Abstract
The numerous sources of high-intensity magnetic fields used in industry, research and medicine have led to an increased interest in determining the effects of these fields on biological systems. In this chapter a detailed description is given of the physical mechanisms through which magnetic fields interact with living matter at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. The biological interactions of static magnetic fields, extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields with frequencies below 300 Hz, and combined static and ELF fields are considered. A general summary is given of laboratory studies and possible human health effects associated with exposure to static and ELF magnetic fields.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adey, W. R., 1981, Tissue interactions with nonionizing electromagnetic fields, Physiol. Rev., 61: 435.
Barlow, H. B., Kohn, H. I., and Walsh, E. G., 1947, Visual sensations aroused by magnetic fields, Am. J. Physiol., 29: 124.
Baroncelli, P., Battisti, S., Checcucci, A., Combat R., Grandolfo, M., Serio, A., and Vecchia, P., 1986, A health examination of railway high-voltage substation workers exposed to ELF electromagnetic fields, Am. J. Indust. Med., 10: 45.
Barregârd, L., Järvholm, B., and Ungethum, E., 1985, Cancer among workers exposed to strong static magnetic fields, Lancet, 2 (8460): 892.
Bassett, C. A. L., Mitchell, S. N., and Gaston, S. F., 1982, Pulsing electromagnetic field treatment in ununited fractures and failed arthrodeses, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 247: 623.
Becker, J. F., Trentacosti, F., and Geacintov, N. E., 1978, A linear dichroism study of the orientation of aromatic protein residues in magnetically oriented bovine rod outer segments, Photochem. Photobiol., 27: 51.
Beischer, D. E., 1969, Vectorcardiogram and aortic blood flow of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in a strong superconductive electromagnet, pp. 241–259 in: “Biological Effects of Magnetic Fields,” Vol. 2, M. F. Barnothy, ed., Plenum, New York.
Beischer, D. E. and Knepton, J. C., 1964, Influence of strong magnetic fields on the electrocardiogram of squirrel monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus ), Aerospace Med., 35: 939.
Bernhardt, J., 1979, The direct influence of electromagnetic fields on nerve and muscle cells of man within the frequency range of 1 Hz to 30 MHz, Radiat. Envir. Biophys., 16: 309.
Blackman, C. F., Benane, S. G., Rabinowitz, J. R., House, D. E., and Joines, W. T., 1985, A role for the magnetic field in the radiation-induced efflux of calcium ions from brain tissue in vitro, Bioelectromagnetics, 6: 327.
Blakemore, R., 1975, Magnetotactic bacteria, Science, 190: 377.
Blakemore, R. P., Frankel, R. B., and Kalmijn, A. J., 1980, South-seeking magnetotactic bacteria in the Southern Hemisphere, Science, 212: 1269.
Budinger, T. F, Bristol, K. S., Yen, C. K., and Wong, P., 1984, Biological effects of static magnetic fields, pp. 113–114 in: Proc.3rd Ann. Meeting Soc. Mag. Res. Med., New York, Aug. 4–6, 1984.
Budinger, T. F., Cullander, C., and Bordow, R., 1984, Switched magnetic field thresholds for the induction of magnetophosphenes, pp. 118–119 in: Proc. 3rd Ann. Meeting Soc. Mag. Res. Med., New York, Aug. 4–6, 1984.
Carstensen, E. L., Buettner, A., Genberg, V. L., and Miller, M. W., 1985, Sensitivity of the human eye to power frequency electric fields, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin., BME-32: 561.
D’Arsonval, M. A., 1896, Dispositifs pour la measure des courants alternatifs â toutes frequencies, C.R. Soc. Biol. (Paris), 3 (100 Ser.): 450.
Delgado, J. M. R., Leal, J., Monteagudo, J. L., and Garcia, M. G., 1982, Embryological changes induced by weak, extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields, J. Anat., 134: 533.
Fildes, B. N., O’Loughlin, B. J., and Bradshaw, J. L., 1984, Humanorientation with restricted sensory information: no evidence for magnetic sensitivity, Perception, 13: 229.
Frankel, R. B., 1986, Biological effects of static magnetic fields,pp. 169–196 in: “Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields,” C. Polk and E. Postow, eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.
Frankel, R. B., Blakemore, R. P., and Wolfe, R. S., 1979, Magnetite in freshwater magnetotactic bacteria, Science, 203: 1355.
Frankel, R. B., Blakemore, R. P., Torres de Araujo, F. F., and Esquival, D. M. S., 1981, Magnetotactic bacteria at the geomagnetic equator, Science, 212: 1269.
Frazier, M. E., Andrews, T. K., and Thompson, B. B., 1979, In vitro evaluation of static magnetic fields, pp. 417–435 in: “Biological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields,” R. D. Phillips, M. F. Gillis, W. T. Kaune, and D. D. Mahlum, eds., NTIS Rep. No. CONF-781016, Springfield, Virginia.
Fulton, J. P., Cobb, S., Preble, L., Leone, L., and Forman, E., 1980, Electrical wiring configurations and childhood leukemia in Rhode Island, Am. J. Epidemiol., 111: 292.
Gaffey, C. T. and Tenforde, T. S., 1979, Changes in the electrocardio-grams of rats and dogs exposed to DC magnetic fields, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Rep. No. 9085, University of California, Berkeley, California.
Gaffey, C. T. and Tenforde, T. S., 1981, Alterations in the rat electro-cardiogram induced by stationary magnetic fields, Bioelectromag-netics, 2: 357.
Gaffey, C. T. and Tenforde, T. S., 1983, Bioelectric properties of frog sciatic nerves during exposure to stationary magnetic fields, Radiat. Envir. Biophys., 22: 61.
Gaffey, C. T. and Tenforde, T. S., 1984, Electroretinograms of cats and monkeys exposed to large stationary magnetic fields, p. 7 in: Abst. 6th Ann. Meeting Bioelectromagnetics Soc., Atlanta, Georgia, July 15–19, 1984.
Gould, J. L., Kirschvink, J. L., and Deffeyes, K. S., 1978, Bees have magnetic remanence, Science, 201: 1026.
Gould, J. L. and Able, K. P., 1981, Human homing: an elusive phenomenon, Science, 214: 2061.
Hoff, A. F., 1981, Magnetic field effects on photosynthetic reactions, Quart. Rev. Biophys., 14: 599.
Kalmijn, A. J., 1982, Electric and magnetic field detection in elasmo-branch fishes, Science, 218: 916.
Kaune, W. T., Stevens, R. G., Callahan, N. J., Severson, R. K., and Thomas, D. B., 1987, Residential magnetic and electric fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 8: 315.
Keeton, W. T., 1971, Magnets interfere with pigeon homing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 68: 102.
Kirschvink, J. L. and Lowenstam, H. A., 1979, Mineralization and magneti-zation of chiton teeth: paleomagnetic, sedimentologic and biologic implications of organic magnetite, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 44: 193.
Liboff, A. R., 1985, Geomagnetic cyclotron resonance in living cells, J. Biol.Phys. 13: 99.
Liboff, A. R. and McLeod, B. R., 1988, Kinetics of channelized membrane ions in magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 9: 39.
Liboff, A. R., Rozek, R. J., Sherman, M. L., McLeod, B. R., and Smith, S. D., 1987, Ca2+-45 cyclotron resonance in human lymphocytes, J. Bioelect., 6: 13.
Liboff, R. L., 1980, Neuromagnetic thresholds, J. Theor. Biol., 83: 427.
Liburdy, R. L., Tenforde, T. S., and Magin, R. L., 1986, Magnetic field-induced drug permeability in liposome vesicles, Radiat. Res., 108: 102.
Lövsund, P., bberg, P. A., Nilsson, S. E. G., and Reuter, T., 1980a, Magnetophosphenes: a quantitative analysis of thresholds, Med. Biol. Engin. Comput., 18: 326.
Lövsund, P., Nilsson, S.E.G., and bberg, P. A., 1980b, Influence on frog retina of alternating magnetic fields with special reference to ganglion cell activity, Med. Biol. Engin. Comput., 19: 679.
Lövsund, P., Bberg, P. A., and Nilsson, S. E. G., 1980c, Magneto-and electrophosphenes: a comparative study, Med. Biol. Engin. Comput., 18: 758.
Lowenstam, H. A., 1962, Magnetite in denticle capping in recent chitons ( Polyplacophora ), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 73: 435.
Maffeo, S., Miller, M., and Carstensen, E. L., 1984, Lack of effect of weak low frequency electromagnetic fields on chick embryogenesis, J. Anat., 139: 613.
Malinin, G. I., Gregory, W. D., Morelli, L., Sharma, V. K., and Houck,J. C., 1976, Evidence of morphological and physiological transforma-tion of mammalian cells by strong magnetic fields, Science, 194: 844.
Maret, G. and Dransfeld, K., 1985, Biomolecules and polymers in high magnetic fields, Top. Appl. Phys., 57:143.
Haret, G., vonSchickfus, M., Mayer, A., and Dransfeld, K., 1975, Orientation of nucleic acids in high magnetic fields, Phys. Rev. Lett., 35: 397.
Marsh, J. L., Armstrong, T. J., Jacobson, A. P., and Smith, R. G., 1982, Health effect of occupational exposure to steady magnetic fields, Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J., 43: 387.
Martin, H. and Lindauer, M., 1977, The effects of the earth’s magnetic field on gravity orientation in the honeybee (Apis mellifica),J. Comp. Physiol., 122: 145.
McDowall, M. E., 1986, Mortality of persons resident in the vicinity of electricity transmission facilities, Br. J. Cancer, 53: 271.
McLeod, B. R. and Liboff, A. R., 1986, Dynamic characteristics of membrane ions in multifield configurations of low-frequency electromagnetic radiation, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 177.
Melville, D., Paul, F., and Roath, S., 1975, Direct magnetic separation of red cells from whole blood, Nature, 255: 706.
Michel-Beyerle, M. E., Scheer, H., Seidlitz, H., Tempus, D., and Haberkorn, R., 1979, Time-resolved magnetic field effect on triplet formation in photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodopseudomonas sphaeroides R-26, FEBS Lett., 100: 9.
Milham, S., Jr., 1982, Mortality from leukemia in workers exposed to electrical and magnetic fields, New Engl. J. Med., 307: 249.
Mur, J. M., Moulin, J. J., Meyer-Bisch, C., Massin, N., Coulon, J. P., and Loulergue, J., 1987, Mortality of aluminum reduction plant workers in France, Int. J. Epidemiol., 16: 257.
Myers, A., Cartwright, R. A., Bonnell, J. A., Male, J. C., and Cartwright, S. C., 1985, Overhead power lines and childhood cancer, in: Abst.Int. Conf. Elec. Mag. Fields in Med. Biol., London, England, Dec. 4–5, 1985.
Oberg, P. A., 1973, Magnetic stimulation of nerve tissue, Med. Biol. Engin., 11: 55.
Paul, F., Roath, S., and Melville, D., 1978, Differential blood cell separation using a high gradient magnetic field, Br. J. Hematol., 38: 273.
Petersen, N. vonDobeneck, T., and Vali, H., 1986, Fossil bacterial magnetite in deep-sea sediments from the South Atlantic Ocean, Nature, 320:611.
Polson, M. J. R., Barker, A. T., and Freeston, I. L., 1982, Stimulation of nerve trunks with time-varying magnetic fields, Med. Biol. Engin. Comput., 20: 243.
Poynton, C. H., Dicke, K. A., Culbert, S., Frankel, L. S., Jagannath, S., and Reading, C. L., 1983, Immunomagnetic removal of CALLA positive cells from human bone marrow, Lancet, 1 (8323): 524.
Presti, D. and Pettigrew, J. D., 1980, Ferromagnetic coupling to muscle receptors as a basis for geomagnetic field sensitivity in animals, Nature, 285: 99.
Ratner, S. C., 1976, Kinetic movements in magnetic fields of chitons with ferromagnetic structures, Behay. Biol., 17: 573.
Rockette, H. E. and Arena, V. C., 1983, Mortality studies of aluminum reduction plant workers: potroom and carbon department, J. Occup. Med., 25: 549.
Sander, R., Brinkmann, J., and Kuhne, B., 1982, Laboratory studies on animals and human beings exposed to 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields, in: Proc. Int. Cong. Large High Voltage Elect. Syst., Paper 36–01, Paris, Sept. 1–9, 1982.
Savitz, D. A., 1986, Human health effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields: critical review of clinical and epidemiological studies, pp. 49–64 in: “Proc. IEEE Power Engin. Soc. Panel Session on Biological Effects of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields,” Publ. No. 86TH0139–6-PWR, IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, New Jersey.
Savitz, D. A. and Calle, E. E., 1987, Leukemia and occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields: review of epidemiological surveys,J. Occup. Med., 29: 47.
Savitz, D. A., Wachtel, H., Barnes, F. A., John, E. M., and Tyrdik, J. G., 1987, Final results of case-control study of childhood cancer and electromagnetic field exposure, in: “Biological Effects from Electric and Magnetic Fields, Air Ions and Ion Currents Associated with High Voltage Transmission Lines,” Abst. Ann. DOE/EPRI Contractors Review
Kansas City, Missouri, Nov. 2–5, 1987. Also available as Final Report: “Case-Control Study of Childhood Cancer and Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields,” New York State Power Lines Project, Health Research Inc., Albany, New York.
Schulten, K., 1982, Magnetic field effects in chemistry and biology, pp. 61–83 in, Magnetic field effects in chemistry and biology, pp. 61–83 in: “Festkorperprobleme XXII: Advances in Solid State-Physics,” P. G. Aachen, ed., Proc. 46th Ann. Meeting German Phys. Soc., Mar. 29-Apr. 2, 1982.
Schulten, K., Swenberg, C. E., and Waller, A., 1978, A biomagnetic sen-sory mechanism based on magnetic field modulated coherent electron spin motion, Zeit. Phys. Chem., 111: 1.
Schwartz, J.-L., 1978, Influence of a constant magnetic field on nervous tissues: I. Nerve conduction velocity studies, I.EE Trans. Biomed. Engin., BME-25: 467.
Schwartz, J.-L., 1979, Influence of a constant magnetic field on nervous tissues: II. Voltage-clamp studies, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin., BME-26: 238.
Silny, J., 1986, The influence threshold of the time-varying magnetic field in the human organism, pp. 105–115 in: “Biological Effects of Static and Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields,” J. H. Bernhardt, ed., HMV Medizin Verlag, Munich, West Germany.
Smith, S. D., McLeod, B. R., Liboff, A. R., and Cooksey, K., 1987, Calcium cyclotron resonance and diatom mobility, Bioelectromagnetics, 8: 215.
Sperber, D., Oldenbourg, E., and Dransfeld, K., 1984, Magnetic field in- duced temperature change in mice, Naturwissenschaften, 71: 100.
Stevens, R. G., Severson, R. K., Kaune, W. T., and Thomas D. B., Epidemio-logical study of residential exposure to ELF electric and magnetic fields and risk of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia, in: “Biological Effects from Electric and Magnetic Fields, Air Ions and Ion Currents Associated with High Voltage Transmission Lines,” Abst. Ann. DOE/EPRI Contractors Review, Denver, Colorado, Nov. 18–20, 1986. Also avail-able as Final Report: “Epidemiological Studies of Cancer and Residen-tial Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields,” New York State Power Lines Project, Health Research Inc., Albany, New York.
Stolz, J. F., Chang, S.-B. R., and Kirschvink, J. L., 1986, Magnetotactic bacteria and single-domain magnetite in hemipelagic sediments, Nature, 321: 849.
Tenforde, T. S., 1985a, Mechanisms for biological effects of magnetic fields, pp. 71–92 in: “Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields,” M. Grandolfo, S. M. Michaelson, and A. Rindi, eds., Plenum, New York.
Tenforde, T. S., 1985b, Biological effects of stationary magnetic fields, pp. 93–127 in: “Biological Effects and Dosimetry of Static and ELF Electromagnetic Fields,” M. Grandolfo, S. M. Michaelson, and A. Rindi, eds., Plenum, New York.
Tenforde, T. S., 1986a, Thermoregulation in rodents exposed to high-intensity stationary magnetic fields, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 341.
Tenforde, T. S., 1986b, Biological effects of extremely-low-frequency magnetic fields, pp. 21–40 in: “Proc. IEEE Power Engin. Soc. Panel Session on Biological Effects of Power Frequency Electric andoMag-netic Fields,” Publ. No. 86TH0139–6-PWR, IEEE Service Center, Piscataway, New Jersey.
Tenforde, T. S., 1986c, Interaction of ELF magnetic fields with living matter, pp. 197–225 in: “CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields,” C. Polk and E. Postow, eds., CRC Press: Boca Raton, Florida.
Tenforde, T. S., 1986d, Magnetic field applications in modern technology and medicine, pp. 23–35 in: “Biological Effects of Static and Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields,” J. H. Bernhardt, ed., MMV Medizin Verlag, Munich, West Germany.
Tenforde, T. S., 1988, Electroreception and magnetoreception in simple and complex organisms, Bioelectromagnetics, in press.
Tenforde, T. S., and Budinger, T.F., 1986, Biological effects and physical safety aspects of NMR imaging and in vivo spectroscopy, pp. 493–548 in: “NMR in Medicine: Instrumentation and Clinical Applications,” S. R. Thomas and R. L. Dixon, eds., Medical Monograph No. 14, Amer. Assoc. Physicists in Med., New York.
Tenforde, T. S., and Kaune, W. T., 1987, Interaction of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with humans, Health Phys., 53: 585.
Tenforde, T. S., and Liburdy, R. P., 1988, Magnetic deformation of phospholipid bilayers: effects of liposome shape and solute permeability at prephase transition temperatures, J. Theor. Biol., in press.
Tenforde, T. S., Gaffey, C. T., and Raybourn, M. S., 1985, Influence of stationary magnetic fields on ionic conduction processes, pp. 205–210 in: “Proc. 6th Symposium and Technical Exhibition on Elec-tromagnetic Compatibility,” T. Dvocâk, ed., Zurich, Switzerland, Mar. 5–7, 1985.
Tenforde, T. S., Gaffey, C. T., Moyer, B. R., and Budinger, T. F., 1983, Cardiovascular alterations in Macaca monkeys exposed to stationary magnetic fields: experimental observations and theoretical analysis, Bioelectromagnetics, 4: 1.
Thomas, J. R., Schrot, J., and Liboff, A. R., 1986, Low-intensity magnetic fields alter operant behavior in rats, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 349.
Togawa, T., Okai, 0., and Oshima, M., 1967, Observation of blood flow E.M.F. in externally applied strong magnetic fields by surface electrodes, Med. Biol. Engin., 5: 169.
Tomenius, L., 1986, 50-Hz electromagnetic environment and the incidence of childhood tumors in Stockholm County, Bioelectromagnetics, 7: 191.
Ueno, S., Lövsund, P., and Öberg, P. A., 1978, Capacitive stimulatory effect in magnetic stimulation of nerve tissue, IEEE Trans. Mag., MAG-14: 958.
Ueno, S., Harada, K., Ji, C., and Oomura, Y., 1984, Magnetic nerve stimulation without interlinkage between nerve and magnetic flux, IEEE Trans. Mag., MAG-20: 1660.
Vyalov, A. M., 1974, Clinico-hygienic and experimental data on the effects of magnetic fields under industrial conditions, pp. 163–174 in: “Influence of Magnetic Fields on Biological Objects,” Y. A. Kholodov, ed., Rep. No. JPRS 63038 National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.
Walcott, C., Gould, J. L., and Kirschvink, J. L., 1979, Pigeons have magnets, Science, 205: 1027.
Wertheimer, N. and Leeper, E., 1979, Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer, Am. J. Epidemiol., 109: 273.
Wertheimer, N. and Leeper, E., 1980, Re: Electrical wiring configurations and childhood leukemia in Rhode Island, Am. J. Epidemiol., 111:461.
Wertheimer, N. and Leeper, E., 1982, Adult cancer related to electrical wires near the home, Int. J. Epidemiol., 11:345.
Wertheimer, N. and Leeper, E., 1986, Possible effects of electric blankets and heated waterbeds on fetal development, Bioelectromagnetics, 7:13.
Widder, K. J., Senyei, A. E., and Sears, B., 1982, Experimental methods in cancer therapeutics, J. Pharm. Sci., 71: 379.
Wikswo, J. P. and Barach, J. P., 1980, An estimate of the steady magnetic field strength required to influence nerve conduction, IEEE Trans. Biomed. Engin., BME-27: 722.
Yorke, E. D., 1981, Sensitivity of pigeons to small magnetic field varia-tions, J. Theor. Biol.89,533.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1989 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tenforde, T.S. (1989). Biological Responses to Static and Time-Varying Magnetic Fields. In: Lin, J.C. (eds) Electromagnetic Interaction with Biological Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8059-7_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-8061-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-8059-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive