Skip to main content

Biological Responses to Microwave Radiation: Reproduction, Development and Immunology

  • Chapter

Abstract

Microwave (MW) exposure has been reported to affect reproduction, development and immune responses through a variety of combinations of exposure frequency, duration and power density.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Albert E. N., Sherif M. F., and Papadopoulos N. J., 1981a, Effect of nonionizing radiation on the Purkinje cells of the uvula in squirrel monkey cerebellum, Bioelectromagnetics, 2: 241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albert E. N., Sherif M. F., and Papadopoulos N. J., 1981b, Effect of nonionizing radiation on the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum, Bioelectromagnetics, 2: 247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashman R. B. and Nahmias A. J., 1978, Effect of incubation temperature on mitogen responses of lymphocytes from adult peripheral blood and from cord blood, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 33: 319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranski S., 1971, Effect of chronic MW irradiation on the blood forming system of guinea pigs and rabbits, Aerospace Med., 42: 1196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranski S., 1972, Effect of microwaves on the reactions of the white blood cells system, Acta Phvsiol. Polonica, 23: 685.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baranski S. and Czerski P., 1976, Biological effects of microwaves, experimental data, In:“Biological Effects of Microwaves”, Strodsburg, Pa, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, P. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawin S. M., Kaczmarek L. M. and Adey W. R., 1975, Effects of modulated VHF fields on the central nervous system, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman E., Carter H. B., and House D. E.,1982, Observation of Syrian hamster fetuses after exposure to 2450 MHz microwave, J. Microwave Power, 17: 107

    Google Scholar 

  • Berman E., Carter H. B. and House D. E.,1984, Growth and development of mice offspring after irradiation in utero with 2450 MHz microwave, Teratology, 30: 393.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernavetz M. E.,Justesen D. R. and Oke A. F., 1977, A teratologic study of the rat:microwave and infrared radiations compared, Radio Sci., 12(6s):191.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang H., Shao B. J., wang X. H. and Lou Y., 1982, A preliminary observation on the effects of MW on immune function in mice, J. Zhejiang Med. Univ.., 11: 221. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang H. and Lou Y., 1983, Effects of microwave radiation on chromosome of testes in mice, Ratiation Protection, 3: 33. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang H. and Wang M., 1984, Morphological change in mouse sperm following microwave exposure, J. Bioelectricity, 3: 367.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chiang H. and Yao G. D., 1987, Effects of pulsed microwave radiation pre-and post-natally on the developing brain in mice, J. Bioelectricity, 6: 197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conover D. L., Lary J. M. and Hanser P. L., 1980, Thermal threshold for teratogenic response in rats irradiated at 27.12 MHz,Bioelectromagnetics, 1: 204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Czerski P., 1975, Microwave effects on the blood-forming system with particular reference to the lymphocyte, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 232.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Czerski P., Gloser Z. R.,Drop B. A., Silverman P. M. and ManikowskaCzerska E., 1985, Dominant lethal test following 2450 MHz CW exposure of male ICR mice, BEMS 7th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang B. R., Lu Q., Li F. B., Zou R. B. and Liu Y. H., 1982, Application of microwave in male contraception, Chin. J. Urology, 3: 75. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvin H. J., MacNichols G. and McRee D. I., 1983a, Effects of 2450 MHz microwave radiation during the gestational period on the postnatal hematology of rats, Cell Biophys., 5: 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvin M. J., McRee D. I. and Thaxton J. P., 1983b, Physiological abnormalities in juvenile and Japanese quail exposed to MW radiation during embrygeny, BEMS 5th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galvin M. J., Tilson H. A., Mitchell C. L., Peterson J. and McRee D. I., 1986, Influence of pre-and postnatal exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on neurobehavioral function, Bioelectromagne-tics, 7: 57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goud S. N.,Usharani M. V.,Reddy P. P., Reddi O. S., Rao M. S. and Saxena V. K., 1982, Genetic effects of microwave radiation in mice, Muta-tion Research, 103: 39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall C. A., Galvin M. J.,Thaxton J. P. and McRee D. I., 1982, Interaction of microwave radiation with turkey sperm, Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 20: 145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall C. A., McRee D. I.,Galvin M. J., White N. B., Thaxton J. P. and Christensen V. L., 1983, Influence of in vitro microwave radiation on the fertilizing capacity of turkey sperm, Bioelectromagnetics 4: 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamrick P. E. and Fox S. S., 1977, Rat lymphocytes in cell culture exposed to 2450 MHz ( CW) microwave radiation, J. Microwave Power, 12: 125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang A. T. F. and Mold N. G.,1980, Immunologic and hematopoietic alter-ations by 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 1: 77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inouye M., Galvin M. J. and McRee D. I., 1982, Effect of 2.45 GHz micro-wave radiation on the development of Japanese quail cerebellum, Teratology, 25: 115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamakosmanovic A., 1981, The levels of ATP, ADP and AMP in rat brain during postnatal development following in utero 2450 MHz microwave irradiation, Period. Biol., 81: 151.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janik M. and Szmigielski S., 1982, Alteration of the immune reaction by whole-body and local MW hyperthermia in normal and tumor-bearing animals, Review of own 1976–1980 experiments, Br. J. Cancer, 45 Suppl V: 122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensh R. P., Vogel W. H. and Brent R. L., 1983, II. Postnatal psychophy-siologic analylsis, J. Toxicol.Environ. Health, 11: 37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensh R. P., 1984, Studies of the teratogenic potential of exposure of rats to 6000 MHz microwave radiation, II. Postnatal psychophysiolo-gic evaluations, Ratiat. Res., 97: 282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallen B., 1987, Search for teratogenic risks with the aid of malforma-tion registries, Teratology, 35: 47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan P., Rebert C., Luman K. and Gage M, 1982, Biological and behavioral effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to 2450 MHz electromag-netic radiation in the Squirrel monkey, Radio Science, 17 (5s): 135s.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Lancranjan L., Marcanescu M., Rafaila E., Klepsch I. and Popescu H.I., 1975, Gonadic function in workmen with long term exposure to micro-waves, Health Phys., 29: 381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lary J. M., Conover D. I., Johnson P. H. and Hornung R. W., 1986, Dose-response relationship between body temperature and birth defects in radiofrequency-irradiated rats, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lary J. M. and Conover D. L., 1987, Teratogenic effects of radiofrequency radiation, IEEE Engin. in Med. and Bio., 6: 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lebovitz R. M. and Johnson L., 1983, Testicular function of rats fol-lowing exposure to microwave radiataion, Bioelectromagnetcs, 4: 107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lebovitz R. M., Johnson L. and Samson W. K., 1987, Effects pulse-modulated microwave radiation and conventional heating on sperm production, J. Appl. Physiol., 62: 245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonard A., Berteaud A. J. and Bruyere A., 1983, An evaluation of the mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic potential of microwave, Mutation Research, 123: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W. X., Ding Z. L. and Bao D. Q.,1982 Ultrastructural study of effects of microwave irradiation on seminiferous epithelium in rabbits, Reproduction; Contraception, 2:41. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W. X., Bao D. Q., Wang Y. P. and Tang Y., 1986, Ultrastructural study of microwave irradiation effect on epididymal epithelium in rabbits, Reproduction & Contraception, 6: 22. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Li W. X.,Bao Q. D., Wang Y. P. and Twig Y., 1987, Ultrastructural and alkaline phosphotase cytochemical effects of microwave irradiation on peritubular tissues of seminiferous tubules in rabbit, Reproduc-tion & Contraception, 7: 35. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liburdy R. P., 1977, Effects of radiofrequency radiation on inflamation, Radio Sci., 12 (Suppl): 179.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Liburdy R. P., 1979, Radiofrequency radiation alters the immune system: Modulation of T- and B-lymphocyte levels and cell-mediated immuno-competence by hyperthermic radiation, Radiat. Res., 77: 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liburdy R. P., 1980, Radiofrequency radiation alters the immune system: II. Modulation of in vivo lymphocyte circulation, Radiat. Res., 83: 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin J. C. and Peterson W. D. 1977, Cytological effects of 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation, J. Bioeng., 1: 471.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin J. C., Ottenbreit M. J., Wang S., Inone S., Bollinger R. 0. and Fracassa M., 1979, Microwave effects on granulocyte and macrophage precusor cells of mice in vitro, Radiat. Res., 80: 392.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y. H., Ou D. Y., Chen Z. C. and Zou R. B., 1981, Cytological and autoradiographic observation on microwave inhibition of white rats, Bulleting of Hunan Teachers University, 1: 59. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y. H.,Yang X. Z., Ren W. H. and Peng P., 1984, Effects of microwave irradiation on chromosome in spermatogenic cells of rats, Reproduc-tion & Contraception, 4: 19. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y. H., 1986, A study of the long-term effects of human spermatogene-sis after microwave treatments of testes, In:“Abstracts of the Fifth National Biophysics Conference”, Hangzhou, China, p. 289. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovely R. H., Mizumori S. I. Y., Johnson R. B. and Guy A. W., 1983, Subtle consequences of exposure to week MW fields: Are there non-thermal effects? In:“Microwave and Thermoregulation” (p. 401–429 ) Adair E. R., ed., Academic Press, N. Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manikowska-Czerska E., Czerski P. and Leach W. M., 1982, Changes in metaphase counts, meiotic translocations and univalency following 2.45 GHz exposure of male CBA mice BEMS 4th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts

    Google Scholar 

  • Manicowska-Czerska E. Czerski P. and Leach W. H, 1983a, Effects of 0.915 and 9.4 GHz CW microwaves on meiosis in male mice, BEMS 5th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manikowska-Czerska E., Czerski P. and Leach W. M., 1983b, Dominant lethal testing after exposure of mice to 0.915 GHz microwave, BEMS 5th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcickiewicz J., Chazan B., Niemiec T. Sokolska G., Troszynski M.,Laczak M. and Szmigielski S., 1986, Microwave radiation enhances teratoge-nic effect of cytosine arabinoside in mice, Biol. Neonate, 50: 75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marmor J. B., Hahn N., Hahn G. M., 1977, Tumor cure and cell survival after localized radiofrequency heating, Cancer Res., 37: 879.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayers C. P. and Habershaw J. A., 1973, Depression of phagocytosis: A nonthermal effect of microwave radiation as a potential hazard to health, Int. J. Radiat. Bio., 24: 449.

    Google Scholar 

  • McRee D. I., Thaxton J. P. and Parkhurst C. R.,1983, Reproduction in male Japanese quail exposed to MW radiation during embryogeny, Radiation Res., 96: 51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakao M., 1981, Effects of repeated 2450 MHz microwave radiaton on the acetylcholinesterase activity in developing rat brain, Period Biol., 81: 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawrot P. S.,1981, Effects of 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation on embryo-fetal development in mice, Teratology, 24: 303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nawrot P. S., McRee D. I. and Galvin M. J., 1985, Teratogenic, biological and histologtical studies with mice prenatally exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, Radiat. Res., 102: 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’conor M. E., Bartsch S. A., Chrobak J. and Proska J. C., 1983, Beha-vioral and development evaluation of rats exposed in utero to microwave fields, BEMS 5th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts, p. 60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rama Rao G., Cain C. A., Lockwood J. and Tompkins W. A. F., 1983, Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system, II. Peritoneal macrophage function, Bioelectromagnetics, 4: 141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rama Rao G., 1984, Effects of MW exposure on the hamster immune system, III. Macrophage resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection, Bioelectromagnetics, 5: 377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts N. J. and Steigbigel R. T., 1977, Hyperthermia and human leucocyte functions: Effects on response of lymphocytes to mitogen and antigen and bactericidal capacity of monocyte and neutrophils, Infec. Immun., 18: 673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roszkowski W., Wrembel J. K., Roszkowski K., Janiak M. and Szmigielski S., 1980, Does whole-body hyperthermia therapy involve participation of the immune system ? Int. J. Cancer, 25: 289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rou Z. Q., Ren H. X., Zhou Z. Y. and Hang Y., 1986, Spermatogenesis supression by microwave diathermy on testes of dogs, J. Biomed. Engin., 3: 108. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders R. D.,1981, Effects of 2.45 GHz MW radiation and heat on mouse spermatogenic epithelium, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 40: 623.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saunders R. D., Darby S. C. and Kowalczuk C. I., 1983, Dominant lethal studies in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, Mutation Res., 117: 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt R. E., Merritt J. H. and Hardy K. H.,1984, In utero exposure to low-level microwaves not effect rat foetal development, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 46:383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shandala M. G. and Vinogradov G. I., 1982, Autoallergic effects of exposure of rats to superhigh frequency electromagnetic field and their action on the fetus and offspring, Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, (10): 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shandala M. G., 1987, Nonionizing microwave radiation as the inductor of autoallergic processes, Abstracts of BEMS 9th Annual Meeting, p. 74

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao B. J. and Wang Y. F., 1985, A study on effect of MW on immune system - The effects of MW on hemagglutination titer test in mice, Chin. J. Biomed. Engin., 4: 109. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao B. J., Lou Y., Wang Y. F. and Chiang H., 1986, Preliminary observation on hematological and immunological effects of MW on Wistar rats, J. Zhejiang Med. Univ., 15: 12. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao B. J., Wang X. H., Lou Y. and Li N. G., 1988, A study on effects of microwave on immune system: immumological effects of prolonged low power microwave irradiation on mice and rats, Chin. J. Biomed. Engin., 7: 213. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smialowicz R. J., 1979, Hematologic and immunologic effects of nonioni- zing electromagnetic radiation,Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med., 55: 1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smialowicz R. J., Kinn J. B. and Elder J. A., 1979, Perinatal exposure of rats to 2450 MHz microwave radiation: Effects on lymphocytes, Radio Sci., 14 (6s): 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smialowicz R. J., Riddle M. M., Weil C. M., Brugnolotti P. L. and Kinn J. B., 1982a, Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice irradiated with continuous wave or pulse-modulated 425 MHz radiofrequency radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 3: 467.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smialowicz R. J., Weil C. M., Kinn J. B. and Elder J. A., 1982b, Exposure of rats to 425 MHz (CW) radiofrequency radiation: Effects on lymphocytes, J. Microwave Power, 17: 211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith J. B., Knowlton R. P. and Agarwal S. S., 1978, Human lymphocyte responses are enhanced by culture at 40°C, J. Immunol., 121: 691.

    Google Scholar 

  • Szmigielski S., 1975, Effect of 10-cm (3 GHz) on granulocytes in vitro, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 275.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmigielski S., Pulverer G., Hryniewicz and Janiak M., 1977, Inhibition of tumor growth in mice by MW hyperthermia, Streptolysin S. and Colcemide, Radio Sci. 12 (suppl): 185.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Szmigielski S., Sokoloska G. J., Marcickiewicz J., Chazan B,Niemiec T. and Troszynski M., 1984, Microwave radiation enhances teratogenic potency of cytosine arabinoside (ara-c) in mice, XXIst General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, Florence, Italy.Tofani S., Agnesod G. and Ossola P., 1986, Effects of continuous low-level exposure to radiofrequency radiation on intrauterine develop-ment in rats, Health Physics, 51: 489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Czerski P., Leach W. M. and Sell K. W., 1977, Immune response of mice to 2450 MHz microwave radiation: overview of immunology and empirical studies of lymphoid splenic cells, Radio Sci., 12 (suppl): 209.

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Sell K. W., et al., 1977, MWs induce an increase in the frequency of complement receptor-bearing lymphoid spleen cells in mice, J. Immunol., 118: 1499.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Czerski P., et al., 1977, Increase in the frequency of Fc receptor (FcR) bearing cells in the mouse spleen following a single exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves, Biomedicine, 27: 250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu C. and Chen X. H., 1985, Effects of dominant lethal mutatioon in mice induced by irradiation microwaves, Reproduction & Contraception, 5: 41, (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou R. B., Liu Y. H., Sun H. S., Tan B. Y., Fang B. R., Lu Q. and Zhang S. C., 1980, Effects of microwave heating on rabbit spermatogene-sis, Bulletin of Human Medical College, 5: 131. (Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Chiang, H., Shao, B. (1989). Biological Responses to Microwave Radiation: Reproduction, Development and Immunology. In: Lin, J.C. (eds) Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8061-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8059-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics