Skip to main content

Lewisite: Its Chemistry, Toxicology, and Biological Effects

  • Chapter
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Part of the book series: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology ((RECT,volume 110))

Abstract

Arsenic is a metalloid member of group V elements in the periodic table, which combines chemically with most nonmetals to form a variety of both inorganic and organic compounds, and is pervasively distributed in nature. Several pertinent reviews are extant that attest to its ubiquitous presence in the earth’s crust, air, and aquatic environments. It is likewise present in industrial emission (Pinto and Nelson 1976; Landrigan 1981), is used in agricultural production, and appears in food and in food chains (Gates et al. 1946; NAS 1977; Pershagen 1983; Squibb and Fowler 1983; Fielder et al. 1986; Hindmarsh and McCurdy 1986; Irgolic 1986a, 1986b; Pershagen 1986).

All correspondence should be addressed to Dr. Jack C. Dacre.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler FH, Fry WE, Leopold IH (1947) Pathologic study of ocular lesions due to lewisite (13-chlorovinyldichloroarsine). Arch Opthalmol 38: 89–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR 1987 ) Toxicological Profile for Arsenic (Draft). US Public Health Service Contract No. 68–02–4228, (Published by Oak Ridge National Laboratory) November 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aleksandrov VN (1969) Otravlyayushchiue Veshchestva (Toxic Agents). Order of the Red Banner of Labor Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense USSR, Moscow, p 191 (pp 116–122 translated by the Joint Publication Research Service, JPRS 48748, 4 September 1969 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersen KJ, Leighty EG, Takahashi MT (1972) Evaluation of herbicides for possible mutagenic properties. J Agric Food Chem 20: 649–656.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aposhian HV, Mershon MM, Brinkley FB, Hsu CA, Hackley BE (1982) Anti-lewisite activity and stability of meso-dimercaptosuccinic acid and 2,3-dimercapto-l-propanesulfonic acid. Life Sci 31: 2149–2156.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aposhian HV, Carter DE, Hoover TD, Hsu CA, Maiorino RM, Stine E (1984) DMSA, DMPS, and DMPA - as arsenic antidotes. Fundam Appl Toxicol 4: S58 - S70.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach CH (1950) Differences between effects of chemical and physical mutagens. Publ Staz Zool Napoli 22 (Suppl): 1–21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach C, Robson JM (1946) Chemical production of mutations. Nature (London) 157: 302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach C, Robson JM (1947) Tests of chemical substances for mutagenic action. Proc R Soc London B 62: 284–291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod DJ, Hamilton JG (1947) Radio-autographic studies of the distribution of lewisite and mustard gas is skin and eye tissues. Am J Pathol 23: 389–411.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barron ESG, Miller ZB, Barlett GR, MeyerJ, Singer TP (1947) Reactivation by dithiols of enzymes inhibited by lewisite. Biochem J 41: 69–74.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer VE, Lindsten DC, Epstein J (1955) Field purification of water containing CW agents with Corps of Engineers mobile water purification unit. MLRR No. 334, Chemical Corps Medical Laboratory, Army Chemical Center, MD (AD 062299 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bossle PC (1988) Determination of lewisite contamination in environmental waters by high performance liquid chromatography. U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, Abstract 30th Rocky Mountain Conference, Denver, July 31-August 5, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudansky Y (1987) Soviet Military Involvement In Afghanistan. In: Klass R (ed) Afghanistan, The great game revisited, Freedom House, Lanham, MD, pp 229–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bouder NM (1940) Lewisite (M-1), 1940 Summary of data. Report No. EATR 214. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD (AD B957001L).

    Google Scholar 

  • Boutwell RK (1963) A carcinogenicity evaluation of potassium arsenite and arsanilic acid. J Agric Food Chem 11: 381–385.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Büscher H (1931) Green and Yellow Cross. Translated from German by N. Conway, Kettering Laboratory of Applied Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati (1944).

    Google Scholar 

  • Buswell AM, Price CC, Prosser CL, Bennett GW, von Limbach B, James M (1944) The effect of certain chemical warfare agents in water on aquatic organisms. OSRD No 3589, Division 9, National Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bywaters EGL, Popjack G (1942) Experimental crushing injury: peripheral circulatory collapse and other effects of muscle necrosis in rabbits. Surg Gynecol Obstet 75: 612–627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cameron GR, Carleton HM, Short RHD (1946) Pathological changes induced by lewisite and allied compounds. J Pathol Bacteriol 58: 411–422.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron GR, Courtice FC, Short RHD (1947) Disturbances of function induced by lewisite (2-chlorovinyldichlorarsine). Quart J Expt Physiol 34: 1–28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC 1987 ) Recommendations for protecting the health and safety against potential adverse effects of long-term exposure to low doses of agents: GA, GB, VX, Mustard (H, HD, T) and Lewisite (L). Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Fed Regis 52: 48458–48460.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control (CDC 1988 ) Final recommendations for protecting the health and safety against potential adverse effects of long-term exposure to low doses of agents: GA, GB, VX, Mustard agent (H, HD, T) and Lewisite (L). Public Health Service. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Fed Regis 53: 8504–8507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chemical Systems Laboratory (CSL 1984 ) Material Safety Data Sheet, Lewisite, U.S. Army Armament Research and Development Command, Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cogan DG (1943) Lewisite burns of the eye. J Am Med Soc 122: 435–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulson EJ, Remington RE, Lynch KM (1935) Metabolism in the rat of the naturally occurring arsenic of shrimp as compared with arsenic trioxide. J Nutr 10: 255–270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Courtice FC, Yoffey JM, Fairley A, Combe G (1943) Lymph drainage in lewisite poisoning. Porton Report No. 2508, 2 June 1943, Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cushny AR (1924) A Textbook of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 8th Ed, J.A. Churchill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daily LE, Clark JW, Stolp BN, Conner JC, Jr (1944) A controlled laboratory experiment to compare lesions resulting from application of mustard, lewisite and nitrogen mustards to the skin of the forearms of humans. NRL Report No P-2364, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 1 September 1944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis MI, Jr (1943) Clinical and laboratory evidence of the nontoxic effect of lewisite vesicle fluid on the skin. Memorandum Report 82, Edgewood

    Google Scholar 

  • Arsenal, MD. Dickman S (1988) Nerve gas cloud hangs over West German firms. Nature (London) 332: 573.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairley A, Combe G, Mason SC, Ward J (1943) Effect of lewisite vapor on small animals. Porton Report 2553, 29 October 1943, Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fell HB, Allsopp CB (1946a) The effects of lewisite and of lewisite oxide on living cells in vitro. Br J Expt Pathol 27: 305–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fell HB, Allsopp CB (1946b) The therapeutic effect of British anti-lewisite ( BAL) on tissue cultures grown in a medium containing lewisite oxide. Br J Expt Pathol 27: 310–315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson RL, Silver SD (1947) A method for the visual demonstration of lewisite in skin. Am J Clin Pathol 17: 37–38.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fielder RI, Dale EA, Williams SD (1986) Inorganic Arsenic Compounds. Health and Safety Commission’s Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances, Health and Safety

    Google Scholar 

  • Executive. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London. Toxicity Review 16 pp 1–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaubert B (1957) Madame Bovery. The Modern Library, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forshufvud S, Smith H, Wassen A (1961) Arsenic content of Napoleon I’s hair probably taken immediately after his death. Nature (London) 192: 103–105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke S (1967) Manual of Military Chemistry. Volume 1, Chemistry of Chemical Warfare Agents. Translation of Lehrbuch der Militarchemie. Band 1-Chemie der Kampfstoffe. Deutscher Militarverlag, Berlin (East) pp. 153–164 (AD 849866 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraumeni JF, Jr. (1975) Respiratory carcinogenesis: an epidemiologic appraisal. J Natl Cancer Inst 55: 1039–1046.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frost DV (1967) Arsenicals in biology-retrospect and prospect. Fed Proc 26: 194–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frost DV (1977) The Arsenic Problems. In: Schrauzer GN (ed) Inorganic and nutritional aspects of cancer. Chapter 18. Proc First Conf Internat Assoc Bioinorganic Scientists, Inc. La Jolla, CA. Plenum Press, New York. pp 259–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost DV, Main BT, Cole J, Sanders PG, Perdue HS (1964) Reproduction studies in rats with arsanilic acid. Fed Proc Fed Am Soc Exp Biol 3: 291.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost DV, Perdue HS, Main BT, Kolar JA, Smith ID, Stein RJ, Overby LR (1965) Further considerations on the safety of arsanilic acid for feed use. In: Proceedings of the Twelfth World’s Poultry Congress, Sydney, pp 234–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gainer JH, Pry TW (1972) Effects of arsenicals on viral infection in mice. Am J Vet Res 33: 2299–2307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gates M, Williams JW, Zapp JA (1946) Arsenicals In: Chemical warfare agents and related chemical problems, Summary Technical Report of Division 9, NRDC Vol 1, Parts I-II, Chapter 7, pp 83–114, National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (AD 234270).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiling EMK, McLean FC (1943a) Progress report. A comparison of the lethal effects of several dichloroarsines on mice exposed to the vapors at low relative humidity (to January 1943). OSRD No. 1199, Division 9, National Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Geiling EMK, McLean FC (1943b) Progress report. Toxic effects of various arsine derivatives. III. Lethal effects produced by absorption of vapor of dichloro (2-chlorovinyl) arsine and dichloroethylarsine through the skin of dogs, cats, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. OSRD No. 1253, Division 9, National Defense Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham JH, Helwig EB (1959) Bowen’s disease and it’s relationship to systemic cancer. AMA Arch Dermatol 80: 133–159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graham JH, Mazzanti GR, Helwig EB (1%1) Chemistry of Bowen’s disease: relationship to arsenic. J Invest Dermatol 37: 317–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunsalus IC (1953) The chemistry and function of the pyruvate oxidation factor (Lipoic Acid) J Cell Comp Physiol 41 (Suppl 1): 113–136.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett PL, Sasser LB, Rommerein RL, Cushing JA, Buschlom RL, Kolkwarf DL (1987) Teratology studies of lewisite in rats and rabbits. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, Contract No. APO 83PP3810 (AD A198423 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hallowell SF (1982) Characteristics on separation of lewisite and lewisite oxide. In: Inhouse Laboratory Independent Research Program, Annual Report FY83, Center for Research and Development Engineering, Edgewood Arsenal, MD pp 27–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halver JE (1962) Natl Inst Health Rept, 11–12 Apr 1962 (Cited in Kraybill and Shimkin 1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison HE, Ordway HK, Durlacher SH, Albrink WS, Bunting H (1946) Poisoning from inhalation of the vapors of lewisite and phenyldichlorarsine: its pathology in the dog and treatment with 2,3-dmiercaptopropanol ( BAL ). J Pharmacol Expt Therap 87: 76–80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison WP, Frazier JC, Mazzanti EM, Hood RD (1980) Teratogenicity of disodium methanarsonate and sodium dimethylarsenate (sodium cacodylate) in mice. Teratology 21: 43A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hindmarsh JT, McCurdy RF (1986) Clinical and environmental aspects of arsenic toxicity. CRC Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 23: 315–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirano T (1980) Chemical carcinogenesis, Part I: Biological, biochemical and general observations. Yokohama Med Bull 31: 67–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge HC, Embree JW (1977) Estimation of the mutagenicity of arsenic compounds utilizing dominant lethal mutations of mice, University of California, San Francisco, Toxicology Research Laboratory. Contract No. SERA-HI-2. Final Report to Smelter Environmental Research Association, Farmington, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holmstedt B, Liljestrand G (1981) Readings of Pharmacology. Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD (1972) Effects of sodium arsenite on fetal development. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 7: 216–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD (1985) Cacodylic Acid: Agricultural Uses, Biological Effects, and Environmental Fate. VA Monograph, December 1985. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD, Bishop SL (1972) Teratogenic effects of sodium arsenate in mice. Arch Environ Hlth 24: 62–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD, Harrison WP, Vedel GC (1982a) Evaluation of arsenic metabolites for prenatal effects in the hamster. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29: 679–687.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hood RD, Vedel GC, Zaworotko MI, Tatum FM (1982b) Distribution of arsenite and methylated metabolics in pregnant mice. Teratology 25: 50A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes WF, Jr. (1943) The clinical and pathological course of M-1 burns of the rabbit’s eye. OEMcmr-24 Report 35, 4 May 1943, Wilmer Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inada I, Hiragun K, Seo K, Yamura T (1978) Multiple Bowen’s disease observed in former workers of a poison gas factory in Japan, with special reference to mustard gas exposure. J Dermatol 5: 49–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Innes JRM, Ulland BM, Valerio MG, Petrucelli L, Fishbein L, Hart ER, Pallotta AJ, Bates RR, Falk HL, Gart JJ, Klein M, Mitchell I, Peters J (1969) Bioassay of pesticides and industrial chemicals for tumorgenicity in mice: a preliminary note. J Natl Cancer Inst 42: 1101–1114.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Insight (1988) Angola may be using chemical weapons, Vol 4, No. 9, p 7, 29

    Google Scholar 

  • Feb 1988. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1973 ) Some Inorganic and Organometallic Compounds. In: IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man, Vol 2. IARC, Lyon, France, pp 48–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1980 ) Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds. In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans, Some Metals and Metallic Compounds, Vol 23. IARC Lyon, France, pp 83–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 1987 ) Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds, (Group 1). In: IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity: an Updating of IARC Monographs Volumes 1 to 42, Supplement 7. IARC, Lyon, France, pp 100–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irgolic KJ (1986a) Health effects of arsenic in the aqueous environment. Northeast Environ Sci 5: 86–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Irgolic KJ (1986b) Arsenic in the Environment. In: Xavier AV (ed) Frontiers in Bioinorganic Chemistry (Lecture Presented at the 2nd Int Conf on Bioinorganic Chemistry) Algarve, Portugal. 15–19 April 1985, pp 399–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA (1945) Lewisite-toxicity and pathology. Some experimental aspects of acute poisoning. C.P.8, Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain, 14 December 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin DA, Lucas CC (1945) Toxicity of lewisite for goats. A report on one of the problems now completed. C.P.4, Project C.E. 11, Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain, 14 December 1945.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone RM (1963) Sulfhydryl Agents: Arsenicals. In: Hochester RM, Quastel JH (ed) Metabolic inhibitors. Vol 2, Academic Press, New York. pp 99–118.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jueneman FB (1979) Arsenic - an old case. Ind Res Develop 21 (5): 15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennaway EL (1942) A contribution of the mythology of cancer research. Lancet 2: 769–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaassen CD (1985) Heavy Metals and Heavy Metal Antagonists. In: Gilman AG, Goodman LS, Rall TW, Murad F (eds) Goodman and Gillman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 7th Ed, Chap 69, pp 1605–1627.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krause H, Grussendorf EI (1978) Syntopy of Bowen’s disease and lewisite scar. Hautarzt 29: 490–493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krause H, Grussendorf EI (1979) Zur Therapie der Morbus Bowen mit 5-fluor-uracilSalbe. Dermatol Beruf Umwelt 27: 176–178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kraybill HF, Shimkin MB (1964) Carcinogenesis related to foods contaminated by processing and fungal metabolites. Adv Cancer Res 8: 191–248.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Landrigan PJ (1981) Arsenic–State of the art. Am J Ind Med 2: 5–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larson E (1950) British Anti-Lewisite, BAL. Confinia Neurologica 10: 108–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lunde G (1977) Occurrence and transformation of arsenic in the marine environment. Environ Hlth Pers 19: 47–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maas JM, McAdams AJ, McShane WP (1955) Mustard, lewisite and phosgene oxide burns on the depilated skin of a heifer to determine the animal’s vesicating potential. Medical Laboratories Research Report No. 350, Chemical Corps Medical Laboratories, Army Chemical Center, MD. (AD A061556).

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackey LL, Mackey EM (1924) Increased blood urea concentration of extrarenal origin. Am J Physiol 70: 394–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maclagan RC (1875) Arsenic-Eaters of Styria. Edinburgh Med J 21: 526–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marriott WM (1923) Anhydremia. Physiol Rev 3: 275–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Max B (1987) This and that: On books and belle donne, antimony and anticaffine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 8: 416–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCresh AH, Koviak TA (1973) Lewisite/lewisite oxide toxicities. SMUEA CL-COT, 10 April 1973, (unpublished results) Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDowell CA, Emblem HG, Moelwyn-Hughes EA (1948) A determination of the structures of the isomeric 2-chlorovinyldichloroarsines. J Chem Soc pp 1206–1208.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGown EL, van Ravenswaay T, Damlao CR, O’Connor RJ, Black KE (1985) Histological changes caused by application of lewisite analogs to mouse skin and human skin xenografts. Institute Report No. 202. Letterman Army Institute of Research, Presidio of San Francisco, CA (AD A159554 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • McGown EL, van Ravenswaay T, Dumlao CR (1987) Histologic changes in nude mouse skin and human skin xenografts following exposure to sulfhydryl reagents: arsenicals. Toxicol Pathol 15: 149: 156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Military Specification (1952) Lewisite (L) Mil-L-10658A (Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, 24 October 1952.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milovidov P (1949) Influence of yperite and lewisite on the plant cell. Sb Cesk Aka Zemed 21: 12–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (NAS 1977 ) Medical and biological effects of environmental pollutants, arsenic. Washington, DC. pp 1–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Technical Information Service (NTIS 1987) Citations From the Energy Data Base, Toxicity of Arsenic (July 1984-August 1986 ). U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA (PB 86–873981 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Naudain GG, Mace DL, Udall RH, Ginzler AM, Marquand CB, Shils ME (1944) Contamination of a horse with lewisite. Use of carcass for food. MRL(EA) Report No. 11, 21 January 1944. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • New York Times (1988) Chemical Weapons. “Poor man’s atomic bomb” is once again being used in battle. 17 April 1988, p E7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niemann C (1946) Miscellaneous analytical studies, In: Chemical agents and related chemical problems, summary technical report of Division 9, NDRC, Volume 1, Parts III-VI, Chapter 39, pp 620–626, 769–771. National Defense Research Committee, Washington, DC (AD 234249).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto Y, Burrows B, Miyanichi M, Katsuta S, Shigenobu T, Kattel LJ (1970) Chronic obstructive lung disease in Japanese poison gas workers. Am Rev Resp Disease 102: 173–179.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishimoto Y, Yamakido M, Shigenobu T, Onari K, Yukutake M (1983) Long-term observation of poison gas workers with special reference to respiratory cancers J UOEH 5 (Suppl): 89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka H (1974) Mutagenesis of metals in bacteria. II. As, Cr and Hg compounds and test tube method for detection of chemical’s mutagenicity. Jap J Gen 49: 315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishioka H, Takagi K (1975) Mechanism of mutation induction by metal compounds in bacteria III. Metabolic activation. Jap J Gen 50: 485–485 (Abstract 136).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oehme FW (1972) British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), the classic heavy metal antidote. Clin Toxicol 5: 215–222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oser BL, Morgareidge K, Weinberg MS, Oser M (1966) Carcinogenicity study of carbarsone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 9: 528–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ottinger RS, Blumenthal JL, Dal Porto DF, Gruber GI, Santy MJ, Shih CC (1973) Recommended methods of reduction, neutralization, recovery, or disposal of hazardous wastes. Volume VII. Propellants, Explosives, Chemical Warfare. Report EPA–670/273–052–8 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (AD 419921 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Paton GR, Allison AC (1972) Chromosome damage in human cell cultures induced by metal salts. Mutat Res 16: 332–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peoples SA (1969) The Mechanisms of Action of Arsenicals in Feed on Performance and Health of Animals. In: The use of drugs in animal feeds. Proceedings of a Symposium N.A.S., 1969. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC pp 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perera J (1985) Lewisite: New gas weapon in Gulf war. New Scientist 105: 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pershagen G (1981) The carcinogenicity of arsenic. Environ Hlth Pers 40: 93–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pershagen G (1983) The Epidemiology of Human Arsenic Exposure. In: Fowler BA (ed) Biological and environmental effects of arsenic. Vol. 6. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam. Chapter 6, pp 199–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pershagen G (1986) Sources of Exposure and Biological Effects of Arsenic. In: O’Neill IK, Schuller P, Fishbein L (eds) Environmental carcinogens–selected methods of analysis. Vol 8. International Agency for Research on Cancer. World Health Organization, Lyon. Chapter 3, pp 45–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peters RA (1955) Biochemistry of some toxic agents: I. Present status of knowledge of biochemical lesions induced by trivalent arsenical poisoning. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 97: 1–20.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters RA, Sinclair HM, Thompson RHS (1946) An analysis of the inhibition of pyruvate oxidation by arsenicals in relation to the enzyme theory of vesication. Biochem J 40: 516–524.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters RA, Spray GH, Stocken LA, Collie CH, Grace MA, Wheatley GA (1947) The use of British anti-lewisite containing radioactive sulpher for metabolism investigations. Biochem J 41: 370–373.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters RA, Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1945) British anti-lewisite ( BAL ). Nature (London) 156: 616–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinto SS, Nelson KW (1976) Arsenic toxicology and industrial exposure. Ann Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 16: 95–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prentiss AM (1937) Chemicals in War: A treatise on chemical warfare. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. New York and London Vesicant Agents, Chapter 9, pp 177–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price CC, von Limbach V (1945) Further data on the toxicity of various CW agents to fish. OSRD No. 5528, Division 9, National Defense Research Committee, Office of Scientific Research and Development, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prier RF, Nees PO, Derse PH (1963) The toxicity of an organic arsenical, 3-nitro-4-Hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. II. Chronic toxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 5: 526–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization (PMCD 1986 ) Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Draft Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, 1 July 1986. Prepared for Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization (PMCD 1988 ) Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement, Vol 3, Appendices A S, January 1988. Prepared for Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS 1985 ). 1983–1984 Cumulative Supplement to the 1981–82 Edition, Vol I and II, Lewis RL, Sr, Sweet DV (eds). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 86–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers EH, Chernoff N, Kavlock RJ (1981) The teratogenic potential of cacodylic acid in the rat and mouse. Drug Chem Toxicol 4: 49–61.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblatt DH, Miller TA, Dacre JC, Muul I, Cogley DR (1975) Problem definition studies on potential environmental pollutants. II. Physical, Chemical, Toxicological, and Biological Properties of 16 Substances. Technical Report 7509. U.S. Army Medical Bioengineering Research and Development Laboratory. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD. (AD A030428 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal SM, Voegtlin C (1930) Biological and chemical studies of the relationship between arsenic and crystalline glutathione. J Pharmacol Expt Ther 39: 347–367.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouiller CA (1937) Lewisite - A summary of information on its value as a chemical warfare agent. Project E7a, Job 36 ( 1937 ), Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rovida G (1929a) Lewisite II. Action on the skin of animals. Sperimentale 83: 101–113.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rovida G (1929b) Lewisite III. Action on the human skin. Sperimentale 83: 115–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scherling SS, Blondis RR (1945) The effect of chemical warfare agents on the human eye. Mil Surg 96: 70–78.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segal D (1987) The Soviet Union’s mighty chemical warfare machine. Army 37: 26–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirasu Y, Moriya M, Kato M, Furuhashi A, Kada T (1976) Mutagenicity screening of pesticides in the microbial system. Mutat Res 40: 19–30.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silver SD (1943) Lewisite: Determination of vesicant action on man by use of a continuous flow chamber. T.R.L.R. 1, Project A 10. 3 Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silver SD, Ferguson RL (1943) Distribution and rate of penetration of lewisite in skin. A Memorandum Report, TDMR 468 Project A 10.3, May 1, pp 1–7. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sollmann MT (1957) A Manual of Pharmacology and Its Applications to Therapeutics and Toxicology. 8th Ed. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spray GH (1947) The effect of injected British anti-lewisite on uninary sulphur and glucuronic acid fractions. Biochem J 41: 366–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spray GH, Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1947) Further investigations on the metabolism of 2–3-dimercaptopropanol. Biochem J 41: 362–366.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Squibb KS, Fowler BA (1983) The Toxicity of Arsenic and its Compounds. In: Fowler BA (ed). Biological and environmental affects of arsenic. Vol 6. Elsevier Science Publisher, Amsterdam. Chapter 7, pp 233–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart DL, Sass EJ, Fritz LK (1987) Mutagenicity study of lewisite in the Salmonella histidine reversion test. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, Draft Report, Contract No. APO 84PP4865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1946a) British anti-lewisite. 1. Arsenic derivatives of thiol proteins. Biochem J 40: 529–535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1946b) British anti-lewisite. 2. Dithiol compounds as antidotes for lewisite. Biochem J 40: 535–548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stocken LA, Thompson RHS (1946c) British anti-lewisite. 3. Arsenic and thiol excretion in animals after treatment of lewisite burns. Biochem J 40: 548–554.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Storey IDE (1965) The inhibition of the uridine diphosphate-transglucuronylase activity of mouse-liver homogenates by thiol reagents. Biochem J 95: 201–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Substitute Chemical Program. Initial scientific review of cacodylic acid (1975). Prepared for Environmental Protection Agency by Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, MO. Report No. EPA–540/1–75–021 (PB–251 541 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson RHS (1946) The effect of arsenical vesicants on the respiration of skin. Biochem J 40: 525–529.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Army (1974) Chemical Agent Data Sheets. Volume 1, Report EO-SR-74001, Development and Engineering Directorate, Edgewood Arsenal, MD pp 65–72 (AD B028222L).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vallee BL, Ulmer DD, Wacker WEC (1960) Arsenic toxicology and biochemistry. Arch Ind Hlth 21: 132–151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Heyningen R (1941) The properties and -SH nature of hexokinase. Report ETF 550E-718, 31 December 1941. Military Intelligence Division, Great Britain.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedder EB (1925) The Medical aspects of chemical warfare. Williams and Wilkins Com-pany, Baltimore, MD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voegtlin C, Rosenthal SM, Johnson JM (1931) The influence of arsenicals and crystalline glutathione on the oxygen consumption of tissues. Public Hlth Rep 46: 339354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Nishimoto Y, Miyanishi S, Katsuta S, Nagai M, Nishiki M, Tokuoka S, Umisa H, Yamada A (1962a) Review of Okumo-Jima poison gas factory regarding occupational environment. Hiroshima J Med Sci 11: 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Yamada A, Nishimoto Y, Tokuoka S, Miyanishi S, Kalsuto S, Umisa H (1962b) Malignant respiratory tract neoplasma related to poison gas exposure. Hiroshima J Med Sci 11: 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Yamada A, Nishimoto Y, Tokuoka S, Miyanishi S, Umisa H (1963). Neoplasms of the respiratory tract among poison gas workers. J Hiroshima Med Assoc 16: 728–745.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wada S, Miyaniski M, Nishimoto Y, Kambe S, Miller RW (1968) Mustard gas as a cause of respiratory neoplasia in man. Lancet 1: 1161–1163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallen LJ, Horton RG, Ferguson RL (1943) A Memorandum Report. L, HN-1, H and HQ. Effects of 0.1 mg drops on eyes of rabbits. T.R.L.R.18, Project A 10.3, Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD 20 December 1943.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wardell EL (1941) Lewisite (M-1): 1940 Summary of physiologic and toxicologic data. Report No. EATR 285. Chemical Warfare Service, Edgewood Arsenal, MD (AD B959553L).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters WA, Williams JH (1950) Hydrolyses and derivatives of some vesicant arsenicals. J Chem Soc 18–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weed Science of America (1974) Herbicide Handbook, 3rd Ed. Weed Science Society of America, Champaign, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiting GH (1948) Some physicochemical properties of cis-2-chlorovinyldichloroarsine. J Chem Soc pp 1209–1210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willhite CC (1981) Arsenic-induced axial skeletal (dysraphic) disorders. Expt Mol Pathol 34: 145–158.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (WHO 1981 ) Arsenic. Environmental Health Criteria Volume 18. IPCS International Program on Chemical Safety, WHO Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goldman, M., Dacre, J.C. (1989). Lewisite: Its Chemistry, Toxicology, and Biological Effects. In: Ware, G.W. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 110. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7092-5_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7092-5_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7094-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7092-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics