Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Animal Sonar Systems pp 109–181Cite as

Performance of Airborne Animal Sonar Systems: I. Microchiroptera

  • Chapter

Part of the book series: NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series ((ASIAS,volume 28))

Abstract

Animals living in the dark are faced with the problem that vision is only of limited use for orientation in the environment and for the detection and identification of relevant targets. In order to cope with this situation, some animals, during evolution, developed eyes which were especially adapted for good visual efficiency at low light intensities whereas others improved the remaining sensory systems.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, Echolocation in Nature, Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, Echolocation in Animais. Nauka, Leningrad. English Translation. Israel Program of Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1974, Echolocation in Nature. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1974, Echolocation in Nature. Nauka, Leningrad. English Translation. Joint Publications Research Service, No. 63328, 1000 North Glebe Road, Arlington, Virginia 22201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1965, The problem of the role of echolocation in spatial analysis by bats. Bionika, p. 334, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1970, The characteristics of the evoked responses in the auditory system of bats to ultrasonic stimuli of different fill frequency. Sechenov. Physiol. J. 56, 1721–1730 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Airapetianz, E. Sh. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1971, On neurophysiological mechanism of the echolocating apparatus in bats (frequency parameters). Internat. J. Neuroscience 1, 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altes, R.A., 1973, Some invariance properties of the wide band ambiguity function. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 53, 1154–1160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altes, R.A., 1975, Mechanism for aural pulse compression in mammals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 57, 513–515.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altes, R.A., 1976, Sonar for generalized target description and its similarity to animal echolocation systems. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 59, 97–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altes, R.A. and Titlebaum, E.L., 1970, Bat signals as optimally tolerant waveforms. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 48, 1014–1020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreeva, N.G. and Vasiliev, A.G., 1977, Responses of the superior olivary neurons to amplitude modulated signals. Sechenov. Physiol. J. 63, 496–503 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, G.C. and Vaughan, T.A., 1974, Nightly activities of mormoopid bats. J. Mammal. 55, 45–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Bergeijk, W.A., 1964, Sonic pulse compression in bats and people: a comment. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 36, 594–597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beuter, K.J., 1977, Optimalempfängertheorie und Informationsverarbeitung im Echoortungssystem der Fledermäuse. In: Kybernetik 1977, G. Hauske and E. Butenandt, eds., pp. 106–125, München-Wien, Oldenbourg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackmore, M., 1964, Order Chiroptera. In: The handbook of British mammals, N.H. Southern, ed., pp. 224–249, Blackwell Scientific Publication, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, J., 1970, Target discrimination by the echolocating bat, Vampyrum spectrum. J. Exp. Zool. 173, 23–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brosset, A., 1966, La biologie des chiropteres. Masson et Cie., Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahlander, D.A., 1963, Echolocation with wide-band waveforms. Thesis deposited in the library of MIT, Boston, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahlander, D.A., 1964, Echolocation with wide-band waveforms: Bat sonar signals. MIT Lincoln Lab. Techn. Rep. No. 271, AD 605322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahlander, D.A., 1967, Discussion of Batteau’s paper. In: Animal Sonar Systems, vol. II, R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 1052–1081. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahlander, D.A., McCue, J.J.G. and Webster, F.A., 1964, The determination of distance by echolocating bats. Nature 201, 544–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, W.E., 1952, Quantitative studies of echolocation in bats (Myotis 1. lucifugus); Studies of vision in bats (Myotis 1. lucifugus and Eptesicus f. fuscus) and quantitative studies of vision in owls (Tyto alba practincola). Thesis deposited in the library of Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dijkgraaf, S., 1946, Die Sinneswelt der Fledermäuse. Experientia 2, 438–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dijkgraaf, S., 1957, Sinnesphysiologische Beobachtungen an Fledermäusen. Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Neerlandica 6, 675–684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisentraut, M., 1950, Die Ernährung der Fledermäuse. Zoologische Jahrbücher 79, 115–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flieger, E. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973, Ortungsleitungen der Fledermaus Rhinolophus ferrumequinum bei ein- und beidseitiger Ohrverstopfung. J. Comp. Physiol. 82, 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fleissner, N., 1974, Intensitätsunterscheidung bei Hufeisennasen (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Staatsexamensarbeit vorgelegt am Fachbereich Biologie der Universität Frankfurt/Main.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, W., 1971a, Eine systemtheoretische Interpretation der Fledermausortung. Studia Biophysica 27, 103–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, W., 1971b, Zur Fledermausortung aus dem Gesichtspunkt der Theorie gestörter Systeme. Zool. Jb. Physiol. 76 209–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, W., 1974, The hypothesis of optimum detection in bats echolocation. J. Comp. Physiol. 94, 227–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, L.J. and Henson, O.W. Jr., 1977, Prey recognition and selection by the constant frequency bat, Pteronotus p. parnellii. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 2, 411–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golubkov, A.G., Konstantinov, A.I. and Makarov, A.K., 1969, Effective range and sensitivity of the microchiropteran echo-location system. TR. LIAP 64, 117–127 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorlinsky, I.A. and Konstantinov, A.I., 1978, Auditory localization of ultrasonic source by Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Kenya National Acad. for Advancement of Arts and Science 145–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, E., 1955, The feeding efficiency of insectivorous bats. J. Mammal 36, 399–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, E., 1959, Further studies of the feeding efficiency of bats. J. Mammal. 40, 149–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1944, Echolocation by blind men, bats and radar. Science 100, 589–590.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1953, Bat sounds under natural conditions, with evidence for the echolocation of insect prey. J. Exp. Zool. 123, 435–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1958, Listening in the dark. Yale University Press, New Haven.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1962, Echoortung der Fledermause, insbesondere beim Fangen fliegender Insekten. Naturw. Rundsch. 15, 169–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1967, Discriminative echolocation in bats. In: Animal Sonar Systems, vol. I, R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 273–299. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., 1971, The importance of atmospheric attenuation for the echolocation of bats (Chiroptera). Anim. Behav. 19, 55–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., Dunning, D.E., Cahlander, D.A. and Webster, F.A., 1962, Correlated orientation sounds and ear movements of horseshoe bats. Nature 196, 1185–1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., Friend, J.H. and Webster, F.A., 1965, Target discrimination by the echolocation of bats. J. Exp. Zool. 158, 155–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R. and Galambos, R., 1941, The sensory basis of obstacle avoidance in flying bats. J. Exp. Zool. 86, 481–506.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R. and Grinnell, A.D., 1958, Ability of bats to discriminate echoes from louder noise. Science 128, 145–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., and Hollander, P., 1973, Directional patterns of bats’ orientation sounds. Period. Biol. 75, 3–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., McCue, J.J.G. and Grinnell, A.D., 1963, The resistance of bats to jamming. J. Exp. Zool. 152, 229–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., and Novick, A., 1955, Acoustic orientation of neotropical bats. J. Exp. Zool. 130, 251–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., and Simmons, J.A., 1974, Echolocation of insects by horseshoe bats. Nature 250, 731–732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, D.R., Webster, F.A. and Michael, C.R., 1960, The echolocation of flying insects by bats. Anim. Behav. 8, 141–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D., 1967, Mechanism of overcoming interference in echolocating animals. In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I. R.-G. Busnel, ed., pp. 451–481. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D., 1970, Comparative auditory neurophysiology of neotropical bats employing different echolocation signals. Z. vergl. Physiol. 68, 117–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D. and Grinnell, V.S., 1965, Neural correlates of vertical localization in echolocating bats. J. Physiol. 181, 830–851.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D. and Griffin, D.R., 1958, The sensitivity of echolocation in bats. Biol. Bull. 114, 10–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D. and Hagiwara, S., 1972, Adaptations of the auditory nervous system for echolocation. Studies of New Guinea bats. Z. vergl. Physiol. 76, 41–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grinnell, A.D. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1977, Directional sensitivity of echolocation in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. II. Behavioral directionality of hearing. J. Comp. Physiol. 116, 63–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson, Y. and Schnitzler, H.-U., Echolocation and obstacle avoidance in the hipposiderid bat, Asellia tridens. J. Comp. Physiol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartridge, H., 1945a, Acoustic control in the flight of bats. Nature 156, 490–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartridge, H., 1945b, Acoustic control in the flight of bats. Nature 156, 692–693.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.A., Henson, O.W., Jr. and Goldman, L.R., 1974, Detection of insect wing beats by the bat, Pteronotus parnellii. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, L., 1961a, The orientation of bats and men by ultrasonic echolocation. Brit. Commun. Electron. 8, 582–586.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kay, L., 1961b, Perception of distance in animal echolocation. Nature 190, 361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay, L., 1962, A plausible explanation of the bats echolocation acuity. Anim. Behav. 10, 34–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., 1969, The relationship of auditory perception and echolocation during detection and catching of insects by bats (Vespertilionidae). J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol, 5, 566–572 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., 1970, A description of the ultrasonic location system of piscivorous bats. Tez. Dokl. 23-y Nauchno-Tekhn. Konf. LIAP, Leningrad, 51–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I. and Akhmarova, N.I., 1968, Discrimination (analysis) of target by echolocation in Myotis oxygnathus. J. Biol. Sci., Moscow Univ. 4, 22–28 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K. and Sokolov, B.V., 1978, Doppler-pulse sonar system in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Kenya National Acad, for Advancement of Arts and Science, 155–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K., Sokolov, B.V. and Sanotskaya, N.N., 1976, Physiological mechanism of the use of the Doppler effect in echolocation by the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 12, 413–418, (in English)

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Makarov, A.K., Sokolov, B.V. and Sanotskaya, N.N., 1976, Physiological mechanism of the use of the Doppler effect in echolocation by the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Zh. Evol. Biokhim. Fiziol. 12, 466–472 (1976) (in Russian).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Malashin, V.I., Makarov, A.K., Kozlova, N.A., Sokolova, N.N. and Chilingiris, V.I., 1973, The range and the principles of echolocation recognition in bats. Vopr. Sravn. Fiziol. Analizatorov No. 3 Izd-vo LGU (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Movtchan, V.N. and Makarov, A.K., 1973, Influence of band limited noises on the efficiency of echolocation detection of target by Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Period. Biol. 75, 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Sokolov, B.V. and Stosman, J.M.A., 1967, Comparative research on bat echolocation sensitivity. DAN SSSR 175, 1418 (in Russian).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Konstantinov, A.I., Stosman, I.M. and Gorlinskiy, I.A., 1973, Characteristics of the directionality of reception and precision of localization of ultrasound by echolocating bats. Ref. Dokl. IV Vses. Konf.po.Bionike 4, 5156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Long, G.R. and Schnitzler, H.U., 1975, Behavioral audiograms from the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, J. Comp. Physiol. 100, 211–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makarov, A.K., 1973, Acoustic methods and apparatus for studying ultrasonic location in animals. Vopr. Sravn. Fiziol. Analizatorov, No. 3, Izd-vo LGU, 77–86 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malashin, V.I., 1970, Theoretical and experimental research on frequency-modulated signals reflected from objects being recognized by bats. Tez. Dokl. 23-y Nauchno-Teckn. Konf. LIAP, Leningrad, p. 57 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • McCue, J.J.G., 1966, Aural pulse compression by bats and humans. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 40, 545–548.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCue, J.J.G., 1969, Signal processing by the bat, Myotis lucifugus. J. Auditory Res. 9, 100–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Möhres, F.P., 1963, Über die Ultraschallorientierung der Hufeisennasen (Chiroptera Rhinolophinae). Z. vergl. Physiol. 34, 547–588.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Möhres, F.P. and Neuweiler, G., 1966, Die Ultraschallorientierung der Großblatt-Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Megadermatidae). Z. vergl. Physiol. 53, 195–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Möller, J., Neuweiler, G. and Zöller, H., 1978, Response characteristics of inferior colliculus neurons of the awake cf-fm bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 125, 217–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, G., 1970, Neurophysiologische Untersuchungen zum Echoortungssystem der Großen Hufeisennase Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Z. vergl. Physiol. 67, 273–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, G., 1977, Recognition mechanisms in echolocation of bats. In: Processing of complex acoustic signals, T.H. Bullock, ed., pp. 111–126. Dahlem Konferenzen, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, G. and Mohres, F.P., 1967, Die Rolle des Ortungsgedächtnisses bei der Orientierung der Grossblatt-Fledermaus Megderma lyra. Z. vergl. Physiol. 57, 147–171.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, G., Schuller, G. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1971, On- and off- responses in the inferior colliculus of the greater horseshoe bat to pure tones. Z. vergl. Physiol. 74, 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neuweiler, G. and Vater, M., 1977, Response patterns to pure tones of cochlear nucleus units in the CF-FM bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, J. Comp. Physiol. 115, 119–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A., 1963, Pulse duration in the echolocation of insects by the bat, Pteronotus. Ergebn. Biol. 26, 21–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A., 1965, Echolocation of flying insects by the bat Chilonycteris psilotis. Biol. Bull. 128, 297–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A., 1971, Echolocation in bats: some aspects of pulse design. Amer. Scientist 59, 198–209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A., 1973, Echolocation in bats: a zoologist’s view. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 139–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A., 1977, Acoustic orientation. In: Biology of bats, Vol. III, W.A. Wimsatt, ed., pp. 73–287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novick, A. and Vaisnys, J.R., 1964, Echolocation of flying insects by the bat, Chilonycteris parnellii. Biol. Bull. 127, 478–488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ostwald, J. 1978, Tonotopical organisation of the auditory cortex in the cf-fm bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges., Gustav Fischer Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peff, T.C. and Simmons, J.A., 1972, Horizontal-angle resolution by echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 2063–2065.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, G., Henson, O.W. and Novick, A., 1972, Cochlear microphonic audiograms in the “pure tone” bat, Chilonycteris parnellii parnellii. Science 176, 66–68.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., 1960, A theory of echolocation by bats. J. Laryngol. Otol. 74, 718–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., 1961a, Echolocation by bats. Endeavour 20, 101–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., 1961b, Perception of distance in animal echolocation. Nature 190, 362–363.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., 1963, Mechanism of echolocation. Ergebn. Biol. 26, 12–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., 1971, Bats and fog. Nature 229, 572–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D., Flinn, M. and Pye, A., 1962, Correlated orientation sounds and ear movements of horseshoe bats. Nature 196, 1186–1188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pye, J.D. and Roberts, L.H., 1970, Ear movements in a hipposiderid bat. Nature 225, 285–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, L.H., 1972, Correlation of respiration and ultrasound production in rodents and bats? J. Zool. Lond. 168, 439–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, H. and Möhres, F.P., 1960, Die Ohrbewegungen der Hufeisenfledermäuse (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae) und der Mechanismus des Bildhörens. Z. Vergl. Physiol. 44, 1–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1967, Discrimination of thin wires by flying horseshoe bats (Rhinolophidae). In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I. R.G. Busnel, ed., pp. 69–87. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique, Jouy-en-Josas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1968, Die Ultraschall-Ortungslaute der Hufeisen Fledermäuse (Chiroptera-Rhinolophidae) in verschiedenen Orientierungs-situationen. Z. vergl. Physiol. 57, 376–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1970a, Echoortung bei der Fledermaus Chilonycteris rubiginosa. Z. vergl. Physiol. 68, 25–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1970b, Comparison of the echolocation behavior in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum and Chilonycteris rubiginosa. Bijdr. Dierk. 40, 77–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1971, Fledermäuse im Windkanal. Z. vergl. Physiol. 73, 209–221.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973a, Control of Doppler shift compensation in the greater horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 82, 79–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1973b, Die Echoortung der Fledermäuse und ihre hörphysiologischen Grundlagen. Fortsehr. Zool. 21, 136–189.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., 1978, Die Detektion von Bewegungen durch Echoortung bei Fledermäusen. Verh. Dtsch. Zool. Ges., p. 16–33, Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U. and Grinnell, A.D., 1977, Directional sensivity of echolocation in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. I. Directionality of sound emission. J. Comp. Physiol. 116, 51–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., Schuller, G. and Neuweiler, G., 1971, Antworten des Colliculus inferior der Fledermaus Rhinolophus euryale auf tonale Reizung. Naturw. 58, 617.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler, H.-U., Suga, N. and Simmons, J.A., 1976, Peripheral auditory tuning for fine frequency analysis by the cf-fm bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. III. Cochlear microphonics and Nl-response. J. Comp. Physiol. 106, 99–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, G., 1972, Echoortung bei Rhinolophus ferrumequinum mit frequenzmodulierten Lauten. J. Comp. Physiol. 77, 306–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, G., 1979, Coding of small sinusoidal frequency and amplitude modulations in the inferior colliculus of “cf-fm” bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Exp. Brain Res. 34, 117–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, G., Beuter, K. and Schnitzler, H.-U., 1974, Response to frequency shifted artificial echoes in the bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Comp. Physiol. 89, 275–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schuller, G., Beuter, K. and Rübsamen, R., 1975, Dynamic properties of the compensation system for Doppler shifts in bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinunu. J. Comp, Physiol. 97, 113–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimozawa, T., Suga, N., Hendler, P. and Schuetze, S., 1974, Directional sensitivity of echolocation system in bats producing frequency-modulated signals. J. Exp. Biol. 60, 53–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shortridge, G.C., 1934, The mammals of south west Africa. Heinemann, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., 1968, Depth perception by sonar in the bat Eptesicus fuscus. Ph.D. Dissertation, Princeton Univ., Princeton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., 1969, Acoustic radiation patterns for the echolocating bats Chilonycteris rubiginosa and Eptesicus fuscus. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 46, 1054–1056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., 1971, Echolocation in bats: Signal processing of echoes for target range. Science 171, 925–928.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., 1973, The resolution of target range by echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 157–173.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., 1974, Response of a Doppler echolocation system in the bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 56, 672–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., Fenton, M.B. and O’Farrell, M.J., 1979, Echolocation and pursuit of prey by bats. Science 203, 16–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A. and Lavender, W.A., 1976, Representation of target range in the sonar receivers of echolocating bats. J. Acoust. Soco Am. 60 (suppl. 1), S5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., Lavender, W.A. and Lavender, B.A., 1978, Adaptation of echolocation to environmental noise by the bat Eptesicus fuscus. Kenya National Academy for Advancement of Arts and Science 97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A., Lavender, W.A., Lavender, B.A., Doroshow, C.F., Kiefer, S.W., Livingston, R., Scallet, A.C., and Crowley, D.E., 1974, Target structure and echo spectral discrimination by echolocating bats. Science 186, 1130–1132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simmons, J.A. and Vernon, J.A., 1971, Echolocation: discrimination of targets by the bat Eptesicus fuscus. J. Exp. Zool. 176, 315–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skolnik, M.I., 1962, Introduction to radar systems. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnik, M.I., 1970, Radar handbook. McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, B.V., 1972, Interaction of auditory perception and echolocation in bats Rhinolophidae during insect catching. Vestn. Leningr. Univ. Ser.Biol. 27, 96–104 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, B.V. and Makarov, A.K., 1971, Direction of the ultrasonic radiation and role of the nasal leaf in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. J. Biol. Sci. Moscow Univ. 7, 37–44 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sokolov, B.V. and Lipmanova, E.E., 1977, Echolocational estimation of the rate of motion of horseshoe bats. Vestn. Leningr. Univ. Biol. 3, 95–103 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strother, G.K., 1961, Note on the possible use of ultrasonic pulse compression by bats. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 33, 696–697.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strother, G.K., 1967, Comments on aural pulse compression in bats and humans. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 41, 529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., 1977, Amplitude spectrum representation in the Dopplershifted-cf processing area of the auditory cortex of the mustache bat. Sicence 196, 64–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., 1978, Specialization of the auditory system for reception and processing of species specific sounds. Fed. Proc. 37, 2342–2354.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N. and Jen, P., 1976, Disproportionate tonotopic representation of processing cf-fm sonar signals in the mustache bat auditory cortex. Science 194, 542–544.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N. and Jen, P., 1977, Further studies on the peripheral auditory system of cf-fm bats specialized for fine frequency analysis of Doppler shifted echoes. J. Exp. Biol. 69, 207–232.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., Neuweiler, G. and Moeller, J., 1976, Peripheral auditory tuning for fine frequency analysis by the cf-fm bat Rhinolophus-ferrumequinum. IV. Properties of peripheral auditory neurons. J. Comp. Physiol. 106, 111–125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N. and O’Neill, W.E., 1978, Mechanism of echolocation in bats. TINS 1, 35–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., O’Neill, W.E. and Manabe, T., 1978, Cortical neurons sensitivity to combinations of information-hearing elements of biosonar signals in the mustache bat. Science 200, 778–781.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., Simmons, J.A. and Jen, PH.-S., 1975, Peripheral specialization for fine frequency analysis of Doppler-shifted echoes in the auditory system of the CF-FM bat Pteronotus parnellii. J. Exp. Biol, 63, 161–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suga, N., Simmons, J.A. and Shimozawa, T., 1974, Neurophysiological studies on echolocation systems in awake bats producing cf-fm orientation sounds. J. Exp. Biol. 61, 379–399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suthers, R.A., 1965, Acoustic orientation by fish-catching bats. J. Exp. Zool. 158, 319–348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suthers, R.A., 1967, Comparative echolocation by fishing bats. J. Mammal. 48, 79–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suthers, R.A., Thomas, S.P. and Suthers, B.J., 1972, Respiration, wing beat and ultrasonic pulse emission in an echolocating bat. J. Exp. Zool. 56, 37–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, A.G., 1971, Characteristics of electric responses of the cochlear nuclei in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae to ultra-sonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neuro-physiologica 4, 379–385 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, A.G., 1975, Characteristics of unit responses of the cochlear nuclei of bats Rhinolophidae to single and paired ultrasonic stimuli. Neurophysiology 7, 195–199 (English translation).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, A.G., 1976, Characteristics of the responses of neurons in the superior olive of bats in response to single and paired ultrasonic stimuli. Neirofiziologiya 8, 30–38 (in Russian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, A.G. and Andreeva, N.G., 1971, Characteristics of the electric responses of medial geniculate body of Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae to ultrasonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neirofiziologiya 3, 138–144 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vasiliev, A.G. and Timoshenko, T.E., 1973, Characteristics of electric responses of superior olivary complex in Vespertilionidae and Rhinolophidae bats to ultrasonic stimuli with different fill frequency. Neirofiziologiya 5, 33–39 (in Russian).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, T.A., 1977, Foraging behavior of the giant leaf-nosed bat Hipposideros commersoni. East Afr. Wildl. J. 15, 237–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin, L., 1969, The Japanese bat fauna. Zool. Bidr. Uppsala 37, 408–413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A., 1962, Mobility without vision by living creatures other than man (with special reference to the insectivorous bats). In: Proc. Mobil. Res. Conf. A.F.B., New York, J.W. Linser, ed., pp. 110–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A., 1963a, Active energy radiating systems: the bat and ultrasonic principles II, acoustical control of airborne interceptions by bats. Proc. Int. Congr. Tech. and Blindness A.F.B., New York 1, 49–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A., 1963b, Bat-type signals and some implications. In: Human factors in technology, Bennett, Degan and Spiegel, eds., pp. 378–408, McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A., 1967a, Some acoustical differences between the bats and men. Proc. of the International Conference on Sensory devices for the blind. St. Dunstan’s London, 63–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A., 1967b, Interception performance of echolocating bats in the presence of interference. In: Animal Sonar Systems, Vol. I, R.G. Busnel, ed., pp. 673–713. Laboratoire de Physiologie acoustique: Jouy-en-Josas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A. and Brazier, O.B., 1965, Experimental studies on target detection, evaluation and interception by echolocating bats. Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AD 628055.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A. and Brazier, O.G., 1968, Experimental studies on echolocation mechanisms in bats. Aerospace Medical Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, AD 673373.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A. and Durlach, N.I., 1963, Echolocation systems of the bat. MIT Lincoln Lab. Rep. No. 41-G-3, Lexington, Mass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Webster, F.A. and Griffin, D.R., 1962, The role of the flight membranes in insect capture in bats. Anim. Behav. 10, 332–340.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fachbereich Biologie, Philipps-Universität, 355 Marburg/Lahn, Deutschland

    Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler

  2. Department of Anatomy, U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 27514, USA

    O’Dell W. Henson Jr.

Authors
  1. Hans-Ulrich Schnitzler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. O’Dell W. Henson Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Jouy-en-Josas, France

    René-Guy Busnel

  2. Sonatech, Inc., Goleta, California, USA

    James F. Fish

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schnitzler, HU., Henson, O.W. (1980). Performance of Airborne Animal Sonar Systems: I. Microchiroptera. In: Busnel, RG., Fish, J.F. (eds) Animal Sonar Systems. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, vol 28. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7254-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7254-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7256-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7254-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation