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Theories of Alienation pp 3–37Cite as

Alienation as a Concept in the Social Sciences

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Abstract

‘Alienation’ and alienated have become words of our everyday language. When someone states: ‘Alienation is a major problem in the city’ or speaks of our ‘alienated society’, he is immediately understood. This sort of common understanding of alienation first developed in recent times, after the term had gained a central position in the social sciences, especially in sociology, political science, psychology and philosophy.1

Keywords

  • American Sociological Review
  • Work Alienation
  • Sociological Tradition
  • Political Alienation
  • Contemporary Social Science

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This paper was originally written as introduction to the annotated bibliography ‘Alienation as a Concept in the Social Sciences’ (Current Sociology, vol. 21, 1973, no. 1). For the purposes of the discussions at the VIIIth World Congress of Sociology and of this publication it has been revised and re-footnoted.

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Notes

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  4. See further C. Bonjean et al., Sociological Measurement (San Francisco: Chandler, 1967), who contribute the findings of a content analysis of four major sociological journals to support this statement.

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  10. Thesaurus linguae latinae, editus auctoritate et Consilio Academiarum quinque Germanicarum (Leipzig: Teubner, 1900ff.), vol. 1, cols. 1558–1560.

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  27. The same is true for the Russian term otchuzdhenie, cf. Filosofskaja entsiklopedija, ed. Institut filosofii akademii nauk SSSR (Moscow, 1967), esp. p. 191.

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  28. In strictly Marxist interpretations resp. in works stressing a critical (dialectical) approach such analytical separation of dimensions in Marx is not tolerated. Instead when reference is made to Marx’s theory of alienation, all three dimensions are discussed simultaneously. See for example, B. Oilman, Alienation: Marx’s Conception of Man in Capitalist Society (London etc.: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1971)

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  30. K. Marx, Early Writings, transl. and ed. T. B. Bottomore (London: Watts, 1963), p. 209.

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  31. See his essay ‘Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat’ (Die Verding-lichung und das Bewusstsein des Proletariats, 1923) in his History and Class Consciousness: Studies in Marxist Dialectics, transl. R. Livingstone (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1971), pp. 83ff.

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  33. Oilman, Alienation ... (loc.cit., n. 22), p. 234.

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  35. K. Marx, Frühe Schriften, eds. H.-J. Lieber and P. Furth (Stuttgart: Cotta, 1962), pp. 560ff.; English translation: Marx, Early Writings (loc.cit., n. 23), pp. 124ff. -This is the only place in Marx’s work where he deals with alienation in a systematic way.

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  39. E. Fromm, The Sane Society (New York: Holt, Winston & Rinehart, 1955), p. 120.

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  40. Fromm, p. 360.

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  41. See his introduction to Socialist Humanism: An International Symposium, ed. E. Fromm (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1966), p. IX.

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  43. Freud did not use the term alienation in his scientific work. See, however, his letter to Romain Rolland, January 1936 (in: S. Freud, Gesammelte Werke, vol. 16, eds. A. Freud et al. (London: Imago Pubi., 1950), p. 254). In the discussion of alienation, however, comparisons are constantly made between the works of Freud and Marx. L. S. Feuer, for example, sees Marx and Engels as ‘Freudian forerunners’ and describes their view of alienation as a ‘romantic concept’ with ‘a preponderantly sexual connotation.’ L. S. Feuer, ‘What is Alienation? The Career of a Concept,’ reprinted in L. S. Feuer, Marx and the Intellectuals: A Set of Post-Ideological Essays (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1969), p. 76.

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  46. Authors who apply the concept of reification by distinguishing it from that of alienation (e.g., L. Goldmann in his Recherches dialectiques (Paris: Gallimard, 1959), pp. 64ff.) rely not only on Hegel and Marx but also on Georg Lukács, especially on his work History and Class Consciousness (loc.cit., n. 24).

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  47. M. Rosner, ‘Aliénation, fétichisme, anomie,’ L’Homme et la société 11 (Jan.-March, 1969), pp. 81–107

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  48. and for an elucidation of the term reification within the realm of the sociology of knowledge P. L. Berger and S. Pullberg, ‘Reification and the Sociological Critique of Consciousness,’ History and Theory 4 (1965), no. 2, pp. 196–211.

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  49. See for example, G. Novack, ‘Alienation,’ International Socialist Review 20 (Fall, 1959), pp. 107–119

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  50. C. Taylor, ‘Alienation and Community,’ University and Left Review 2 (Autumn, 1958), pp. 11–18

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  52. T. I. Oisermann, Die Entfremdung als historische Kategorie (Berlin: Dietz, 1965)

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  53. see, however, for interesting nuances T. I. Oizerman, ‘Man and his Alienation,’ Philosophy, Science and Man (Moscow: U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 1973), pp. 99–107.

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  54. E. Kamenka, Marxism and Ethics (London; Macmillan; New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1969), p. 30

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  56. L. S. Feuer, ‘What is Alienation? ...’ (loc.cit., n. 36).

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  57. For the critique of bureaucracies see, for example, L. Tadic, ‘La bureaucratie, organisation réifiée,’ Praxis. Edition Internationale 4 (1968), no. 1–2, pp. 133–143

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  60. Both printed in his Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. and enl. ed. (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1957), pp. 131–194.

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  62. Merton, Social Theory ... (loc.cit., n. 45), p. 162.

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  63. Supportive: Srole, ‘Social Integration ...’ (loc.cit., n. 11)

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  65. Questioning: A. H. Roberts and M. Rokeach, ‘Anomie, Authoritarianism and Prejudice: A Replication,’ American Journal of Sociology 61 (January, 1956), pp. 355–358

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  66. E. H. Mizruchi, ‘Aspiration and Poverty: A Neglected Aspect of Merton’s Anomie,’ Sociological Quarterly 8 (Autumn, 1967), pp. 439–446.

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  67. Cf. further L. Rhodes, ‘Anomia, Aspiration, and Status,’ Social Forces 42 (May, 1964), pp. 434–440.

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  68. R. Aron, Progress and Disillusion: The Dialectics of Modern Society (London: Pall Mall Press, 1968), p. 152.

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  69. Schacht, Alienation (loc.cit., n. 1), p. LIX.

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  70. See the enumeration in D. G. Dean, ‘Alienation and Political Apathy,’ Social Forces 38 (March, 1960), pp. 185ff.

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  71. See his study The Sociological Tradition (New York: Basic Books, 1966).

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  72. A. Fischer in his introduction to Die Entfremdung des Menschen in einer heilen Gesell-schaft: Materialien zur Adaption und Denunziation eines Begriffs (München: Juventa Verlag, 1970), pp. 13ff.

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  73. Kaufmann, ‘The Inevitability of Alienation,’ (loc.cit., n. 1), p. XLV.

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  74. J. Schaar, Escape from Authority (New York: Basic Books, 1961), p. 174.

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  75. W. Gehlen, Der Mensch, 6th pr. (Bonn: Athenäum, 1958), pp. 65ff.

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  76. W. Gehlen, Urmensch und Spätkultur, 2nd ed. (Frankfurt and Bonn: Athenäum, 1964), pp. 42ff. In this connection reference should also be made to the positive evaluation of the stranger or the alien.

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  77. H. Cohen, for instance, stated, ‘In the alien... man discovered the idea of humanity’ (here quoted from the Encyclopedia Britannica (Chicago etc.: W. Benton), vol. 1, 1963, p. 632).

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  78. From the vast literature on the stranger or alien cf. two classics: R. Michels, ‘Materialien zu einer Soziologie des Fremden,’ Jahrbuch für Soziologie, ed. G. Salomon, vol. 1, 1925

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  84. cf. also Seeman’s extensive debate with these critics, M. Seeman, ‘Alienation and Engagement,’ The Human Meaning of Social Change, eds. A. Campbell and P. E. Converse (New York: Russel Sage, 1972), pp. 505ff.

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  89. See the early comments by C. J. Browning et al., American Sociological Review 26 (October, 1961), pp. 780ff.

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  99. see also H. Lefebvre, Critique de la vie quotidienne, 2nd ed. (Paris: L’Arche, 1958), p. 88, who points to similarities between such a view and the Marxist understanding of totalité.

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  153. For this task (psycho-)linguistic research can provide some assistance, as David G. Hays has shown, cf. his paper ‘On “Alienation:” An Essay in the Psycholinguistics of Science’ (paper prepared for the Ad Hoc Group on Alienation Theory and Research at the VIIIth World Congress of Sociology, Toronto, Canada, August 1974; also published in this collection).

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  1. University of Munich, Germany

    Peter C. Ludz

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  1. Social Research Centre, Netherlands Universities’ Joint, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    R. Felix Geyer

  2. University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

    David R. Schweitzer

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© 1976 H. E. Stenfert Kroese bv, Leiden

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Ludz, P.C. (1976). Alienation as a Concept in the Social Sciences. In: Geyer, R.F., Schweitzer, D.R. (eds) Theories of Alienation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8813-5_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8813-5_1

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