rev., 24 (1924), 510.
Rump, B. S. and Gehman, B. L., “Work Function Measurements of Nickel, Molybdenum, and Tungsten in a Cesium-Hydrogen Atmosphere,” J. Appl. Phys., 36 (1965), 2347.
Grimley, T. B., “The Indirect Interaction between Atoms or Molecules Adsorbed on Metals,” Proc. Phys. Soc., 90 (1967), 751.
Bennett, A. J. and Falicov, L. M., “Theory of the Electronic Configuration of a Metallic-Surface Adsorbate System,” Phys. Rev., 151 (1966), 512.
Gadzuk, J. W., “Theory of Atom-Metal Interations. I. Alkali Atom Adsorption,” Surface Sei., 6 (1967), 133.
Gadzuk, J. W., “Theory of Atom-Metal Interactions. II. One-electron Transition Matrix Elements,” Surface Sci., 6 (1967), 159.
Lander, J. I. and Morrison, J., “A LEED Investigation of Physisorption,” Surface Sci., 6 (1967), 1.
Bowden, F. P. and Tabor, D., Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, Pt I (1954), Pt II (1964).
King, R. F. and Tabor, D., “The Strength Properties and Frictional Behavior of Brittle Solids,” Proc. Roy. Soc, A223 (1954), 225.
Bowden, F. P. and Brookes, C. A., “Frictional Anisotropy in Nonmetallic Crystals,” Proc. Roy. Soc, A295 (1966), 244.
Byerlee, J. D., “Theory of Friction Based on Brittle Fracture,” J. Appl. Phys., 38 (1967), 2928.
Keller, D. V., Jr., “Application of Recent Static Adhesion Data to the Adhesion Theory of Friction,” Surfaces and Interfaces I, Chemical and Physical Characteristics, Burke et al., eds., Syracuse Univ. Press, Syracuse (1967).
Bowden, F. P. and Tabor, D., “Influence of Surface Films on the Friction and Deformation of Surfaces,” Properties of Metallic Surfaces, Institute of Metals, London (1953), 197.
Savage, R. H., “Graphite Lubrication,” J. Appl. Phys., 19 (1948), 1.
Boes, D. J., “Lubrication with Solids,” Int. Sci. and Technology, June (1966), 80.
Fuller, D. D., “Lubrication,” Int. Sci. and Technology, January (1965), 18.
Bowden, F. P., Gregory, J. N. and Tabor, D. D., “Lubrication of Metal Surfaces by Fatty Acids,” Nature, 156 (1945), 97.
Hilton-Smith, H. A. and Fort, T., “Some Properties of Surface Films Formed by Adsorption of n-Nonadecanoic Acid on Mechanically Activated Metal Surfaces,” J. Phys. Chem., 62 (1958), 519.
Gross, W., “Gas Lubrication,” Int. Sci. and Technology, January (1963), 32.
Coble, R. L. and Burke, J. E., “Sintering in Ceramics,” Prog. In Ceram. Sci., 3 (1963), 197.
Kuczysnki, G. C., “Self-Diffusion in Sintering of Metallic Particles,” Trans. AIME, 185 (1949), 169.
Kuczynski, G. C., Matsumura, G. and Cullity, B. A., “Segregation in Homogeneous Alloys During Sintering,” Acta Met., 8 (1960), 209.
Seigle, L. L., Kinetics of High Temperature Processes, John Wiley, New York (1960).
Alexander, B. and Baluffi, R. W., “The Mechanism of Sintering of Copper,” Ada Met., 5 (1957), 666.
Coble, R. L., “Sintering Crystalline Solids. I. Intermediate and Final State Diffusion Models,” J. Appl. Phys., 32 (1961), 787.
Aitkin, E. A., “Initial Sintering Kinetics of Beryllium Oxide,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 43 (1960), 627.
Brophy, J., Shepard, L. and Wulff, J., (1960). Reported in Ref. 68.
Sutton, W. H. and Feingold, E., “Role of Interfacially Active Metals in the Apparent Adherance of Nickel to Sapphire,” Mat. Sci. Res., 3 (1966), 577.
Bailey, G. L. J. and Watkins, H. C., “The Flow of Liquid Metals on Solid Metal Surfaces, and its Relation to Soldering, Brazing and Hot-Dip Coating,” J. Inst. Met., 80 (1951–52), 57.
Klein-Wassink, R. J., “Wetting of Solid-Metal Surfaces by Molten Metals,” J. Inst. Met., 95 (1967), 38.
Morgan, W. A., “Embrittlement of Solid Metals in a Liquid Metal,” Metal Treatment and Drop Forging, September (1959), 333.
Albom, N. J., “Solid State Welding of Reactive and Refractory Metals,” Mat. in Design Engineering, April (1965), 106.
Fowkes, F. M., “Attractive Forces at Interfaces,” Ind. and Eng. Chem., 56 (1964), 40.
Fowkes, F. M., “Intermolecular and Interatomic Forces at Interfaces,” Surfaces and Interfaces I, Chemical and Physical Characteristics, Burke et al., eds., Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (1967), 197.
Lennard-Jones, J. E., “Processes of Adsorption and Diffusion on Solid Surfaces,” Trans. Faraday Soc, 28 (1932), 334.
Bewig, K. W. and Zisman, W. A., “Surface Potentials and Induced Polarization in Nonpolar Liquids Adsorbed on Metals,” J. Phys. Chem., 68 (1964), 804.
Brooks, H., “Binding in Metals,” Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 227 (1963), 546.
White, M. L., “The Wetting of Gold Surfaces by Water,” J. Phys. Chem., 68 (1964), 3083.
Erb, R. A., “Wettability of Metals under Continuous Condensing Conditions,” J. Phys. Chem., 69 (1965), 1306.
Sharpe, L. H., Schonhorn H. and Lynch, C. J., “Adhesives,” Int. Sci. and Technology, April (1964), 26.
Deryaguin, B. V., Krotova, N. A., Karassev, V. V., Kirillova, Y. M. and Aleinikova, I. N., “Electrical Phenomena Accompanying the Formation of New Surfaces, and Their Role in Adhesion and Cohesion,” Proc. 2nd Int. Congress of Surface Activity, 3 (1957), 417.
Hauck, J. E., “New High Temperature Adhesives: Easier to Apply, Stand More Heat,” Mat. Engineering, April (1967), 84.
Thomas, G. and Nutting, J., “The Aging Characteristics of Aluminum Alloys,” J. Inst. Met., 88 (1959–60), 81.
Pugh, E. N. and Jones, W. R. D., “The Mechanism of Stress-Corrosion in a High Purity Aluminum-Zinc-Magnesium Alloy,” Metallurgia, 63 (1961), 3.
Thomas, G., “The Improvement in Stress-Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum D.T.D. 687 Alloys,” J. Inst. Met., 89 (1960–1), 287.
Polmear, I. J., “The Properties of Commercial Al-Zn-Mg Alloys,” J. Inst. Met., 89 (1960–61), 193.
Pugh, E. N. and Sedriks, A. J., “The Delayed Fracture of Aluminum Alloys,” RIAS Report No. 237, September (1966).
Rice, J. R., “An Examination of the Fracture Mechanics Energy Balance from the Point of View of Continuum Mechanics,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Fracture, Sendai (1965), 309.
Low, J. R., “Microstructural Aspects of Fracture,” Fracture of Solids, Interscience (1962), 197.
Westbrook, J. H. and Wood, D. L., “Degradation in Beryllides, Silicides, Aluminides and Related Compounds,” J. Nucl. Met., 12 (1964), 208.
Aitken, E. A., “Corrosion Behavior,” Intermetallic Compounds, John Wiley, New York (1967), 491.
Sutton, W. H. and Chome, J., “Factors Affecting the Tensile Strength of Metals Reinforced with Strong Fibers,” Strengthening Mechanisms—Metals and Ceramics, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (1966), 549.
Sutton, W. H. and Chorne, J., “Potential of Oxide-Fiber Reinforced Metals,” Fiber Composite Materials, ASM, Metals Park, Ohio (1965), 173.
Blackburn, L. D., Burte, H. M. and Bonanno, F. R., “Filament Matrix Interactions in Metal Matrix Composites,” Strengthening Mechanisms—Metals and Ceramics, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (1966), 447.
Farrell, K. and Parikh, N. M., Rept. on Contract: NOw-62-0650c, Illinois Inst, Tech. Res. Inst., Chicago (1963).
Weeton, J. W. and Signorelli, R. A., “Fiber-Metal Composites,” Strengthening Mechanisms—Metals and Ceramics, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse (1966), 477.
Pugh, S. F., “The Fracture of Brittle Materials,” Brit. J. Appl. Phys., 18 (1967), 129.
Griffith, A. A., “The Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, A221 (1920), 163.
Johnston, T. L., Stokes, R. J. and Li, C. H., “The Fracture Behavior of Silver Chloride-Alumina Composites,” Trans. Met. Soc. AIME, 221 (1961), 792.
Forwood, C. T. and Forty, A. J., “The Interaction of Cleavage Cracks with Inhomogenities in Sodium Chloride Crystals,” Phil. Mag., 11 (1965), 1067.
Tetelman, A. and Rau, C. A., “The Effect of Small-Drilled Holes on the Notch Toughness of Iron-Base Alloys,” Proc. Int. Conf. on Fracture, Sendai (1965), 691.
Cook, N. C., Reported in Metals-Materials Today (ASM), 40, August (1967), 15.
Galmiche, P., Reported by Baldi, A. L., “Composite Coating Increases Life of Super-Alloy and Stainless Steel Parts,” Mat. in Design Engineering, September (1966), 92. See also Metals and Materials, 1 (1967), 167.
Friedman, H., “Clad Metal Wires Outperform Solid Wires,” Mat. in Design Engineering, February (1967), 67.
Seeman, J. J., “Ion Sputtered Coatings Provide Multi-Functional Finishes,” Mat. in Design Engineering, November (1965), 102.
Reported in Mat. in Design Engineering, March (1967), 21.
Roberts, L., “Ablation Materials for Atmosphere Re-entry,” NASA Report SP-27, December (1962), 23.
Busche, M. G., “Porous Metals Filter Liquids, Cut Noise, Dampen Vibration,” Mat. in Design Engineering, February (1967), 80.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1968 Syracuse University Press Syracuse, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Westwood, A.R.C., Lye, R.G. (1968). Surfaces and Interfaces in Materials Technology. In: Burke, J.J., Reed, N.L., Weiss, V. (eds) Surfaces and Interfaces II. Sagamore Army Materials Research Conference Proceedings, vol 14. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0178-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0178-4_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-0180-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-0178-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive