Abstract
Every cell and organ system in the body depends on the circulation of blood for appropriate nutrients, humoral message exchange, and removal of waste. The heart and the large blood vessels are indispensable as pump and plumbing. Blood flow according to tissue needs, however, and body weight economy in terms of total blood volume, requires complex control mechanisms and an intricate distribution system peripherally, particularly in the microcirculation which consists of vessels less than 100 µ. The smallest arteries and arterioles are generally considered the key vessels mediating the distribution of flow by changing their diameters and thus flow resistance. The structural aspects of these vessels thus become crucial for the understanding of the mechanisms that allow the system to operate in optimal harmony — the harmony that we call good health.
Keywords
- Vascular Smooth Muscle
- Superior Mesenteric Artery
- Small Blood Vessel
- Intravital Microscopy
- Smooth Muscle Layer
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
M. Malphigi, De Pulmonibus. Trans, by J. Young 1929, Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. 23:1–4 (1661).
M. Hall, A critical and experimental essay on the circulation of the blood. R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside, London, p. 22 (1831).
F. Arnold. Handbuch der Anatomie des Menschen, Zweite Bd. Abt., Emmerling, Freiburg in Br. (1847).
W. Spalteholz, Die Vertheilung der Blutgefässe in der Haut, Arch. f. Anat. u. Entwicklungsgesch. (Anat. Abst.) 1–54, Leibzig (1893).
A. Krogh, The Anatomy and Physiology of Capillaries, Yale Univ. Press New Haven (1929).
B.W. Zweifach, The structure and reaction of the small blood vessels in amphibia. Am. J. Anat. 60:473–514 (1937).
R. Chambers and B.W. Zweifach, The topography and function of the mesenteric capillary microcirculation, Am. J. Anat. 75:173–205 (1944).
M.H. Knisely. The histopathology of peripheral vascular beds. In F.R. Moulton (ed.) Blood, Heart, and Circulation, pp. 303–307. Publ. No. 13, A.A.A.S. The Science Press, Lancaster, PA.
P.I. Branemark and E. Eriksson, Method for studying qualitative and quantitative changes of blood flow in skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol, Scand. 84:284–288 (1971).
B.W. Zweifach, Introduction, Perspectives in microcirculation. In Kaley, G. and B.M. Altura (eds.) Microcirculation. Vol. 1; Univ. Park Press. Baltimore (1977).
H.S. Bennett, J.H. Luft and J.C. Hampton, Morphological classifications of vertebrate blood capillaries, Am. J. Physiol. 196:381–390 (1959).
D.W. Fawcett, The fine structure of capillaries and small arteries. In S.R.M. Reynolds and B.W. Zweifach (eds.), THE MICROCIRCULATION. Univ. Illinois Press, Urbana, IL. pp. 1–13 (1959).
G.E. Palade, Blood capillaries of the heart and other organs, Circulation 24:368–384 (1961).
J.A.G. Rhodin, Ultrastructure of mammalian venous capillaries, venules, and small collecting veins, J. Ultrastruc. Res. 25:452–500 (1968).
J.A.G. Rhodin, The ultrastructure of mammalian arterioles and precapillary sphincters, J. Ultrastruc. Res. 18:181–223 (1967).
J. Björk, Microvascular reactions in acute inflammation. An intravital microscopy study in thehamster, Acta Univ. Upsaliensis, Thesis, ISSN 0345–0058, ISBN 91–554-1551–2, Upsala, Sweden (1984).
J.T. OTlaherty, Biology of Disease. Lipid mediators of inflammation and allergy. Lab. Invest. 47:314–329 (1982).
R.F. Furchgott, The role of endothelium in the responses of vascular smooth muscle to drugs, A. Rev. Pharmac. Tox. 24:175–197 (1984).
N. Chung Welch, D. Shepro, B. Dunham and H.B. Hectman, Prostacylclin and prostaglandin E2 secretion by bovine pulmonary microvessel endothelium cells are altered by changes in culture conditions,Cell Physiol. In press (1988).
M.E. Todd, C.G. Laye and D.N. Osborne, The dimensional characteristics of smooth muscle in rat blood vessels. A Computer-Assisted Analysis,Circ. Res. 53:319–331 (1983).
M. Marco, A. Leith and D.F. Parsons, Three-dimensional reconstruction of cells from serial sections and whole-cell mounts using multilevel contouring of stereo micrographs, J. Electron Microsc. Tech, In press (1988).
E.R. Macagno, C. Levinthal and I. Sobel, Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of neurons and neuronal assemblies, Ann. Rev. Biphys. Bioeng. 5:323–351 (1979).
M.S. Braverman and I.M. Braverman, Three dimensional reconstructions of objects from serial sections using a microcomputer graphics system, J. Investig. Dermatology 86:290–294 (1986).
J.A.G. Rhodin, Perfusion and superfusion fixation effects on rat mesentery microvascular beds. Intravital and electron Microscope Analyses, J. Submicrosc. Cytol. 18:453–470 (1986).
E.K. Fram, 3-D Reconstruction, Seeing Beyond, PC Magazine, August 20, pp. 170–174 (1985).
P.B. Canham, R.M. Henderson and M.W. Peters, Coalignment of the muscle cell and nucleus, cell geometry and Vv in the tunica media of monkey cerebral arteries, by electron microscopy, J. Microsc. 127:311–319 (1982).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Horn, L., Krajewski, W.S., Paul, P.K., Song, M.J., Sydor, M.J. (1988). Computerized 3-D Reconstruction of Small Blood Vessels from High Voltage Electron-Micrographs of Thick Serial Cross Sections. In: Chien, S. (eds) Vascular Endothelium in Health and Disease. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 242. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8935-4_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8935-4_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8937-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8935-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive