Abstract
The term liquid crystals consists of two parts which at first sight might appear to be contradictory; crystals consist of fixed elements, atoms and molecules which are fixed in a space lattice whereas elements of fluids are not bound in the same way. However, the spatial distribution of elements is of similar dimensions for both liquids and crystals. On heating, crystals change from the crystalline solid phase into the liquid phase and on cooling from the liquid phase into the crystalline solid phase.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
O. Lehmann, Physikalische Isomerie, Diss Strassburg (1877).
O. Lehmann, Molekularphysik mit besonderer berucksichtigung mikroskopischer untersuchungen und anleitung zu solchen, in: 2 Band W. Engelmann, Leipzig (1889).
O. Lehmann, Fliessende kristalle, Z. Physik. Chemie 4: 462 (1889).
F. Reinitzer, Zur kenntnis des cholesterins, Monatshefte Chemie 9: 421 (1888).
J. L. Fergason, Liquid crystals, Scientific American 211: 76 (1964).
J. L. Fergason, Cholesteric structure. 1. Optical properties, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1: 293 (1966).
J. L. Fergason, Liquid crystals in non-destructive testing, Appl. Optics 7: 1729 (1968).
G. V. Lukianoff, Information content and reoslution aspects in thermal mappings using cholesteric compounds, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 8: 389 (1969).
B. Bottcher, Optische eigenschaften cholesterinischer flussigkeiten, Diss Techn Univ. Berlin (1972).
D. F. Ciliberti, G. D. Dixon, L. C. Scala, Shear effects on cholesterics, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 20: 27 (1973).
P. Pollman, H. Stegemeyer, Pressure dependence of the helical structure of cholesterics, Chem. Phys. Lett. 20: 87 (1973).
D. G. Willey, D. E. Martire, Effect of organic solutes on the selective reflection of visible light by cholesteric mixtures, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 18: 55 (1972).
H. Kelker, R. Hatz, Handbook of liquid crystals, Verlag Chemie Weinheim-Basel (1980).
J. T. Crissey, J. L. Fergason, J. M. Bettenhausen, Cutaneous thermography with liquid crystals, J. Invest. Dermatol. 45: 3290 (1965).
D. Churchill, J. V. Cartmell, R. E. Miller, P. D. Bouffard, National Cash Register Comp. Dayton, Ohio, V St A: A visual display device, in: “Liquid crystals and their applications,” Th. Kallard, Optosonic press, New York (1970).
National Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio (VStA): Temperaturemppfindliche anzeigevorrichtung. DT-PS 1 698 092, 24. 2 (1968).
Liquid Crystals Ind Inc, Turtle Creek, Pa (V St A): Thermometrische gegenstande oder thermometer und verfahren zu deren herstellung. DT-OS 2 012 493, 17.3.1970, Unionsprioritat 18. 3. (1969).
U. Flesch, Oberflachenthermometrie der haut mit thermoelement, thermistor, thermovision und temperaturmessfarben. Diss Freie Universitat, Berlin (1974).
H. Witt, H. Burger, Mammadiagnostik im rontgenbild. Walter de Gruyter, 2 Aufl, Berlin (1981).
Further Reading
J. E. Adams, E. L. Haas, J. Wysocki, Optical properties of cholesteric films, J. Chem. Phys. 50: 2458 (1969).
G. H. Brown, J. W. Doane, V. D. Neff, “Structure and physical properties of, liquid crystals,” Butterworth, London (1971).
J. T. Crissey, E. Gordy, J. L. Fergason, R. B. Lyman, A new technique for the demonstration of skin temperature patterns, J. Invest. Dermatol. 43: 89 (1964).
R. Dreher, Reflection properties of distored cholesteric liquid crystals, Sol. State Comm. 12: 519 (1973).
R. D. Ennulat, Selective light reflection by plane textures, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Crist. 13: 337 (1971).
J. L. Fergason, Electric field device, in: “Liquid crystals and their applications,” Th. Kallard, Optosonic press, New York (1970).
J. L. Fergason, N. N. Goldberg, R. J. Nadalin, Cholesteric structure. II. Chemical significance, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 1: 309 (1966).
J. H. Flack, P. P. Crooken, Angular dependence of selective reflexion from the blue phase, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 69: 281 (1981).
P. G. de Gennes, “The physics of liquid crystals,” Clarendon, Oxford (1974).
G. W. Gray, “Molecular structure and the properties of liquid crystals,” Academic Press, New York (1962).
Hoffmann-La Roche and Co. AG, Basel-Schweiz: Thermochrome Bander. DT-OS 2 014 909, 1.4. (1969).
F. Jennen, A. J. Tricoire, Thermografische platte zur messung von temperaturverteilungen, DT-PS 2536: 773 (1975).
Th. Kallard, “Liquid crystals and their applications,” Optosonic Press, New York (1970).
Th. Kallard, “Liquid crystal devices,” Optosonic Press, New York (1973).
P. Kassubek, G. Meier, Optical studies on grandjean planes in cholesteric liquid crystals, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 8: 305 (1969).
G. Meier, E. Sackmann, J. G. Grabmaier, “Applications of liquid crystals,” Springer, Berlin (1975).
W. Mahler, M. Panar, Cholesteric solids, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 94: 7195 (1972).
I. Olbricht, Der aussagewert der plattenthermographie im vergleich mit der klinischen und mammografischen untersuchung. Diss Universitats-Frauenklinik Marburg/Lahn (1975).
N. Oron, K. Ko, L. J. Yu, M. M. Labes, Chirality in mixed nematics and cholesterics, Liq. Cryst. Ord. Fluids 2: 403 (1974).
E. B. Priestley, P. J. Wojtowicz, P. Sheng, eds., “Introduction to liquid crystals,” Plenum Press, New York (1975).
J. Tricoire, La thermographie en plaque. Technique nouvelle d’utilisation des cristaux liquides, Presse Medicale 78: 2481 (1970).
J. Tricoire, Plaque pour thermographie, Brevet D’Invention Fr. 2.110.505, 20.10. 1970 (1970).
J. Tricoire, Thermographische platte und verfahren zu deren herstellung, DT-PS 2 152 277, 20. 10. (1971).
Xerox Corp., Rochester, N Y (V St A) (1971) Flussigkristalline zusammensetzungen und ihre verwendung zur erzeugung von bildern. DT-OS 2 235 385, 13.9. 71. (1971).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Flesch, U. (1984). Thermographic Techniques with Liquid Crystals in Medicine. In: Ring, E.F.J., Phillips, B. (eds) Recent Advances in Medical Thermology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7697-2_37
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7697-2_37
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7699-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7697-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive