Abstract
It is clear from a variety of statistics (1, 2) that cutaneous toxicity due to chemical exposure is of some significance. Most of the collected data relates to occupational incidence but it is reasonable to suppose that misuse of household products in the home produces similar problems. Against this background, public concern and more encompassing legislation (3) has reinforced the need to evaluate chemicals and formulations for their potential to damage the skin. The skin may be affected by chemicals in a variety of different ways but the evaluation of primary irritation is specifically discussed in this paper. Overviews on other acute forms of skin disorder (eg. phototoxicity, chloracne, paraesthesia, contact allergy) can be found elsewhere (4, 5, 6,).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Department of Health & Social Security Statistics (1976). Government Statistical Services, HMSO.
National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health Notice — 4FR 7004 (1980). Chem. Reg. Reporter, 3, 1666.
EEC (1983), Council Directive 67/5 48/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances (83–467/EEC). Off. J. Commun. 26 (L257), 1
Marzulli, FN and Maibach, H I (1987). Dermato-toxicology, 3rd Ed., Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington.
Maurer, T (1983). Contact and Photocontact Allergens. Marcell Dekker Inc., New York.
McKillop, C M, Brock, J A C, Oliver, G J A and Rhodes, C (1987). A quantitative assessment of pyrethroid-induced paraesthesia in the guinea pig flank model. Tox. Letts. 36, 1.
Parish, W E (1986). Inflammation. In Text Book of Dermatology, Ed. by A Rook, D S Wilkinson and F J G Ebbling, 4th Ed., p. 285, Blackwell, Oxford.
Prottey, C (1978). No chapter In Cosmetic Science. Ed. by Breuer, M M, p. 275, Academic Press, London.
Berman, M B (1987). Mechanisms of inflammation in skin and eyes — similarities and differences. In Alternative Methods in Toxicology, No. 5, Ed. by Goldberg, A M, p. 95, Mary Ann Leibert Inc., New York.
Draize, J H, Woodward, G and Calvery, H O (1944). Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J. Pharmac. Exp. Ther., 82, 377.
OECD, (1987). Acute dermal irritancy/ corrosion. In OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Ssection 4, No. 404 OECD Paris.
Draize, J H (1959). The appraisal of chemicals in foods, drugs and cosmetics, p. 46. Association of Food & Drug Officials of the United States, Austin, Texas.
FDA (1972), Hazardous substances. Proposed revision of tests for primary skin irritants. Fed. Reg., 37, 27635.
United Nations Economic & Social Council, (1977). Transport of dangerous goods. Special recommendations relating to class 8, p. 173
Philips, L, Steinberg, M, Maibach, H and Akers, W A (1972). A comparison of rabbit and human skin responses to certain irritants. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 21, 269.
Nixon, G A, Tyson, C A and Wertz, W C (1975). Interspecies comparisons of skin irritancy. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 31, 481.
Marzulli, F N and Maibach, H I (1975). The rabbit as a model for evaluating skin irritants; a comparison of results obtained on animals and man using repeated skin exposures. J. Cosmet. Toxicol., 13, 533.
Davies, R E, Harper, A H and Kynoch, S R (1972). Interspecies variation in dermal reactivity. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 23, 371.
Motoyoshi, K, Toyoshima, Y, Saito, M and Yoshimura, M (1979). Comparative studies on the irritancy of oils and synthetic perfumes to the skin of rabbit, guinea-pig, miniature swine and man. Cosmetics & Toiletries, 94, 41.
McCreesh, A H and Steinberg, M (1987). Skin irritation testing in animals. In Dermato-Toxicology, 3rd Ed., p. 153, Ed. by F N Marzulli and H I Maibach, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington.
Weil, C S and Scala, R A (1972). Study of intra- and interlaboratory variability in the results of rabbit eye and skin irritation tests. Tox. Appl. Pharmac, 19, 276.
Balls, M, Rydell, R J, Warden, A N (1983). Animals and Alternatives to Toxicity Testing. Academic Press, London.
Fielder, R J, Grant, I F, Rhodes, C, Sullivan, F M and Sawnson, D W (1987). A hierarchical approach to the assessment of dermal and occular irritancy; a report by the British Toxicology Society Working Party on Irritancy. Human Toxicol., 6, 269.
Mathias, C G E (1987). Clinical and experimental aspects of cutaneous irritation. In Dermato-Toxicology, 3rd Edition, Ed. by F N Marzulli and H I Maibach, p. 173. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington.
Willis, C M, Stevens, C J M and Wilkinson, J D (1988). Experimentally reduced irritant contact dermatitis; determination of optimum irritant concentrations. Contact Dermatitis, 18, 20.
Berardesca, E and Maibach, H I (1988). Bioengineering and the patch test. Contact Dermatitis, 18, 3.
Middleton, M C (1981). New approaches to problems of dermatotoxicity. In Testing for Toxicity, Ed. by Gorrod, J W, p. 275, Taylor & Francis Ltd., London.
Marks, R and Kingston, T (1985). Acute skin toxicity reactions in man -tests and mechanisms. Food. Chem. Tox., 23, 155.
Parish, W E (1985). Relevance of in vitro tests to in vivo acute skin inflammation; potential in vitro applications of skin keratotome slices, neutrophils, fibroblasts, mast cells and macrophages. Food, Chem. Tox. 23 275.
Parish, W E (1986). The evaluation of in vitro predictive tests for irritation and allergic sensitisation. Food Chem. Tox., 24, 481.
Scott, R C, Oliver, G J A, Dugard, P H and Singh, H J (1982). A comparison of techniques for the measurement of transepidermal water loss. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 274, 57.
Sakamoto, K (1985). Hydrophobicity of n-lauryl amino acid as a parameter to determine primary skin and eye irritation. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 36, (5), 379.
Blake-Haskins, J (1985). Determination of surfactant irritancy from the swelling behaviour of collogen membranes. J. Soc. Cosmet., 36, (5), 379.
Reinhardt, Ch. A, Bosshardt, E and Schlatter, C H (1985). Irritation testing of skin and mucous membranes. Food. Tox., 23, 135.
Purchase, I F H and Conning, D M (1986). International conference on practical in vitro toxicology. 24, 447.
Pemberton, M A and Oliver, G J A, Unpublished observations.
Young, J R, Howe, M J, Walker, A P and Worht, W M H (1988). Classification of corrosive or irritant to skin of preparations containing acidic or alkaline substances, without testing on animals. Toxic. In Vitro, 2, (1), 19.
Oliver, G J A and Pemberton, M A (1985). An in vitro epidermal slice technique identifying chemicals with a potential for severe cutaneous effects. Food. Chem. Toxic, 23, 229.
Oliver, G J A and Pemberton, M A (1986). An in vitro skin corrosivity test — modifications and validations. Food. Chem. Tox., 24, 5 07.
Oliver, G Ja, Pemberton, M A and Rhodes, C (1988). An in vitro model for identifying skin corrosive chemicals. Initial Validation. Tox. In vitro, 2, 7.
Cooper, J A, Saraachi, R and Cole, P (1979). Describing the validity of carcinogen screening tests. Br. J. Cancer, 39, 87.
Barlow, A, Oliver, G J A, Botham, P A and Pemberton, M A (1989). Continued validation and in-use experience of an in vitro test for the skin corrosive potential of chemicals. Toxicologist. In press.
Oliver, G J A and Pemberton, M A (1986). The identification of corrosive agents to human skin in vitro. Food. Chem. Toxic. 24, 513.
Oliver, G J A, Pemberton, M A and Leeser, J E (1989). In vivo validation of an in vitro skin corrosivity test in human volunteers. Toxicologist.
Kao, J, Hall, J and Holland J M (1983). Quantitation of cutaneous toxicity; an in vitro approach using skin organ culture. Toxic. Appl. Pharmac. 68, 206.
Helman, R G, Hall, J W and Kao, J (1986). Acute dermal toxicity; in vivo and in vitro comparisons in mice. Fundam. Appl. Toxicol., 7, 94.
Pemberton, M A and Oliver, G J A (1986). The measurement of skin irritation in vitro using ex-vivo rabbit skin. Br. J. Dermatol. 115 (31), 45.
Pemberton, M A, Oliver, G J A, Pate, I, Rhodes, C, Barlow, A, Doe, J E and Botham, P A (1989). Initial validation of an in vitro technique for the assessment of skin irritant chemicals. Toxicologist. In press.
Prunieras, M and Delescluse, C (1984). Epidermal cell culture systems in skin pharmacology. Br. J. Dermatol. 3, (27), 43.
Reichert, U (1986). Skin toxicity and cellular metabolism; in vitro models. Br. J. Dermatol. 115, (31), 108.
Coulomb, B, Saiag, P, Bell, E, Breitburd, F, Lebreton, C, Hessian, M and Dubertret, L (1986). A new method for studying epidermalisation in vitro Br. J. Dermatol. 114, 91.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Oliver, G.J.A. (1990). The Evaluation of Cutaneous Toxicity: Past and Future. In: Galli, C.L., Hensby, C.N., Marinovich, M. (eds) Skin Pharmacology and Toxicology. NATO ASI Series, vol 181. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7902-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7902-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7904-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7902-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive