Abstract
Microwave (MW) exposure has been reported to affect reproduction, development and immune responses through a variety of combinations of exposure frequency, duration and power density.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Albert E. N., Sherif M. F., and Papadopoulos N. J., 1981a, Effect of nonionizing radiation on the Purkinje cells of the uvula in squirrel monkey cerebellum, Bioelectromagnetics, 2: 241.
Albert E. N., Sherif M. F., and Papadopoulos N. J., 1981b, Effect of nonionizing radiation on the Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum, Bioelectromagnetics, 2: 247.
Ashman R. B. and Nahmias A. J., 1978, Effect of incubation temperature on mitogen responses of lymphocytes from adult peripheral blood and from cord blood, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 33: 319.
Baranski S., 1971, Effect of chronic MW irradiation on the blood forming system of guinea pigs and rabbits, Aerospace Med., 42: 1196.
Baranski S., 1972, Effect of microwaves on the reactions of the white blood cells system, Acta Phvsiol. Polonica, 23: 685.
Baranski S. and Czerski P., 1976, Biological effects of microwaves, experimental data, In:“Biological Effects of Microwaves”, Strodsburg, Pa, Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, P. 133.
Bawin S. M., Kaczmarek L. M. and Adey W. R., 1975, Effects of modulated VHF fields on the central nervous system, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 74.
Berman E., Carter H. B., and House D. E.,1982, Observation of Syrian hamster fetuses after exposure to 2450 MHz microwave, J. Microwave Power, 17: 107
Berman E., Carter H. B. and House D. E.,1984, Growth and development of mice offspring after irradiation in utero with 2450 MHz microwave, Teratology, 30: 393.
Chernavetz M. E.,Justesen D. R. and Oke A. F., 1977, A teratologic study of the rat:microwave and infrared radiations compared, Radio Sci., 12(6s):191.
Chiang H., Shao B. J., wang X. H. and Lou Y., 1982, A preliminary observation on the effects of MW on immune function in mice, J. Zhejiang Med. Univ.., 11: 221. (Chinese)
Chiang H. and Lou Y., 1983, Effects of microwave radiation on chromosome of testes in mice, Ratiation Protection, 3: 33. (Chinese)
Chiang H. and Wang M., 1984, Morphological change in mouse sperm following microwave exposure, J. Bioelectricity, 3: 367.
Chiang H. and Yao G. D., 1987, Effects of pulsed microwave radiation pre-and post-natally on the developing brain in mice, J. Bioelectricity, 6: 197.
Conover D. L., Lary J. M. and Hanser P. L., 1980, Thermal threshold for teratogenic response in rats irradiated at 27.12 MHz,Bioelectromagnetics, 1: 204.
Czerski P., 1975, Microwave effects on the blood-forming system with particular reference to the lymphocyte, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 232.
Czerski P., Gloser Z. R.,Drop B. A., Silverman P. M. and ManikowskaCzerska E., 1985, Dominant lethal test following 2450 MHz CW exposure of male ICR mice, BEMS 7th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 49.
Fang B. R., Lu Q., Li F. B., Zou R. B. and Liu Y. H., 1982, Application of microwave in male contraception, Chin. J. Urology, 3: 75. (Chinese)
Galvin H. J., MacNichols G. and McRee D. I., 1983a, Effects of 2450 MHz microwave radiation during the gestational period on the postnatal hematology of rats, Cell Biophys., 5: 33.
Galvin M. J., McRee D. I. and Thaxton J. P., 1983b, Physiological abnormalities in juvenile and Japanese quail exposed to MW radiation during embrygeny, BEMS 5th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts, p. 47.
Galvin M. J., Tilson H. A., Mitchell C. L., Peterson J. and McRee D. I., 1986, Influence of pre-and postnatal exposure of rats to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on neurobehavioral function, Bioelectromagne-tics, 7: 57.
Goud S. N.,Usharani M. V.,Reddy P. P., Reddi O. S., Rao M. S. and Saxena V. K., 1982, Genetic effects of microwave radiation in mice, Muta-tion Research, 103: 39.
Hall C. A., Galvin M. J.,Thaxton J. P. and McRee D. I., 1982, Interaction of microwave radiation with turkey sperm, Radiat. Environ. Biophys., 20: 145.
Hall C. A., McRee D. I.,Galvin M. J., White N. B., Thaxton J. P. and Christensen V. L., 1983, Influence of in vitro microwave radiation on the fertilizing capacity of turkey sperm, Bioelectromagnetics 4: 43.
Hamrick P. E. and Fox S. S., 1977, Rat lymphocytes in cell culture exposed to 2450 MHz ( CW) microwave radiation, J. Microwave Power, 12: 125.
Huang A. T. F. and Mold N. G.,1980, Immunologic and hematopoietic alter-ations by 2450 MHz electromagnetic radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 1: 77.
Inouye M., Galvin M. J. and McRee D. I., 1982, Effect of 2.45 GHz micro-wave radiation on the development of Japanese quail cerebellum, Teratology, 25: 115.
Jamakosmanovic A., 1981, The levels of ATP, ADP and AMP in rat brain during postnatal development following in utero 2450 MHz microwave irradiation, Period. Biol., 81: 151.
Janik M. and Szmigielski S., 1982, Alteration of the immune reaction by whole-body and local MW hyperthermia in normal and tumor-bearing animals, Review of own 1976–1980 experiments, Br. J. Cancer, 45 Suppl V: 122.
Jensh R. P., Vogel W. H. and Brent R. L., 1983, II. Postnatal psychophy-siologic analylsis, J. Toxicol.Environ. Health, 11: 37.
Jensh R. P., 1984, Studies of the teratogenic potential of exposure of rats to 6000 MHz microwave radiation, II. Postnatal psychophysiolo-gic evaluations, Ratiat. Res., 97: 282.
Kallen B., 1987, Search for teratogenic risks with the aid of malforma-tion registries, Teratology, 35: 47
Kaplan P., Rebert C., Luman K. and Gage M, 1982, Biological and behavioral effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure to 2450 MHz electromag-netic radiation in the Squirrel monkey, Radio Science, 17 (5s): 135s.
Lancranjan L., Marcanescu M., Rafaila E., Klepsch I. and Popescu H.I., 1975, Gonadic function in workmen with long term exposure to micro-waves, Health Phys., 29: 381.
Lary J. M., Conover D. I., Johnson P. H. and Hornung R. W., 1986, Dose-response relationship between body temperature and birth defects in radiofrequency-irradiated rats, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 41.
Lary J. M. and Conover D. L., 1987, Teratogenic effects of radiofrequency radiation, IEEE Engin. in Med. and Bio., 6: 42.
Lebovitz R. M. and Johnson L., 1983, Testicular function of rats fol-lowing exposure to microwave radiataion, Bioelectromagnetcs, 4: 107.
Lebovitz R. M., Johnson L. and Samson W. K., 1987, Effects pulse-modulated microwave radiation and conventional heating on sperm production, J. Appl. Physiol., 62: 245.
Leonard A., Berteaud A. J. and Bruyere A., 1983, An evaluation of the mutagenic, carcinogenic and teratogenic potential of microwave, Mutation Research, 123: 31.
Li W. X., Ding Z. L. and Bao D. Q.,1982 Ultrastructural study of effects of microwave irradiation on seminiferous epithelium in rabbits, Reproduction; Contraception, 2:41. (Chinese)
Li W. X., Bao D. Q., Wang Y. P. and Tang Y., 1986, Ultrastructural study of microwave irradiation effect on epididymal epithelium in rabbits, Reproduction & Contraception, 6: 22. (Chinese)
Li W. X.,Bao Q. D., Wang Y. P. and Twig Y., 1987, Ultrastructural and alkaline phosphotase cytochemical effects of microwave irradiation on peritubular tissues of seminiferous tubules in rabbit, Reproduc-tion & Contraception, 7: 35. (Chinese)
Liburdy R. P., 1977, Effects of radiofrequency radiation on inflamation, Radio Sci., 12 (Suppl): 179.
Liburdy R. P., 1979, Radiofrequency radiation alters the immune system: Modulation of T- and B-lymphocyte levels and cell-mediated immuno-competence by hyperthermic radiation, Radiat. Res., 77: 34.
Liburdy R. P., 1980, Radiofrequency radiation alters the immune system: II. Modulation of in vivo lymphocyte circulation, Radiat. Res., 83: 66.
Lin J. C. and Peterson W. D. 1977, Cytological effects of 2450 MHz CW microwave radiation, J. Bioeng., 1: 471.
Lin J. C., Ottenbreit M. J., Wang S., Inone S., Bollinger R. 0. and Fracassa M., 1979, Microwave effects on granulocyte and macrophage precusor cells of mice in vitro, Radiat. Res., 80: 392.
Liu Y. H., Ou D. Y., Chen Z. C. and Zou R. B., 1981, Cytological and autoradiographic observation on microwave inhibition of white rats, Bulleting of Hunan Teachers University, 1: 59. (Chinese)
Liu Y. H.,Yang X. Z., Ren W. H. and Peng P., 1984, Effects of microwave irradiation on chromosome in spermatogenic cells of rats, Reproduc-tion & Contraception, 4: 19. (Chinese)
Liu Y. H., 1986, A study of the long-term effects of human spermatogene-sis after microwave treatments of testes, In:“Abstracts of the Fifth National Biophysics Conference”, Hangzhou, China, p. 289. (Chinese)
Lovely R. H., Mizumori S. I. Y., Johnson R. B. and Guy A. W., 1983, Subtle consequences of exposure to week MW fields: Are there non-thermal effects? In:“Microwave and Thermoregulation” (p. 401–429 ) Adair E. R., ed., Academic Press, N. Y.
Manikowska-Czerska E., Czerski P. and Leach W. M., 1982, Changes in metaphase counts, meiotic translocations and univalency following 2.45 GHz exposure of male CBA mice BEMS 4th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts
Manicowska-Czerska E. Czerski P. and Leach W. H, 1983a, Effects of 0.915 and 9.4 GHz CW microwaves on meiosis in male mice, BEMS 5th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 57.
Manikowska-Czerska E., Czerski P. and Leach W. M., 1983b, Dominant lethal testing after exposure of mice to 0.915 GHz microwave, BEMS 5th Annual Meeting Abstracts, p. 57.
Marcickiewicz J., Chazan B., Niemiec T. Sokolska G., Troszynski M.,Laczak M. and Szmigielski S., 1986, Microwave radiation enhances teratoge-nic effect of cytosine arabinoside in mice, Biol. Neonate, 50: 75.
Marmor J. B., Hahn N., Hahn G. M., 1977, Tumor cure and cell survival after localized radiofrequency heating, Cancer Res., 37: 879.
Mayers C. P. and Habershaw J. A., 1973, Depression of phagocytosis: A nonthermal effect of microwave radiation as a potential hazard to health, Int. J. Radiat. Bio., 24: 449.
McRee D. I., Thaxton J. P. and Parkhurst C. R.,1983, Reproduction in male Japanese quail exposed to MW radiation during embryogeny, Radiation Res., 96: 51.
Nakao M., 1981, Effects of repeated 2450 MHz microwave radiaton on the acetylcholinesterase activity in developing rat brain, Period Biol., 81: 173.
Nawrot P. S.,1981, Effects of 2.45 GHz CW microwave radiation on embryo-fetal development in mice, Teratology, 24: 303.
Nawrot P. S., McRee D. I. and Galvin M. J., 1985, Teratogenic, biological and histologtical studies with mice prenatally exposed to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, Radiat. Res., 102: 35.
O’conor M. E., Bartsch S. A., Chrobak J. and Proska J. C., 1983, Beha-vioral and development evaluation of rats exposed in utero to microwave fields, BEMS 5th Annual Scientific Session Abstracts, p. 60.
Rama Rao G., Cain C. A., Lockwood J. and Tompkins W. A. F., 1983, Effects of microwave exposure on the hamster immune system, II. Peritoneal macrophage function, Bioelectromagnetics, 4: 141.
Rama Rao G., 1984, Effects of MW exposure on the hamster immune system, III. Macrophage resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus infection, Bioelectromagnetics, 5: 377.
Roberts N. J. and Steigbigel R. T., 1977, Hyperthermia and human leucocyte functions: Effects on response of lymphocytes to mitogen and antigen and bactericidal capacity of monocyte and neutrophils, Infec. Immun., 18: 673.
Roszkowski W., Wrembel J. K., Roszkowski K., Janiak M. and Szmigielski S., 1980, Does whole-body hyperthermia therapy involve participation of the immune system ? Int. J. Cancer, 25: 289.
Rou Z. Q., Ren H. X., Zhou Z. Y. and Hang Y., 1986, Spermatogenesis supression by microwave diathermy on testes of dogs, J. Biomed. Engin., 3: 108. (Chinese)
Saunders R. D.,1981, Effects of 2.45 GHz MW radiation and heat on mouse spermatogenic epithelium, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 40: 623.
Saunders R. D., Darby S. C. and Kowalczuk C. I., 1983, Dominant lethal studies in male mice after exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation, Mutation Res., 117: 345.
Schmidt R. E., Merritt J. H. and Hardy K. H.,1984, In utero exposure to low-level microwaves not effect rat foetal development, Int. J. Radiat. Biol., 46:383.
Shandala M. G. and Vinogradov G. I., 1982, Autoallergic effects of exposure of rats to superhigh frequency electromagnetic field and their action on the fetus and offspring, Vestn. Akad. Med. Nauk SSSR, (10): 13.
Shandala M. G., 1987, Nonionizing microwave radiation as the inductor of autoallergic processes, Abstracts of BEMS 9th Annual Meeting, p. 74
Shao B. J. and Wang Y. F., 1985, A study on effect of MW on immune system - The effects of MW on hemagglutination titer test in mice, Chin. J. Biomed. Engin., 4: 109. (Chinese)
Shao B. J., Lou Y., Wang Y. F. and Chiang H., 1986, Preliminary observation on hematological and immunological effects of MW on Wistar rats, J. Zhejiang Med. Univ., 15: 12. (Chinese)
Shao B. J., Wang X. H., Lou Y. and Li N. G., 1988, A study on effects of microwave on immune system: immumological effects of prolonged low power microwave irradiation on mice and rats, Chin. J. Biomed. Engin., 7: 213. (Chinese)
Smialowicz R. J., 1979, Hematologic and immunologic effects of nonioni- zing electromagnetic radiation,Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med., 55: 1094.
Smialowicz R. J., Kinn J. B. and Elder J. A., 1979, Perinatal exposure of rats to 2450 MHz microwave radiation: Effects on lymphocytes, Radio Sci., 14 (6s): 147.
Smialowicz R. J., Riddle M. M., Weil C. M., Brugnolotti P. L. and Kinn J. B., 1982a, Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice irradiated with continuous wave or pulse-modulated 425 MHz radiofrequency radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 3: 467.
Smialowicz R. J., Weil C. M., Kinn J. B. and Elder J. A., 1982b, Exposure of rats to 425 MHz (CW) radiofrequency radiation: Effects on lymphocytes, J. Microwave Power, 17: 211.
Smith J. B., Knowlton R. P. and Agarwal S. S., 1978, Human lymphocyte responses are enhanced by culture at 40°C, J. Immunol., 121: 691.
Szmigielski S., 1975, Effect of 10-cm (3 GHz) on granulocytes in vitro, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 247: 275.
Szmigielski S., Pulverer G., Hryniewicz and Janiak M., 1977, Inhibition of tumor growth in mice by MW hyperthermia, Streptolysin S. and Colcemide, Radio Sci. 12 (suppl): 185.
Szmigielski S., Sokoloska G. J., Marcickiewicz J., Chazan B,Niemiec T. and Troszynski M., 1984, Microwave radiation enhances teratogenic potency of cytosine arabinoside (ara-c) in mice, XXIst General Assembly of the International Union of Radio Science, Florence, Italy.Tofani S., Agnesod G. and Ossola P., 1986, Effects of continuous low-level exposure to radiofrequency radiation on intrauterine develop-ment in rats, Health Physics, 51: 489.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Czerski P., Leach W. M. and Sell K. W., 1977, Immune response of mice to 2450 MHz microwave radiation: overview of immunology and empirical studies of lymphoid splenic cells, Radio Sci., 12 (suppl): 209.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Sell K. W., et al., 1977, MWs induce an increase in the frequency of complement receptor-bearing lymphoid spleen cells in mice, J. Immunol., 118: 1499.
Wiktor-Jedrzejczak W., Ahmed A., Czerski P., et al., 1977, Increase in the frequency of Fc receptor (FcR) bearing cells in the mouse spleen following a single exposure of mice to 2450 MHz microwaves, Biomedicine, 27: 250.
Wu C. and Chen X. H., 1985, Effects of dominant lethal mutatioon in mice induced by irradiation microwaves, Reproduction & Contraception, 5: 41, (Chinese)
Zou R. B., Liu Y. H., Sun H. S., Tan B. Y., Fang B. R., Lu Q. and Zhang S. C., 1980, Effects of microwave heating on rabbit spermatogene-sis, Bulletin of Human Medical College, 5: 131. (Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Chiang, H., Shao, B. (1989). Biological Responses to Microwave Radiation: Reproduction, Development and Immunology. In: Lin, J.C. (eds) Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8061-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8059-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive